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Topic: Compressed air energy storage

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	Grid energy storage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grid energy storage is the use of various energy storage techniques to complement electric power generation plants on the transmission grid.
		In many places, pumped storage is used to even out the daily generating load, by pumping water to a high storage reservoir during off-peak hours and weekends, using the excess base-load capacity from coal or nuclear sources.
		Another grid energy storage method is to use off-peak electricity to compress air, which is usually stored in an old mine or some other kind of geological feature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grid_energy_storage (1823 words)

	Compressed air energy storage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) refers to the compression of air during periods of low energy demand, for use in meeting periods of higher demand.
		Typically, compression is done with an electrically powered turbo-compressor; and expansion is done with a natural-gas powered 'expander' (heater) which drives a combustion turbine.
		Air is stored underground in a cavern created by solution mining (salt is dissolved away) or an abandoned mine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Compressed_air_energy_storage (184 words)

	Compressed Air Energy Storage
		Two major compressed air energy storage plants exist worldwide: a CAES plant in Alabama, which is 11-years-old and rated at 110 megawatts, and a German facility that is 23-years-old and 290 MW.
		Air is stored in the form of compressed air energy during off peak hours and then released during the periods of highest demand, which will also lower the prices that consumers pay for power.
		The Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities, for example, is considering a 300-megawatt plant that is comprised of a 100 MW wind farm and a 200-MW compressed air energy storage facility.
	www.cogeneration.net /compressed_air_energy_storage.htm (1956 words)

	CAES - McIntosh project
		When the compressed air is needed for generation, it is mixed with natural gas in a convention gas turbine combustion process to generate electricity.
		10-million-cubic-foot air storage cavern is 220 feet in diameter and 1,000 feet tall.
		Compressed air flows through the CAES plant generator at a rate of 340 pounds of air per second, which is as fast as a wide-body jet engine.
	www.caes.net /mcintosh.html (479 words)

	Compressed air wind energy storage \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		Hunter agrees that compressed air storage for use in making energy has been around for a long time, but the idea of using it in conjunction with wind energy is fairly new and doubly intriguing, because the wind energy is “free” and has lower environmental costs than buying and burning fossil fuels.
		There are difficult engineering tasks associated with using straight compressed air to drive the secondary turbines (or in Encore’s case, it’s MPG product) that would produce “wind” power when the wind is not blowing, or when a wind energy producer wants to take advantage of higher prices by creating more power at peak times.
		Compressing the air in the first place, at least, is not one of the problems Encore envisions.
	www.energybulletin.net /11252.html (1418 words)

	Energy Storage
		Energy storage systems could also be justified if they are more economic than new generating capacity that would be used only during times of peak load.
		Air is compressed during off-peak periods, stored in a cavern, and then used on demand during peak periods to generate power with a turbo-generator system.
		Most of the electric energy from the grid is therefore stored as the pressure potential energy of the compressed air in the cavern, with the small amount extracted by the compressor coolers is stored as heat energy.
	www.energymanagertraining.com /Energy_typs.htm (2254 words)

	Distributed Energy Program: Compressed Air Energy Storage
		When the air is released from storage, it expands through a combustion turbine to create electricity.
		The compressed air is returned to the surface, heated by natural gas in combustors and run through high-pressure and low-pressure expanders to power the motor/generator to produce electricity.
		The concept of compressed-air energy storage to help generate electricity is more than 30 years old.
	www.eere.energy.gov /de/compressed_air.html (219 words)

	PIER IAW Projects - Publication # 500_01_026 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Compressed air is the fourth largest commonly used utility in the industrial operation after the electricity, natural gas and water.
		An estimated 30 percent of the total energy cost of the central plant is from the compressed air energy system.
		Consequently, the penalty for the improper management of the compressed air energy system is very high and there is a need for the methodology to quantify the central plant efficiency of the compressed air system.
	www.energy.ca.gov /pier/iaw/descriptions/500_01_026.html (519 words)

	Compressed Air (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Air in the caverns is pumped up to 1000 pounds per square inch (mean sea level air pressure is 14.7 psi).
		The released air is heated by natural gas in a combustion chamber and then passes through high-pressure and low-pressure expanders to power a generator, which in turn generates electricity.
		Norton Energy Storage is in the process of installing the world’s largest plant in an inactive limestone mine near Norton, Ohio.
	www.uaf.edu /energyin/webpage/pages/energy_storage/compressedair.htm (249 words)

	Distributed Energy Resources Guide: equipment- Energy Storage / UPS Systems
		The kinetic energy stored in the rotor is transformed to DC electric energy by the generator, and the energy is delivered at a constant frequency and voltage through an inverter and a control system.
		Compressed air energy storage uses pressurized air as the energy storage medium.
		An electric motor-driven compressor is used to pressurize the storage reservoir using off-peak energy and air is released from the reservoir through a turbine during on-peak hours to produce energy.
	www.energy.ca.gov /distgen/equipment/energy_storage/energy_storage.html (862 words)

