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Topic: Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System

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	EPIC Page on Passenger Profiling
		The second-generation Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-Screening System (CAPPS-II) proposes to sort all airline passengers into different categories by assigning a risk assessment "score" to each passenger: green for minimal, yellow to spark heightened security procedures, and red for those judged to pose an acute danger, who would be referred to law enforcement for possible arrest.
		The second generation system that is currently in development purports to improve the screening of both dangerous things and people by relying on experimental data-mining algorithms to find patterns in the government and commercial databases available on individuals.
		Passengers whose records match names on the lists will be subject to commercial background checks to verify their identities.
	www.epic.org /privacy/airtravel/profiling.html (5474 words)

	GAO-04-385, Aviation Security: Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System Faces Significant Implementation ...
		A passenger's selectee status is then transmitted to the check-in counter where a code is printed on the boarding pass of any passenger determined to require additional screening, and at the screening checkpoint, passengers who are selectees are subject to additional security measures.
		Passengers who are an acceptable or unknown risk will receive a boarding pass encoded with their risk level so that checkpoint screeners will know the level of scrutiny required.
		An effective prescreening system would not only expedite the screening of passengers of acceptable risk, but would also accurately identify those passengers warranting additional security attention, including those passengers determined to have an unacceptable level of risk who would be immediately assessed by law enforcement personnel.
	www.gao.gov /htext/d04385.html (15484 words)

	Aviation Security: Challenges Delay Implementation of Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, due to the unavailability of passenger data needed for testing, TSA has delayed the completion of this increment from October 2003 until at least the latter part of this month and reduced the functionality that this increment is expected to achieve.
		The August notice also stated that the system could be expanded to identify persons who are subject to outstanding federal or state arrest warrants for violent crimes and that CAPPS II could ultimately be expanded to include identifying individuals who are in the United States illegally or who have overstayed their visas.
		An effective prescreening system would not only expedite the screening of passengers, but would also accurately identify those passengers warranting additional security attention, including those passengers determined to have an unacceptable level of risk who would be immediately assessed by law enforcement personnel.
	www.washingtonwatchdog.org /documents/gao/04/GAO-04-504T.html (7968 words)

	Opinion: Computer-generated suspects
		The current system operated by the airlines uses an outdated computer model known as Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System, or CAPPS.
		They are passengers who bought their airline tickets with cash or are traveling one way.
		Passengers traveling by air are already subject to screening for weapons, which provides a basic level of security.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/09/29/news_pf/Opinion/Computer_generated_su.shtml (461 words)

	Computer Assisted Passenger PreScreening System II - SourceWatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Computer Assisted Passenger PreScreening System II (CAPPS II) was reported in January 2004 as the "latest version of the Computer Assisted Passenger PreScreening System [that is] run by the airlines." CAPPS II essentially provides a high tech method of Passenger Profiling and a means for creating a more sophisticated airline passenger watchlist.
		"Passengers secretly will be assigned a color: green reflects no threat, and checkpoint screening should be normal; yellow means a passenger will undergo additional wanding by handheld metal detectors and red means 'you're not getting on the plane -- in fact, you'll have a visit with law enforcement,' Hatfield said.
		Under the system, all travelers passing through a U.S. airport are to be scored with a number and a color that ranks their perceived threat to the aircraft.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Computer_Assisted_Passenger_PreScreening_System_II (2256 words)

	News from the Washington File
		Where a passenger -- of any nationality -- believes that he or she is being improperly singled out for heightened scrutiny, this will be the place for this passenger to turn to have his or her concerns addressed.
		System audit capabilities, annual reports to Congress and the public, and appropriate independent oversight will be hallmarks of the CAPPS II system.
		If passengers do not feel that they can fly safely, or that the personal information they provide to the airlines is not adequately protected, they will be less inclined to fly, and we will have failed and the terrorists will have secured a victory based on fear.
	malaysia.usembassy.gov /wf/wf0506_air.html (2921 words)

	U.S. Addressing Policy, Privacy Concerns Over Passenger Data
		This is frustrating to passengers, and forces TSA to allocate resources to conduct extensive screening of a population that does not require it.
		This process will explain to passengers how their information is being used (subject to the requirements of national security) and what rights they have to complain or to seek a remedy.
		When a passenger submits a complaint, and provides the Government with permission to observe and monitor the results of prescreening during the complainant's future flights, TSA will work with other government agencies and commercial data providers to analyze the results of prescreening.
	www.iwar.org.uk /news-archive/2004/03-17.htm (4510 words)

	CAPPSII
		The enhanced Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS II) is a limited, automated prescreening system authorized by Congress in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
		The system, developed with the utmost concern for individual privacy rights, modernizes the prescreening system currently implemented by the airlines.
		Once the system has computed a traveler's risk score, it will send an encoded message to be printed on the boarding pass indicating the appropriate level of screening.
	www.globalsecurity.org /security/systems/cappsii.htm (1063 words)

