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Topic: Composition (logical fallacy)

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	Fallacy - LoveToKnow 1911
		This fallacy has been illustrated by ethical or theological arguments wherein the fear of punishment is subtly substituted for abstract right as the sanction of moral obligation.
		The purely Logical or Formal fallacies consist in the violation of the formal rules of the Syllogism.
		Of other classifications of Fallacies in general the most famous are those of Francis Bacon and J. Mill.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Fallacy (1105 words)

	Fallacy of composition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fallacy of composition arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some (or even every) part of the whole.
		This fallacy is often confused with the fallacy of hasty generalization, in which an unwarranted inference is made from a sample to the population from which it is drawn.
		The fallacy of composition is the converse of the fallacy of division.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Composition_(logical_fallacy) (205 words)

	Constructing a Logical Argument
		This fallacy is the reverse of the fallacy of accident.
		The fallacy of division is the opposite of the fallacy of composition.
		This is the "fallacy fallacy" of arguing that a proposition is false merely on the grounds that it has been presented as the conclusion of a fallacious argument.
	polyticks.com /home/LetLexi/fallacy.htm (3995 words)

	Fallacy
		Fallacy of the Accident The Fallacy of the Accident mistakenly applies a general rule to a particular case that is atypi...
		Fallacy of the undistributed middle The fallacy of the undistributed middle is a categorical syllogism isn't distributed...
		Genetic fallacy The genetic fallacy is a logical fallacy in which the origin of a belief, claim, or theory is confused w...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/fallacy.html (678 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Logical fallacy
		A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Recognizing fallacies in practical arguments may be difficult since arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between assertions.
		Fallacies are used frequently by pundits in the media and politics.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Logical_fallacy (2051 words)

	The Atheism Web: Logic & Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, B is true, therefore A is true." To understand why it is a fallacy, examine the truth table for implication given earlier.
		The Fallacy of Composition is to conclude that a property shared by a number of individual items, is also shared by a collection of those items; or that a property of the parts of an object, must also be a property of the whole thing.
		This fallacy is the reverse of the Fallacy of Accident.
	www.infidels.org /news/atheism/logic.html (5799 words)

	Logical fallacy Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A logical fallacy is an error of argument ; it is a mistake in the way that the propositions (in the argument) are inter-related.
		While an appeal to authority is always a logical fallacy, it can be an appropriate rational argument if, for example, it is an appeal to expert testimony—a type of inductive argument.
		By definition, logical fallacies are invalid, but they can often be written or rewritten so that they follow a valid argument form ; and in that case, the challenge is to discover the false premise, which makes the argument unsound.
	viridian.sferahost.com /encyclopedia/l/lo/logical_fallacy.html (746 words)

	English 101 Online: Logical Argument
		This page, however, is not complete discussion of logic as a science of reasoning, of different kinds of logic, or of all the different varieties of logical fallacies we humans commit.
		This is the opposite of the fallacy of composition.
		Fallacy of the undistributed middle / A is based on B fallacies /...
	papyr.com /hypertextbooks/engl_101/logic.htm (6651 words)

	[No title]
		fallacies of ambiguity: these are arguments where certain words or phrases have ambiguous meanings that are shifted or reinterpreted in the course of the argument, rendering them fallacious.
		composition: reasoning fallaciously from the attributes of the parts of a whole to the attributes of the whole itself: "all of the parts of this machine are light, therefore the machine itself is light".
		Fallacy of argumentum ad baculum (argument from power or force.) The Latin means "an argument according to the stick." "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of force.
	www.empowermentzone.com /fallacy.txt (6108 words)

	Logical fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A logical fallacy is an error in logicalargument which is independent of the truth of the premises.
		Thepresence of a logical fallacy in an argument does not necessarily imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion.Both may actually be true, but the argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises using theinference principles of the argument.
		In logical parlance, the inference is invalid, since under at least one interpretation of the predicates it is notvalidity preserving.
	www.therfcc.org /logical-fallacy-1432.html (1647 words)

	MDPME: Beliefs & Fallacies - Page 2
		Composition: because parts of the whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property.
		Fallacy of Exclusion: denying the logical conclusion to an inductive argument by excluding evidence from consideration.
		Fallacy of Four Terms: mimicking syllogistic logic, but with more than the standard three terms (premises and conclusion may still be true despite the logical error).
	www.mdpme.com /FALLACY2.HTM (750 words)

