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	Computer crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Computer Crime, E-Crime, Hi-Tech Crime or Electronic Crime is committed when a computer is the target of a crime, or the means adopted to commit a crime.
		A computer can be the target of crime, for example, when a person intends to steal information from, or cause damage to, a computer or computer network.
		Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on natural language skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behaviour remains criminal no matter how it is committed (consider the definition of wire fraud).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computer_crime (3241 words)

	Computer Crime
		Computer crime professionals are just beginning to receive cases "opened" by the computer, and when the use of CADS becomes widespread, the numbers will be staggering.
		This crime proscribes an individual from knowingly and with intent to defraud accessing a "protected computer" without or in excess of authorization, and by means of such conduct furthering the intended fraud and obtaining anything of value.
		A protected computer is one used exclusively by the United States or a financial institution; one used partly by the United States or a financial institution, in which the defendant's conduct affects the government's or financial institution's operation of the computer; or any computer which is used in interstate or foreign commerce or communications.
	www.crime-research.org /library/Alex.htm (9200 words)

	Page 1 of 7 -- Understanding Computer Crime -- Page 1 mobrien.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Computers are not only used extensively to perform the industrial and economic functions of society but are also used to perform many functions upon which human life itself depends.
		With the computer, the heretofore impossible has now become possible, The computer has allowed large volumes of data to be reduced to high-density, compact storage, nearly imperceptible to the human senses, It has allowed an exponential increase in speed, and even the most complex calculations can be completed in milliseconds.
		Computer crime is a new form of transnational crime and effectively addressing it requires concerted international cooperation.
	www.mobrien.com /computer_crime.shtml (2092 words)

	Computer Crime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The CCRC is a non-profit organization composed of professionals dedicated to education in the field of computer crimes and cyber terrorism prevention and investigation.
		The Computer Crime Research Center (CCRC) is a non-profit corporation composed of professionals dedicated to education in the field of cyber crime and cyber terrorism prevention and investigation.
		Provide high technology crime investigation education and training in detecting, investigating, and analyzing high technology crime cases where computers are used (1) as a tool to facilitate or enable an illegal activity; (2) as a target of criminal activity; or (3) incidentally to a criminal offense to law enforcement agency personnel.
	talkjustice.com /links.asp?453053902 (1208 words)

	Computer Crime: Chapter 2: What Are the Crimes?
		Whether a particular attack is viewed as being a full-fledged crime or is simply dismissed as being a prank will depend upon the motives of the attacker, the type of organization and data attacked, and other aspects of the situation that can't be neatly summarized in a chapter of this kind.
		We do not cover crimes in which the computer is simply used by the perpetrators in their criminal enterprises (for example, drug deals in which a syndicate keeps computerized records).
		Computers and computer operators are oriented towards saving data, not destroying it, and sometimes data is saved that shouldn't be.
	www.oreilly.com /catalog/crime/chapter/cri_02.html (9677 words)

	COMPUTER CRIME
		The definition of computer crime, in a certain sense, is flexible, depending on whom you speak to, the definition can encompass anything from those activities which would require a system programmer's skills to perpetrate right through to any activity in which a computer is somehow involved.
		For one thing the computer crime is always executed by imperceptible methods and therefore difficult to be detected, for another thing, the law enforcement practitioners lack a knowledge in computer technology, and therefore the seizure of evidence and further prosecution are difficult to accomplish.
		Computer security consultant Robert Courtney Jnr told that in 1985, based on 1406 cases known to him, the average loss was 500,000 dollars, and that 89 per cent of the cases are never taken to judicial process; of the remainder that are, convictions obtained are only 18 per cent.
	www.fsu.edu /~crimdo/TA/hao/computercrime2.htm (3626 words)

	2005 Computer Crime Enacted Legislation
		Provisions regarding computer invasion of privacy are rewritten to include unauthorized gathering of identifying information and Class 6 penalties added for persons with previous convictions, selling or distributing the information to another or using the information in the commission of another crime.
		The bill adds as a new Class 6 felony using a computer to fraudulently gather identifying information of another (phishing), unless the information is sold or distributed to another or the information is used in the commission of another crime, in which case it is a Class 5 felony.
		Revises provisions in the Virginia Computer Crimes Act relating to computer fraud and redefines computer invasion of privacy by including the unauthorized gathering of identifying information and punishes subsequent offenses and transferring the information to another or use of the information in the commission of another crime as a Class 6 felony.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/lis/legislation/compcrime05.htm (946 words)

	Computer Crime - MT Dept of Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Increasingly, criminals are using computers to commit crimes or to keep track of their "business dealings." These days, when officers serve a search warrant, some of the most important evidence may be stored on a suspect's computer.
		Retrieving the computer records necessary to solve these crimes is complex and highly technical, and must be done in a manner that ensures that the evidence can be used in court.
		Once a computer is seized, investigators follow specific procedures to ensure that the evidence can be presented successfully in court, where the investigators may testify as experts in computer forensics.
	doj.mt.gov /enforcement/computercrime.asp (430 words)