	CAPPS II Should Be Tested and Deployed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Broken System for Airport Security Most of the changes made in airport security have been focused on looking for potential weapons (e.g., better examination of luggage and more alert screeners) and creating obstacles to the use of a weapon on an aircraft (e.g., reinforced cockpit doors and armed pilots).
		Although CAPPS underwent some major changes after September 11, such as expanding the system to include all passengers and modifying the weighing criteria in the algorithms, it is still flawed.
		Passengers whose identity is confirmed with a high degree of confidence and who have no matches with intelligence or law enforcement data will be less likely to receive additional scrutiny, whereas those on the opposite end of the spectrum will be searched more thoroughly or, if appropriate, arrested.
	www.heritage.org /Research/HomelandDefense/BG1683.cfm (1923 words)

	The Status Of The Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS II) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A passenger’s selectee status is then transmitted to the check-in counter, where a code is printed on the boarding pass of any passenger determined to require additional screening.
		If the passengers are not satisfied with the response received from TSA with regard to the complaint, they may appeal their case to the DHS Privacy Office.
		TSA has stated that passengers will not have access to any government data used to generate a passenger risk score due to national security concerns, so passengers may not be able to challenge data that is causing them to be flagged as a security risk.
	www.house.gov /transportation/aviation/03-17-04/03-17-04memo.html (1831 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU Comments to Department of Homeland Security on the "Passenger and Aviation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Passengers who present an "elevated, uncertain or 'unknown risk'" will be "subjected to heightened security screening," according to the summary that accompanies the Privacy Act notice.
		According to the Association for Computing Machinery, a professional association for computer scientists, such data mining approaches to stopping terrorism "suffer from fundamental flaws that are based in exceedingly complex and intractable issues of human nature, economics and law."
		The notice states that the purpose of the system will be "to determine the likelihood that a passenger is a known terrorist, or has identifiable links to known terrorists or terrorist organizations, or otherwise poses a threat to passenger or aviation security" (emphasis added).
	www.aclu.org /SafeandFree/SafeandFree.cfm?ID=13847&c=206 (3566 words)

	TSA Delays CAPPS II Privacy Policy
		Under the program, airline passengers would be required to provide their full name plus address, phone number and date of birth.
		Once that information is entered, the airline computer reservation system, initially being tested by Delta Airlines, automatically links to the TSA for a computer background check on the traveler that can include a credit, banking history and criminal background check.
		Passengers with a yellow score would be subjected to additional security checks and a red score would ground the passenger.
	dc.internet.com /news/print.php/2226731 (335 words)

	Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (often abbreviated CAPPS) is a counter-terrorism system in place in the United States air travel industry.
		CAPPS II was a proposal for a new CAPPS system, designed by the Office of National Risk Assessment (ONRA), a subsidiary office of the TSA, with the contracted assistance of Lockheed Martin.
		The system was jeopardized in a critical report (pdf) by the U.S. General Accounting Office in early 2004 and increased opposition from watchdog groups like the ACLU, ReclaimDemocracy.org and EPIC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computer_Assisted_Passenger_Prescreening_System (971 words)

	Privacy Pressure - News by InformationWeek
		Mar 22, 2004 12:02 AM The Transportation Security Administration said last week that it may force airlines to provide information on passengers to test a new counterterrorism program, raising hackles in an industry that's already facing lawsuits filed by passengers for having previously shared such data without their knowledge.
		The latest development involving the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System II, or CAPPS II, shines a light on a growing concern among airlines and other travel-related companies that counterterrorism efforts increasingly involve requests for information about their customers.
		Passengers' identities would be authenticated by matching airlines' data against a TSA database maintained by a private-sector data aggregator such as LexisNexis or Acxiom Corp., then checked against a federal terrorism database and lists of individuals who have outstanding warrants for violent criminal acts.
	www.informationweek.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=18401079 (611 words)

	U.S. agencies defend government data mining plans
		system that we'd be ashamed of or fear offering to the public for comment," he said.
		Loy declined to expand on what measures the TSA would use to determine whether an airline passenger should be let on a plane, questioned further or detained by law enforcement agents, saying he wasn't comfortable releasing those benchmarks to the public.
		CAPPS II would replace the current airline passenger screening system in the U.S., which Loy said is flawed because it lacks sophisticated methods of predicting passenger behavior and produces false positives.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2003/0,4814,81014,00.html (1074 words)

	Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If a particular passenger has been designated as a “selectee,” this information is transmitted to the airport’s check-in counter, where a code is printed on their boarding pass.
		The FAA has a program in place called the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), which is designed to identify those passengers most likely requiring additional scrutiny by airport security (see (6:20 a.m.-7:48 a.m.) September 11, 2001).
		If a passenger is selected, their bags are thoroughly screened for explosives, but their bodies are not searched.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /entity.jsp?entity=computer_assisted_passenger_prescreening_system (2675 words)