	EERE: Power - Energy Storage
		Energy storage can improve the efficiency and reliability of the electric utility system by reducing the requirements for spinning reserves to meet peak power demands, making better use of efficient baseload generation, and allowing greater use of intermittent renewable energy technologies.
		Energy storage technologies include utility battery storage, flywheel storage, superconducting magnetic energy storage, compressed air energy storage, pumped hydropower, and supercapacitors.
		A flywheel spinning at very high speeds can be used to store energy by combining it with a device that operates either as an electric motor that accelerates the flywheel to store energy or as a generator that produces electricity from the energy stored in the flywheel.
	www.eere.energy.gov /EE/power_energy_storage.html (347 words)

	Leveraging Thermal and Compressed Air Energy Storage
		Then, during peak hours of energy demand, the compressed air is heated with natural gas and used to drive expansion turbines to generate hundreds of megawatts of electrical energy.
		In operation, compressed air from the cylinders is passed through the heated steel, which transfers its thermal energy efficiently to the air.
		The key limitation of the compressed air and thermal energy storage approach is its sluggish dynamic response.
	powerelectronics.com /mag/power_leveraging_thermal_compressed (990 words)

	Newswise
		A Sandia team has been working with Houston-based Haddington Ventures and its subsidiary Norton Energy Storage LLC to determine the feasibility of using a 2,200-foot-deep inactive mine near Norton, Ohio, as the storage vessel for a compressed air energy storage power plant.
		The energy is stored as pressure, but the mine must hold air to store the pressure." Working pressures in the "air tight" mine will range between about 1,600 and 800 psi.
		While the concept of compressed air energy storage is more than 30 years old, only two such plants exist -- a ten-year-old-facility in McIntosh, Ala., about 40 miles north of Mobile, and a 23-year-old plant in Germany, both in caverns created in salt deposits.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/?id=ENERGY.SNL (832 words)

	Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage
		Pumped hydroelectric energy storage has been in use since 1929, making it the oldest kind of large-scale energy storage technology.
		Partly due to the large scale and the relative simplicity of design, the operating cost per unit of energy is among the cheapest; the cost of storing energy can be an order of magnitude lower in pumped hydroelectic systems than in for example superconducting magnetic storage systems.
		In 1997, 290 pumped hydroelectic storage plants, representing a maximum combined total of 82.8 GW of installed energy capacity existed worldwide, and another 25 were under construction.
	www.doc.ic.ac.uk /~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node6.html#SECTION00650000000000000000 (1048 words)

	Press Release 5-18-00
		The Ridge Group L.P. and Energy Storage and Grid Services Ltd. created the new company, which is on track to be the leading commercial developer of CAES plants.
		A CAES plant uses electricity to compress air in an underground cavern at night and during weekends when system demands and prices are low.
		The ability to compress air when electricity prices are low, store the air under pressure until prices rise, and then utilize the compressed air to produce electricity for sale, enables CAES to arbitrage between on-peak and off-peak electricity prices.
	www.ridgeenergystorage.com /news_press_rel_03.htm (526 words)

	Free Resources: Currents: July-August 2003
		During times of peak power demand, the compressed air will be supplied to 200 megawatts of combustion turbines that are fired with natural gas, allowing the turbines to operate at high efficiencies.
		CAES is a technology to store energy in the form of compressed air in an underground facility for use in later generation.
		First, the compressed air will be stored in an underground aquifer, rather than in a cavern as in other CAES projects.
	www.lgc.org /freepub/energy/newsletter/jul_aug2003/page04.html (654 words)

	Alternative Energy Storage Methods including supercapacitors, flywheel batteries, compressed air storage, springs, ...
		Several non chemical energy storage techniques have been developed over the years, mostly for very high power applications and while all of them have been used in practical systems, apart from capacitors, there has been slow take up of the ideas up to now.
		Energy storage in a flywheel is as old as the potters wheel.
		An electric motor-driven compressor is used to pressurize the storage reservoir using off-peak energy and air is released from the reservoir through a turbine during on-peak hours to produce electrical energy.
	www.mpoweruk.com /alternatives.htm (2032 words)

	NREL: Learning - Compressed Air Energy Storage
		Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is really a hybrid storage/power production system.
		Off-peak electricity is used to power a motor/generator that drives compressors to force air into an underground storage reservoir, such as a rock cavern or abandoned mine.
		In traditional gas turbines, the air that drives the turbine is compressed and heated using natural gas.
	www.nrel.gov /learning/eds_compressed_air.html?print (125 words)

	Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
		Compressed air energy storage (CAES) for electrical power generation during peak-use periods is a concept hat has been considered by a number of power utilities in the U.S. and around the world.
		Storing compressed air in geologic structures such as aquifers and solution-mined caverns is often a feasible and cost-effective concept.
		PB Energy Storage Services constructed the U.S.'s first CAES facility for peak-shaving in Alabama's McIntosh salt dome, where a 20-million cubic foot cavern supports a 26-hour, 110 MW power generation plant.
	www.pbenergy.com /caes.htm (228 words)