	CERT®/CC: How the FBI Investigates Computer Crime
		When a computer is used as a tool to aid criminal activity, it may include storing records of fraud, producing false identification, reproducing and distributing copyright material, collecting and distributing child pornography, and many other crimes.
		Crimes where computers are the targets can result in damage or alteration to the computer system.
		Computers which have been compromised may be used to launch attacks on other computers or networks.
	www.cert.org /tech_tips/FBI_investigates_crime.html (834 words)

	RCMP Frauds and Scams - Computer Crime Prevention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Computer system security should ensure that automated systems, data, and services receive appropriate protection from accidental and deliberate threats to confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
		A simple and common computer related crime which involves changing data prior to or during input to a computer.
		When access to a computer system is controlled by passwords and user identifiers, the most common method to gain access to the system is to impersonate an authorized user.
	www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca /scams/ccprev_e.htm (758 words)

	Amazon.com: Computer Crime (Computer Security): Books: David Icove,Karl Seger,William VonStorch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Terrorist attacks on computer centers, electronic fraud on international funds transfer networks, viruses and worms in our software, corporate espionage on business networks, and crackers breaking into systems on the Internet...Computer criminals are becoming ever more technically sophisticated, and it's an increasing challenge to keep up with their methods.
		Part III discusses how to plan for, investigate, and prosecute computer crimes, ranging from the supplies needed for criminal investigation, to the detection and audit tools used in investigation, to the presentation of evidence to a jury.
		Computer Crime: A Crimefighter's Handbook is for anyone who needs to know what today's computer crimes look like, how to prevent them, and how to detect, investigate, and prosecute them if they do occur.
	www.amazon.com /Computer-Crime-Security-David-Icove/dp/1565920864 (1162 words)

	Computer Crime
		COMPUTER CRIME RESEARCH RESOURCES - This article, Computer Crime Research Resources, is an excellent site presenting research resources for those interested in the topic of computer crime.
		Computer Crime is a well written discussion of computer crime written by a lawyer.
		The authors concludes the article with a discussion of computer crime statues in the USA and the responsiblity of journalist in reporting computer crime.
	csc.colstate.edu /summers/e-library/computer-crime.html (416 words)

	Course Technology--InfoWeb: Computer Crime
		We need laws that protect us from computer crimes, yet we also need to make sure that computer crime laws are not so broad and sweeping that they infringe on our civil liberties and constitutional rights.
		At the Laws and Crime site, www.blkbox.com/~guillory/comp4.html, you can find a directory that includes links to U.S. federal and state computer crime laws, computer crime sentencing guidelines, and computer crime categories.
		Computer Crime: A Crime Fighter's Handbook by David Icove, Karl Seger, and William VonStorch (O'Reilley, 1995) is a highly regarded book about computer crime.
	www.cciw.com /content/crime.html (386 words)

	Metropolitan Police Service - Computer Crime Unit
		The Computer Crime Unit is a centre of excellence in regard to computer and cyber crime committed under the Computer Misuse Act 1990, notably hacking, maliciously creating and spreading viruses and counterfeit software.
		The Computer Crime Unit works together with other specialist units, both within the Metropolitan Police and at a national and international level.
		The National High Tech Crime Unit:- National unit formed in April 2001 comprising personnel from the National Crime Squad, the NCIS, and from HM Customs and Excise.
	www.met.police.uk /computercrime (1216 words)

	6.805/STS085: Readings on Computer Crime
		For a quick orientation to computer crime laws, read the overview from the book by Cavazos and Morin (to be distributed in class).
		It has provocative and insightful comments on many of the cases we are studying in this section of the course, including similarities between computer crime trials and the Salem witch trials, and comments on the use of violent physical analogies (e.g., arson and rape) often cited to describe computer break-ins.
		Computer security consultant Tsutomu Shimomura helped the FBI locate Mitnick, and New York Times reporter John Markoff was closely associated with Shimomura during this "hunt for Mitnick".
	www-swiss.ai.mit.edu /6095/readings-crime.html (4317 words)

	Computer Crime
		The person who commits a Computer Crime is a person who violates any of the following things: Unauthorized access to a computer system, A person is guilty of a computer crime when they gain unauthorized access to a computer system knowing that they are not authorized to do so.
		A person is guilty of the computer crime of theft of computer services when he accesses a computer system with the intent to obtain unauthorized computer services.
		A person is guilty of the computer crime of interruption of computer services when he, without authorization, intentionally or recklessly disrupts or degrades or causes the disruption or degradation of computer services or denies or causes the denial of computer services to an authorized user of a computer system.
	www.radessays.com /link.php?site=re&aff=r2c2&dest=viewpaper.php?request=74449 (237 words)

