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	Principle of compositionality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mathematics, semantics, and philosophy of language, the Principle of Compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them.
		The principle of compositionality states that in a meaningful sentence, if the lexical parts are taken out of the sentence, what remains will be the rules of composition.
		The principle of compositionality, then, has to be revised to take into account linguistic and extralinguistic context, which includes the tone of voice used, common ground between the speakers, the intentions of the speaker, and so on.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Principle_of_compositionality (467 words)

	Institut \| Nicod ----- Activities 2003-2004: New Aspects of Compositionality
		The conference New Aspects of Compositionality is to take place at the University of Paris-Sorbonne and at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, France, from June 18 to June 20, 2004.
		Compositionality is a key feature of structured representational systems, be they linguistic, mental or neuronal.
		It is the aim of the conference to further the exchange of views on compositionality across the disciplines and to explore the implications and condition of compositionality as a property of representational systems in the study of language, mind and brain.
	www.institutnicod.org /act.php?n=50&cat=&lang=&year=2004 (175 words)

	NeuralCompositionality
		The idea of compositionality is that mental representations are built out of parts and possess a meaning that is derived from the meanings of the parts and how the parts are combined (Fodor and Pylyshyn, 1988; Pinker, 1997).
		Compositionality makes it possible for symbolic propositions to express the hierarchical, tree-like structure of sentences in a natural language.
		Because neural networks supposedly cannot express compositionality, it is claimed that they cannot simulate comprehension and production of language, nor other forms of thought, at least some of which are considered to be language like.
	www.psych.mcgill.ca /perpg/fac/shultz/StudentProjects/NeuralCompositionality.htm (344 words)

	Compositionality (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Compositionality entails (although on many elaborations is not entailed by) the claim that syntax plus lexical semantics determines the entire semantics for L.
		That compositionality does not constrain lexical meaning might appear paradoxical at first, but the source of paradox is just instability in how the label ‘compositionality’ is used.
		The moral of the result is that although commitment to compositionality requires allegiance to no particular sect of syntacticians, one cannot be oblivious to syntactic evidence in semantic theorizing.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/compositionality (9443 words)

	Principle of compositionality
		The Principle of Compositionality in semantics is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them.
		The principle of compositionality has been the subject of intense debate.
		The Principle of Compositionality also exists in a similar form in the denotational semantics of programming languages.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/pr/principle_of_compositionality.html (213 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The principle of compositionality states that in a meaningful sentence, if the lexical parts are taken out of the sentence, what remains will be the rules of composition.
		The Principle of Compositionality also exists in a similar form in the compositionality of programming languages.
		For example, you cannot infer sarcasm purely on the basis of words and their composition, yet a phrase used sarcastically means something completely different from the same phrase uttered seriously.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=compositionality (451 words)

	ESSLLI 2005 - Workshop: Empirical Challenges and Analytical Alternatives to Strict Compositionality
		Compositionality has been a key methodological theme in natural language semantics.
		Recently, a number of innovative systems for combinatorial semantics have been proposed which seem not to obey compositionality at first sight.
		We wish to invite papers discussing linguistic data which pose a challenge to compositionality as well as papers presenting new mechanisms for defining a compositional semantics which can address well-known challenges in innovative ways.
	www.macs.hw.ac.uk /esslli05/giveabs.php?33 (175 words)

	Psyche 8(07): 'How to Compose Contents: A Review of Jerry Fodor's In Critical Condition: Polemical Essays on ...
		Compositionality also is required for representational systems to be productive: A system can impossibly generate infinitely many representations from a finite basis unless complex representations inherit their semantic values exclusively from the semantic values of the primitive constituents and unless the primitive constituents completely contribute their semantic values to the complex whole.
		To reconcile the principle of compositionality with the view, that inferential role constitutes meaning, one cannot but fall back on the distinction between inferences that are constitutive for meaning and those that are not.
		For, compositionality requires that all that's constitutive for the meaning of a complex expression is inherited from what's constitutive for the meaning of the primitive constituents (plus syntax).
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v8/psyche-8-07-werning.html (3313 words)

	HLW: Composition: Compositionality
		People's ability to do this is based on what is probably the most important property of human language, compositionality, the property that the meaning of a phrase is derived from the meanings of the words in the phrase and the grammatical relation that joins them.
		So we are still talking about pure compositionality, the possibility of coming up with the meaning of the phrase on the basis of the lexical knowledge of the words in the phrase and general grammatical knowledge.
		Note that this is no longer a case of pure compositionality because the phrase is not being understood purely in terms of the context-free meanings of the individual words.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Composition/compositionality.html (3423 words)

	gnist.no (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Compositionality is the following aspect of a system of representation - the complex symbols in the system in...
		Compositionality is the following aspect of a system of representation - the complex symbols in the system inherit their syntactic and semantic properties from the primitive symbols of the system.
		Compositionality is the following aspect of a system of representation: the complex symbols in the system inherit their syntactic and semantic properties from the primitive symbols of the system.
	www.gnist.no /vare.php?ean=9780199252169 (272 words)