	Cracks in System Open to Terrorists; Recent tests of a computer-assisted passenger-screening system found shocking ...
		According to airline-security documents obtained by this magazine, the name Osama bin Laden was punched into the computer by an airline official and, remarkably, that name was cleared at the security checkpoint all passengers must pass through before being issued a boarding pass.
		The proposed system would transmit real-time data with no delays and be run by TSA rather than the airlines.
		The passenger's travel itinerary then is linked to government databases that scour the information to see if it matches the terrorist profile.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_2004_March_1/ai_113363775 (955 words)

	U.S. Limits Air Passenger Data Use in Anti-Terrorist System
		Passenger information used by CAPPS II will not include bank, credit or medical records and will be deleted, for "almost all" passengers but a few high-risk individuals, "soon" after the trip is completed, the department said.
		During the test period, TSA hopes to confirm that CAPPS II will significantly reduce the number of passengers who are misidentified as potential threats to passenger or airline security, thus reducing inconvenient delays for innocent travelers.
		A statistically negligible number of passengers are expected to score as a "high risk" and be brought to the attention of law enforcement.
	www.iwar.org.uk /news-archive/2003/07-31-2.htm (927 words)

	Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-screening System II (CAPPS I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Currently, only Delta Air Lines is participating in testing the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System II (CAPPS II) program at three undisclosed airports, but officials expect it to be rolled out to all passengers at Northwest Airlines and other carriers within the next 10 to 16 months.
		This is in marked contrast to other countries, most of which (A) have comprehensive national privacy legislation (which the USA does not) and (B) have recognized the significance of travel data by putting it in the forefront of their privacy-protection systems.
		The basic structure of passenger profiling is to use an algorithm to determine indicators of characteristics or behavior patterns that are related to the occurrence of certain behavior.
	www.apfn.net /messageboard/9-12-03/discussion.cgi.57.html (1242 words)

	U.S. plan: Threat level for every flyer
		Transportation officials say a contractor will be picked soon to build the nationwide computer system, which will check such things as credit reports and bank account activity and compare passenger names with those on government watch lists.
		The system was developed by Northwest Airlines in the early 1990s to spot possible hijackers.
		The vast majority of passengers will be rated green and won't be subjected to anything more than normal checks, while yellow will get extra screening and red won't fly.
	foi.missouri.edu /terrorandcivillib/flyerthreat.html (650 words)

	Category, tools, surface, shape, circuit - Computer-aided manufacturing
		Every piece of CAM software must first solve the problem of CAD data exchange where in the CAD system which is producing the data often stores it in its own proprietary format, much as is the case with word processor software.
		Usually it is necessary to force the CAD operator to export the data in one of the common data formats, such as IGES or STL, which can be simpler since it does not need to be edited.
		Because relatively specialized market, and the cost of the machine tools that it is designed to operate, CAM systems have tended to be very expensive, often in excess of Â£10,000 GBP ($18,000 USD).
	www.alphasearch.org /Computer-aided-manufacturing.html (647 words)

	PC World - Feds Rein In Air Passenger Screening Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Passengers will be asked to provide a name, date of birth, home address, and phone number when making reservations.
		Personal information will be compared with data stored in commercial databases and national security information to verify the passenger's identity and develop a risk assessment for the passenger--the likelihood that a passenger is a terrorist or has links to terrorist organizations, DHS said.
		The TSA must determine whether the system reduces the number of passengers who are wrongly identified as threats, the agency said.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,111850,00.asp (881 words)

	Privacy Activist Takes on Delta -
		At issue is Delta's test run this month of CAPPS II, the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System.
		Passengers would then be assigned a threat level -- red, yellow or green -- which would help authorities determine if they should be subjected to increased security checks at the airport or refused boarding.
		Scannell argues that CAPPS II is ineffective in spotting would-be terrorists, as the system can easily be defeated by watching to see what sort of passengers it targets for special attention.
	www.wired.com /news/privacy/0,1848,57909,00.html (651 words)

	DHS: CAPPS II: Myths and Facts
		It is a prescreening system that will assess the likelihood that travelers are who they claim to be and perform a risk assessment to detect individuals who may pose a terrorist-related threat or who have outstanding Federal or state warrants for crimes of violence.
		Once the system has computed a traveler's risk score, it will send an encoded message to be printed on the boarding pass indicating the appropriate level of screening.
		In addition, with rare exceptions, all data created by the CAPPS II system, including risk scores, will be destroyed shortly after the completion of a U.S. person's travel itinerary.
	www.dhs.gov /xnews/releases/press_release_0348.shtm (1297 words)

	TSA: TSA To Test New Passenger Pre-Screening System
		Passengers on international flights will continue to be checked against names in the consolidated TSC database by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), through its Advanced Passenger Information System (APIS).
		Secure Flight differs from earlier proposed systems by focusing screening efforts on looking for known or suspected terrorists, rather than using it for other law enforcement purposes.
		Results of the testing, both of the TSC database comparisons and the use of commercial data to verify identity, will be as publicly transparent as possible without compromising national security.
	www.tsa.gov /press/releases/2004/press_release_0496.shtm (604 words)

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