	Logical Fallacies Handlist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This practice is fallacious because the personal character of an individual is logically irrelevant to the truth or falseness of the argument itself.
		The phrase is applicable in general to any type of logical fallacy, but logicians use the term particularly in reference to syllogistic errors such as the undistributed middle term, non causa pro causa, and ignorantio elenchi.
		Composition: This fallacy is a result of reasoning from the properties of the parts of the whole to the properties of the whole itself--it is an inductive error.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/fallacies_list.html (4845 words)

	GRADED Logical Fallacy EXERCISE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Use fallacies from among the options identified and explained in the post on Informal Logical Fallacies.
		Different types of fallacies within the same category are fine (for example, you may include an example of a "name calling" fallacy, a "guilt by association" fallacy, and an "appeal to prejudice" fallacy--all of which are "ad hominem" fallacies).
		Make sure you are identifying an actual logical fallacy as described in the post, not just a weakness, an error, or a difference between academic and popular writing (for example, we don't expect citations and works cited lists for advertisements).
	web.cocc.edu /wr122el/fallacyex.htm (307 words)

	Logical Fallacies .info - Fallacies of Relevance - Fallacy of Composition
		The fallacy of composition is the fallacy of inferring from the fact that every part of a whole has a given property that the whole also has that property.
		This pattern of argument is the reverse of that of the fallacy of division.
		One case where it is difficult to decide whether the fallacy of composition is committed concerns the cosmological argument for the existence of God.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /fallacyofcomposition.html (412 words)

	The Fallacy of Composition
		I am not minimizing the contribution of symbolic logic, which is the purest form of idea analysis when it is used to analyze the forms of an argument (rather than the arguments themselves, which can fall to point-of-view and definitional issues, especially at a certain level of abstraction).
		But symbolic logic at its core is a method of determining truth and falsity, whereas idea geometries, in and of themselves, are value free apart from the relative strengths of their designs.
		It may not be the minutiae of logical causal strings that connect micro and macro events, it may be the geometry of the physical relationships the causal strings embody.
	www.geometryofideas.com /the_fallacy_of_composition.html (1488 words)

	The Autonomist - Logic Fallacies
		Logic, which provides the principles of correct reason, does not ensure we will use those principles correctly, and it is easy to suppose we are being logical, while making subtle mistakes in our reasoning that are not easy to detect.
		Composition fallacy - Attributing qualities or characteristics of parts of a whole to the whole itself, or attributing qualities or characteristics of some parts of a whole to all parts.
		The pathetic fallacy is a subset of this fallacy.
	usabig.com /autonomist/fallacies.html (14628 words)

	Fallacy: Composition
		The fallacy of Composition is committed when a conclusion is drawn about a whole based on the features of its constituents when, in fact, no justification provided for the inference.
		The first type of fallacy of Composition arises when a person reasons from the characteristics of individual members of a class or group to a conclusion regarding the characteristics of the entire class or group (taken as a whole).
		The second type of fallacy of Composition is committed when it is concluded that what is true of the parts of a whole must be true of the whole without there being adequate justification for the claim.
	www.nizkor.org /features/fallacies/composition.html (662 words)

	Fallacies [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The composition fallacy occurs when someone mistakenly assumes that a characteristic of some or all the individuals in a group is also a characteristic of the group itself, the group "composed" of those members.
		Guilt by association is a version of the ad hominem fallacy in which a person is said to be guilty of error because of the group he or she associates with.
		The fallacy is an instance of the False Cause Fallacy.
	www.iep.utm.edu /f/fallacy.htm (13669 words)

	_CHAPTER3.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fallacy of Composition : The Fallacy of Composition is committed when we mistakenly reason that what is true of the parts must, therefore, be true of the whole.
		It is not a fallacy, though, unless the person we appeal to as an authority is either not one at all, or not one in the appropriate area.
		Fallacy of False Analogy : The Fallacy of False Analogy proceeds by reasoning that since such and such applies to P, it will apply to Q as well, because Q is like P. The trouble is that P and Q are not analogous, as the arguer suggests.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rfreeman/CHAPTER3.html (3745 words)

	Academic Centers
		An understanding of logical fallacy is important to the academic writer for two reasons. First, during the research phase of the writing project, the writer will read and critically evaluate a variety of resource documents.
		Logical operators can be improperly used in an argument to distract the reader from a false conclusion.
		Thus, an author commits a fallacy when he or she treats a statistical generalization as though it were always true.
	www.sinclair.edu /centers/wc/LogicalFallacy/index.cfm (925 words)