	Florida Computer Crime Center
		FC3 has a statewide mission to investigate complex computer crimes, assist with regional investigations, train investigators, disseminate information to the public, and proactively work to identify computer criminals and prevent future crimes.
		The Florida Computer Crime Center (FC3) was created by FDLE in October 1998 in response to the increase in the number of criminal investigations that were involving computers.
		In today's criminal activity we find two separate worlds of computer crime: first, the traditional world of crime that is now using computers in order to facilitate or help with the crime (child pornography, fraud, banking scams, drugs, and child exploitation).
	www.fdle.state.fl.us /Fc3 (390 words)

	FBI Computer Crime Squad
		Federal interest computers are defined by law as two or more computers involved in a criminal offense, which are located in different states.
		Therefore, a commercial computer which is the victim of an intrusion coming from another state is a "Federal interest" computer.
		The FBI's National Computer Crime Squad, located within the Washington Metropolitan Field Office, has national jurisdiction, and coordinates many of its investigations with FBI counterparts in foreign countries where a case shares mutual interest.
	www.emergency.com /fbi-nccs.htm (393 words)

	Cybercrime / Computer Crime Legislation
		Possession of data with intent to commit computer offence (described as "akin to the more familiar offences of 'going equipped for stealing' or possession of an offensive weapon").
		All Australian State and Territory Governments are understood to be intending to implement the computer related offences of the Australian Model Criminal Code (refer Chapter 4 - Damage and Computer Offences).
		The NSW Crimes Amendment (Computer Offences) Act 2001 was passed by the NSW Parliament in April 2001 and received Royal Assent in June 2001.
	www.efa.org.au /Issues/Privacy/cybercrimeact.html (676 words)

	Services The computer expert witness, computer forensics, computer crime and investigation specialists. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Since 1984, we have been recognized as "scientific subject-matter experts" in the area of computer forensics, computer crime investigation and Expert Witness Testimony.
		Evidence may be sought in a wide range of computer crime or misuse, including but not limited to theft of trade secrets, theft of or destruction of services, intellectual property and fraud.
		Although we live in a computer age, members of a jury or jurists themselves, may not be familiar with these tools and we act as an interface between the technical and the real world.
	www.computerlegalexperts.com /services.html (866 words)

	cybercrime.gov
		The dramatic increase in crimes involving the Internet, and computer crimes more generally, is well documented.
		The "2000 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey" documented that 90% of the 643 respondents (primarily large U.S. corporations and government agencies) detected computer security breaches within the last twelve months, totaling hundreds of millions of dollars in losses.
		It is an excerpt of a larger DOJ manual entitled "Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations", which is available on the internet at www.cybercrime.gov/searchmanual.htm.
	www.usdoj.gov /criminal/cybercrime/searching.html (878 words)

	Computer Crime - Bibliography
		"Computer Crimes and Computer Related or Facilitated Crimes", Statement of Charles L. Owens, Chief, Financial Crimes Section, Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 19, 1997.
		CPRS maintains a collection of materials related to Computer Crime including records of court cases.
		The Jones Telecommunications and Multimedia Encyclopedia as an entry on "computer crime" in their update section.
	courses.cs.vt.edu /~cs3604/lib/Crime/bibliography.html (378 words)

	cybercrime.gov
		Guidance on New Authorities that Relate to Computer Crime and Electronic Evidence Enacted in the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (October 2001)
		It said that computers that"control [our] power delivery, communications, aviation and financial services [and] store vital information, from medical records to business plans, to criminal records," were vulnerable from many sources, including deliberate attack.
		An often overlooked aspect of sentencing in computer crime cases are conditions that the court can impose as part of a sentence of probation or supervised release.
	www.usdoj.gov /criminal/cybercrime/cclaws.html (1099 words)

	Criminal defence lawyer in Toronto and Vancouver BC
		Computer Crime Laws of 37 Countries by Moss Byrett.
		Computer Crime and Network Security, Cecil Greek, Florida State University School of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
		Senate Hearing on International Crime, Statement of FBI Director Louis Freeh at the Senate Appropriations Committee Hearing on International Crime, March 12, 1996.
	www.sgrm.com /Resources.htm (1037 words)

	Crime, Security, and Hiring Practices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		While it is not the intent of this class to teach students how to commit computer related crime, it is necessary that professional know enough about computer crime to protect themselves and their employers from crime.
		As a result of this class students are expected to have an elevated sense of awareness of the problem of computer crime and the countermeasures they can take to minimize the effects of criminal acts.
		University of Ohio - Fraud and Computer Crime
	courses.cs.vt.edu /professionalism/Crime/class.html (278 words)

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