	Linguist List - Reviews Available for the Book
		To capture the notion of compositionality, Kracht demands that each of these grammars have only a finite number of functions and that all functions be computable.
		Kracht shows that this notion of compositionality as computability is still very weak; much weaker in any case than the intuitive notion behind many informal discussions of compositionality.
		Here Kracht tries to give a definition of what he calls strict compositionality which is closer to informal usage of 'compositionality' (a system is strictly compositional if it is strictly increasing with respect to some measure).
	www.linguistlist.org /pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=57527 (1951 words)

	Compositionality and the Cognitive Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Signs are either simple or compositional; in the general case, signs have two compositionality dimensions: the dimension of components (daughters) and the dimension of contexts (mothers).
		Compositionality is an abstraction from space-time structure (deictic semantic, and phonological structure).
		ID Compositionality is primarily a function of one, main item in a given structure, the head.
	coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de /DATR/syntax/node3.html (101 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - compositionality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The term "compositionality of representations" is also used to refer to a putative psychological regularity that is supposed to support the view that there exists a syntactically and semantically combinatorial language of thought.
		The compositionality of representations says something about the nature of the thoughts that are intrinsically connected.
		The existence of a syntactically and semantically combinatorial language of thought respecting the principle of compositionality explains the compositionality of representations.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/compositionality.html (416 words)

	Compositional Connectionism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Compositionality (the ability to combine constituents recursively) is generally taken to be essential to the open-ended productivity of perception, cognition, language and other human capabilities aspired to by AI.
		Ultimately, these capabilities are implemented by the neural networks of the brain, yet connectionist models have had difficulties with compositionality.
		The aim of this symposium is to expose connectionist researchers to the broadest possible range of conceptions of composition - including those conceptions that pose the greatest challenge for connectionism - while simultaneously alerting other AI and cognitive science researchers to the range of possibilities for connectionist implementation of composition.
	www.cs.wlu.edu /~levy/aaai04 (286 words)

	directcomp.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		To elucidate the hypothesis of direct compositionality, note that we can think of the syntactic system of a grammar as a group of rules (perhaps stated in highly schematic and generalized form) which "build" well-formed linguistic expressions.
		The hypothesis of Direct Compositionality is that semantics works in tandem with the syntax - each expression is directly assigned a model-theoretic interpretation as it is "built" in the syntax.
		Montague's Quantifying-In solution is compatible with direct compositionality - but it requires both a rather abstract view of the syntax (it includes a substitution operation) and is rooted in a program in which the syntax and semantics involve a considerable amount of "construction specific" rules.
	www.cog.brown.edu /directcomp/nsf.html (3164 words)

	Semantics
		For example: the operations may be limited to applying function to argument; the order in which operations are applied may be settled by the structure of the sentence.) Richard (1998).
		Context sensitivity makes the formulation of PCs [principles of compositionality] a delicate matter.
		IN: M. Werning, E. Machery and G. Schurz (eds.): The Compositionality of Concepts and Meanings.
	www.db.dk /bh/Lifeboat_KO/CONCEPTS/semantics_compositional.htm (276 words)

	Compositionality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The traditional view is that the relationship is fairly tight: the meaning of a complex expression is fully determined by its structure and the meanings of its constituents — once we fix what the parts mean and how they are put together we have no more leeway regarding the meaning of the whole.
		This could be viewed as a complex sign decomposable into meaningful features — the shape, the color pattern, the arrow, etc. These features are the analogues of simple expressions: they appear in many other complex signs and they appear to contribute more or less uniformly to their meanings.
		This gives rise to a problem for the compositionality of English, since is seems rather plausible that the syntactic structure of (1) and (2) is the same and that ‘if’ contributes some sort of conditional connective — not necessarily a material conditional!
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/sum2004/entries/compositionality (7893 words)