	Energy Services Bulletin
		When generation is needed, the compressed air would be released to drive natural gas-fired combustion turbines.
		Air in its rapidly moving form, otherwise known as wind, has become an increasingly important part of Iowa's energy mix, and it may become even more important if the Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities succeeds in launching an innovative wind-powered compressed air energy storage facility project.
		A joint project of IAMU and a steering committee of municipal utility managers, the Iowa Stored Energy Plant would use wind power to compress the air and an underground aquifer to store it.
	www.wapa.gov /es/pubs/esb/2003/03Aug/esb084.htm (829 words)

	WIRE - Glossary: compressed-air energy storage (CAES) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		CAES plants use off-peak electrical energy to compress air into underground storage reservoirs for storage until times of peak or intermediate electricity demand.
		The storage is typically underground in natural aquifers, depleted oil or gas fields, mined salt caverns, or excavated or natural rock caverns.
		To generate power, the compressed air is first heated by gas burners, then passed through a turbine.
	wire0.ises.org /wire/glossary.nsf/5c0f7a6e23016cd9c125664e0043827c/e0abb7e5b9ef0001c125664b00560b53!OpenDocument (187 words)

	Compressed Natural Gas
		Compressed natural gas is widely available throughout the U.S. from domestically produced natural gas wells and natural gas pipelines and local distribution companies.
		As a new twist, tests are being conducted using natural gas vehicles that are fueled with a blend of compressed natural gas and hydrogen.
		Compressed Air Energy Storage ("CAES") provides a number of economic and environmental benefits over traditional power generation technologies.
	www.cogeneration.net /compressed_natural_gas.htm (2842 words)

	ENERGY STORAGE
		When the stored energy is needed, the air is expended through a combustion turbine-generator that is fired with natural gas or distillate fuel.
		Technical Description (Section 6.3.5a)- The energy storage flywheel or "mechanical battery" converts electrical energy into kinetic energy by spinning a rotor (or flywheel) at high speed and then converts the kinetic energy back into electricity through a generator as the rotor slows down.
		One of the major issues to be considered in evaluating energy storage options, is the amount of energy that is lost in the storage process.
	www.parcon.uci.edu /OLD_WEBSITE/paper/eeenergy.htm (1625 words)

	(WO/2004/072452) COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE AND METHOD OF OPERATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Combined thermal and compressed air storage systems are provided that utilize an exhaustless heater, such as a thermal storage unit, to provide power with enhanced efficiency.
		Compressed air is heated by the thermal storage unit prior to entering a turbine, which powers an electrical generator.
		In various embodiments, ambient air temperature, turbine exhaust or other types of waste heat are used to preheat the compressed air prior to the compressed air entering the thermal storage unit, thereby further increasing system efficiency.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=04/72452.040826 (259 words)

	CAES Using Air Injection
		Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is the only proven technology to store electric energy on an industrial scale of hundreds of MW’s, Until now, CAES has suffered from the requirement of an expensive, custom-built expander-turbine to convert the stored compressed air into electricity.
		Locations suitable for underground storage are plentiful all over the US and the world, and the technology to create the storage is well established.
		The air compressor and the heat recovery unit for air injection are standard equipment available from various vendors.
	www.espcinc.com /CAES_AI.htm (818 words)

	theWatt: Energy News and Discussion - Compressed air wind energy storage
		Energybulletin.net is publishing a story about using compressed air to store wind energy, allowing wind turbines to store energy at off-peak times and sell it to the grid when electricity prices are highest.
		Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is getting coverage lately - saw it on The Energy Blog as well for a project in Iowa.
		The other major difference is that the gas chamber in the Stirling engine is sealed whereas this one doesn't appear to be sealed as it allows the use of compressed air or gas pumped into the chamber to drive the piston as well.
	www.thewatt.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=970&mode=nested&order=0&thold=0 (644 words)

	Sandia National Laboratories - April 6, 2001
		The energy is stored as pressure, but the mine must hold air to store the pressure." Working pressures in the mine will range between about 1,600 and 800 psi.
		While the technological concept of compressed air energy storage is more than 30 years old, only two such plants exist in the world -- a ten-year-old-facility in McIntosh, Ala., about 40 miles north of Mobile, and a 23-year-old plant in Germany, both in caverns created in salt deposits.
		The flow analyses indicated that pressurized air will move less than 100 feet in 50 years away from the mine -- which will have almost no effect on the air compression and decompression cycling and, more important, on the economics of the project.
	www.sandia.gov /LabNews/LN04-06-01/key4-06-01_stories.html (2368 words)

	Planet Ark : Iowa to harness wind at compressed air power plant
		The Iowa Stored Energy Plant would store compressed air in an underground aquifer to be released and blended with natural gas to fire combustion turbines to make electricity for transmission over the state's power grid.
		Compressed air would replace about two-thirds of the gas normally burned in a turbine.
		Energy from a new 100 megawatt wind power farm would be tapped to run compressor motors to force air into the aquifer at a pressure of 500 pounds per square inch.
	www.planetark.org /dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/21004/story.htm (824 words)

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