	Logical Fallacies in Scientific Writing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fallacies of relevance deal principally with the relationship between the premise/evidence, and the conclusion of the argument.
		Composition Assuming that a group will have the same qualities as the individuals in it is the fallacy of composition.
		Logical fallacies in scientific reasoning are encountered in many different places, from books and magazines to tapes and television.
	mason.gmu.edu /~arichar6/logic.htm (4277 words)

	onegoodmove: Fallacy of Division
		Although we cannot fairly complain of the logical fallacies in others arguments without opening the discussion to our own.
		The fallacy consists in assuming that what is true of some part is therefore true of the whole, it is also a problem with ambiguity.
		That fallacy consists in assuming that what is true of some part is also true of the whole.
	onegoodmove.org /1gm/1gmarchive/2002/05/fallacy_of_divi.html (609 words)

	The Logical Fallacies: Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fallacy of Exclusion : evidence which would change the outcome of an inductive argument is excluded from consideration
		Composition : because the attributes of the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property
		Existential Fallacy : a particular conclusion is drawn from universal premises
	www.intrepidsoftware.com /fallacy/toc.php (771 words)

	Logical Fallacies in Psychology
		This fallacy, one of the fallacies of circularity, takes the form of arguments or other statements that simply assume or re-state their own truth rather than providing relevant evidence and logical arguments.
		Also known as the "either/or" fallacy or the fallacy of false choices, this fallacy takes the form of only acknowledging 2 (one of which is usually extreme) options from a continuum or other array of possibilities.
		The fallacy of the Golden Mean (or fallacy of compromise, or fallacy of moderation) takes the form of assuming that the most valid conclusion is that which accepts the best compromise between two competing positions.
	kspope.com /fallacies/fallacies.php (1478 words)

	Informal Logical Fallacy
		An informal fallacy is one that is not formal, that is, it is a type of fallacy in which the content of the argument is relevant to its fallaciousness, or which is fallacious for epistemological, dialectical, or pragmatic reasons.
		Also, because content is important in informal fallacies, there are arguments with the form of the fallacy which are cogent.
		For this reason, when forms for informal fallacies are given, this is for identification purposes only, that is, one cannot tell from the form alone that an instance is fallacious.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /inforfal.html (129 words)

	A List of Fallacies In Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Logic is not just the "rules" of validity and soundness, but it is also the straightest and most conducive path to practical communication.
		Description: A fallacy of assuming that because someone is poor he or she is sounder or more virtuous than one who is wealthier.
		Description: A fallacy when irrelevant material is introduced to the issue being discussed, such that everyone's attention is diverted away from the points being made, and toward a different conclusion.
	www.locksley.com /6696/logic.htm (2587 words)

	Fallacy - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is logically possible (though extremely implausible) that someone may have the correct view of the world, but gives hundreds of illogical reasons for it.
		So all you can logically conclude is that creationists are pseudoscientists, since science is about the logic of the argument and creationists have failed to produce a valid argument in favor of creationism.
		The final, and by far most common, fallacy is Argumentum ad nauseam: to claim that the sheer magnitude of 'slightly' fallacious arguments is proof of the validity of the proposition as a whole.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Fallacy (1104 words)

	Informal Fallacies
		A fallacious argument is a bogus one, for it fails to do what it purports to do, namely, provide a good reason for accepting a claim.
		A remarkably common but fallacious form of reasoning is: "It must be true (or good) because everybody believes (or does) it." Mothers understand this as a fallacy; they often counter this argument by asking: "If everyone jumped off a cliff, would you do it too?" Of course you wouldn't.
		Latin scholars dubbed this the fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc, which means, "After this, therefore because of this." Such reasoning is fallacious because from the fact that two events are constantly conjoined, it doesn't follow that they are causally related.
	www.positiveatheism.org /writ/fallacy.htm (4254 words)

	fallacy \| \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		A fallacy is a component of an argument that is demonstrably flawed in its logic or form, thus rendering the argument invalid in whole, except in the case of begging the question, a false analogy and other informal fallacies.
		In logical arguments, fallacies are either formal or informal.
		Because the validity of a deductive argument depends on its form, a formal fallacy, or logical fallacy is a deductive argument that has an invalid form, whereas an informal fallacy is any other invalid mode of reasoning whose flaw is not in the form of the argument.
	www.babylon.com /definition/fallacy/All (140 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The argument that psychic powers come from the unused majority of the brain is based on the logical fallacy of the argument from ignorance.
		In this fallacy, lack of proof for a position (or simply lack of information) is used to try to support a particular claim.
		Beside the logical fallacy of begging the question, the phrase "Old Testament" is offensive because the ך"נת has not been superseded as Christians insinuate by their use of the phrase.
	www.lycos.com /info/logical-fallacy.html?page=2 (373 words)

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