	Open Directory Project > Society> Philosophy> Philosophy of Language> Meaning> Theories of Reference> Compositionality ...
		Compositionality - - Entry in the Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind, by Ken Awiza.
		Definition of Compositionality - - From the University of Houston Cognitive Science Lexicon.
		Holism in Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Physics - - Habilitation thesis of Michael Esfeld, which explores relationships and tensions between a variety of holism arising in cognitive science and one arising in quantum physics.
	www.shemayisrael.co.il /ranweber/odp/odp.php?browse=/Society/Philosophy/Philosophy_of_Language/Meaning/Theories_of_Reference/Compositionality_and_Holism (109 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Compositionality, by Theo M.V. Janssen (to appear in J.F.A.K. van Benthem & A. ter Meulen (eds), Handbook of Logic and Linguistics, North Holland, Amsterdam) The first topic of the paper is to provide a formalization of the principle of compositionality of meaning.
		The second topic is to discuss arguments from the literature against compositionality (of Hintikka, Higginbotham, Pelletier, Partee, Schiffer and others).
		It is argued that the principle should not be considered an empirical verifiable restriction, but a methodological principle that describes how a system for syntax and semantics should be designed.
	www.illc.uva.nl /staging/Publications/ResearchReports/LP-1996-03.abstract.txt (128 words)

	Horwich Contra Davidson:
		Again, this is not a fruitful option among possible competitor explanations: the analysis of meanings "defines" the problem of compositionality as the problem of finding reference properties which compose to constitute the meaning properties of sentences.
		Horwich thinks this because he has an account of compositionality under which nigh any account of meaning is consistent with the idea that meaning complexes are composed out of their primitive constituents, i.e., whatever one's view about word-meaning, the composition of words into meaningful complexes is trivial.
		Since it is no part of the program to argue that compositionality can only be explained in truth theoretic terms, it is open to a Davidsonian, in the face of the deflation of compositionality, to claim that a truth theory still offers the best all round account of meaning.
	www.uea.ac.uk /~j108/Horwich.htm (7148 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.572: Student Research/Direct Compositionality
		The aim of the workshop is to examine the feasibility of the hypothesis of direct compositionality.
		Yet the direct compositional view is arguably a much simpler conception of the overall organization of the grammar, and the rationale underlying the proposed workshop is the belief that its abandonment in much current research is premature.
		The workshop is designed to reopen debate on the feasibility of direct compositionality, bringing together researchers who have studied this question and have approached it with a variety of theoretical and technical tools.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/14/14-572.html (1600 words)

	Äèàëîã. Äàéäæåñò - Workshop on Emprical Challenges and Analytic Alternatives to Strict Compositionality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Compositionality has been a key methodological theme in natural language semantics.
		Recently, a number of innovative systems for combinatorial semantics have been proposed which seem not to obey compositionality at first sight.
		We wish to invite papers discussing linguistic data which pose a challenge to compositionality as well as papers presenting new mechanisms for defining a compositional semantics which can address well-known challenges in innovative ways.
	www.dialog-21.ru /full_digest.asp?digest_id=37900 (529 words)

	Compositionality
		These examples have been chosen in part for their bizarreness and each of them represents a violation of compositionality.
		We will look in detail at the behaviour of words such as the, she and the principles which appear to govern their interpretation, within a framework which is broadly compositional.
		Put another way, it seems reasonable to suppose that English is for the most part compositional, and that violations of compositionality fall into some reasonably well understood classes.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /study/ug/hc1h/course/courseware/content/notes/node72.html (974 words)

	Abstract paper Team Automata Satisfying Compositionality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A team automaton is said to satisfy compositionality if its behaviour can be described in terms of the behaviour of its constituting component automata.
		As an initial investigation of the conditions under which team automata satisfy compositionality, we study their computations and behaviour in relation to those of their constituting component automata.
		We show that the construction of team automata according to certain natural types of synchronization guarantees compositionality.
	rep1.iei.pi.cnr.it /~mtbeek/abstractcg.html (69 words)

	UH CogSci Lexicon: Compositionality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Compositionality is a feature of language in virtue of which the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of its constituent parts.
		Compositionality is related to the semantic theory of truth, developed by Alfred Tarski (1902-83), which maintains that a sentence's truth is a function of the satisfaction conditions of its parts.
		A satisfaction condition of, for example, the predicate 'is greater than seven' is any number which is greater than seven.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /cogsci/lang/Entries/compositionality.html (117 words)

	Compositional Verification of Randomized Distributed Algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		We identify three forms of compositionality that we call process compositionality, property compositionality, and feature compositionality.
		Process and property compositionality are widely known in the literature, while feature compositionality, although used extensively, does not appear to be emphasized as much.
		We show how feature compositionality is important for the analysis of randomized systems.
	profs.sci.univr.it /~segala/www/Seg97-COMPOS.html (81 words)

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