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Topic: Computer memory garbage collection

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	Garbage collection (computer science) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Garbage collection was invented by John McCarthy around 1959 to solve the problems of manual memory management in his recently devised Lisp programming language.
		However, other forms of garbage collection do not necessarily share all of these faults, although the last is nearly universal, but they may have different faults of their own; all options should be considered when deciding whether to use garbage collection.
		In contrast to tracing garbage collection, reference counting is a form of automatic memory management where each object has a count of the number of references to it, and the object's memory is reclaimed when the count reaches zero.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science) (2322 words)

	Memory Management Reference: Frequently Asked Questions
		Garbage collection frees you from having to keep track of which part of your program is responsible for the deallocation of which memory.
		If your garbage collector is generational, it is possible that you are suffering from premature tenuring, which can often be solved by tuning the collector or using a separate memory area for the library.
		In most computers, there is a large difference in speed between main memory and disk; running a program with a working set that does not fit in physical memory almost always results in unacceptable performance.
	www.memorymanagement.org /faq.html (3080 words)

	Press Release 980729 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These operations create "garbage" in the form of code that is no longer needed, but continues to take up space in the computer’s memory.
		Garbage collection is the process of identifying and recycling this memory so that it may be used again by the program.
		The Garbage Collection Workload Simulation benchmark is designed to simulate the memory management behavior that would be found in a typical large application.
	www.instantiations.com /PR/980729.htm (682 words)

	The Memory Management Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a resource for programmers and computer scientists interested in memory management and garbage collection.
		Articles giving a beginner's overview of memory management and explaining specific areas of it.
		Ravenbrook are happy to provide advanced memory management solutions to language and application developers through our consulting service.
	www.memorymanagement.org (101 words)

	Squawks of the Parrot: What the heck is: Garbage Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Memory allocation bugs are also isolated to a small section of your code--the memory allocator and the garbage collector--rather than scattered across the entire code base.
		Your program holds on to memory longer than it otherwise might, can't be sure of how long an allocation might take (since allocating memory may require firing off a garbage collection run if your program runs out), and can no longer predict exactly when some resource that requires active destruction may be cleaned up.
		While a number of the garbage collection schemes have bounded worst-case memory usage and collection times, their worst case performance (either in memory usage or pause) is generally worse than a refcounting scheme.
	www.sidhe.org /~dan/blog/archives/000200.html (3723 words)

	NREVERSAL of Fortune
		Garbage collection by undoing is more powerful than traditional garbage collection, because it can be used even for Actor systems in which the garbage may be quite active and thus hard to catch [Baker77].
		Garbage collection is a favorite topic of researchers; the number of published papers on this topic approaches 1,000.
		Computer architects find that the reverse of reference strings are an important concept in the study of memory hierarchies; e.g., the optimal page replacement algorithm is the least-recently-used algorithm running on the reversed reference string.
	www.pipeline.com /~hbaker1/ReverseGC.html (8264 words)

	J2SE 1.4.1 boosts garbage collection
		The application threads and the garbage collector share a single CPU (the main street), and all activity in the applications must stop while garbage collection is in progress (stop the world).
		Garbage objects are identified by traversing references from the current application stack frames; unreachable objects are assumed to be garbage.
		Garbage collection is based on live objects; that is, those reachable from the current stack space.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-03-2003/jw-0307-j2segc.html (1419 words)

	Garbage Collection Techniques to Enhance Memory Locality in Java Programs
		Dynamic memory allocation and GC often have negative effects on the placement of data in memory, and, therefore, the memory locality properties.
		On modern systems, memories are organized in a hierarchy, from the top of the pyramid, the small and fast memory, to the bottom, the larger and slower memories, i.e.
		As memory allocation and GC are critical to memory management and the locality, we think this research would be of valuable significance in improving system performance for Java programs (and possibly other object oriented languages).
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~zhong/hilldale_proposal.html (1710 words)

	Memory Allocation & Garbage Collection - LCSR Research Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Garbage collection (GC) in programming languages refers to the automatic reclamation of dynamically allocated objects that are no longer needed by an application.
		Memory allocation and garbage collection are two halves of the same problem.
		Therefore the main goal of this research project is to study, develop and experimentally evaluate memory allocation and garbage collection techniques that significantly advance the state of knowledge in GC.
	www.cs.yorku.ca /~lcsr/gc.html (201 words)

	Trash talk, Part 1
		In this article, I introduce you to garbage collection, a term computer developers commonly use to refer to memory recycling -- that is, the reuse of heap memory.
		After learning important details about garbage collection and its various algorithms, you'll learn the practical side of garbage collection from Java's perspective: how to ask the JVM to run the garbage collector, how to finalize objects, and how to resurrect finalized objects (and why that is a no-no!).
		During garbage collection, the garbage collector decrements the reference count for each object that a garbage-collected object references.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-12-2001/jw-1207-java101_p.html (4174 words)

	CS312 Lecture 23: Memory Organization and Garbage Collection
		Manual memory management is very flexible, and it allows the programmer to optimize the sequence of memory allocation/deallocation commands, and to adapt these to the semantics of the application at hand.
		If garbage collection occurs at unpredictable moments of time, and the program is stopped or significantly slowed down for an extended period of time, then automated garbage collection can not be used in certain critical applications.
		The relocation of memory blocks is complicated by the fact that the value of all pointers that refer to blocks that are moved must be adjusted.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /courses/cs312/2004fa/lectures/lecture23.htm (3876 words)

	OOPS Group Publications
		Worse, virtual memory experiments are limited in the number of variables and the range of those variables, as the time required to process a trace in simulation can be long.
		Dynamic memory allocation has been a fundamental part of most computer systems since roughly 1960, and memory allocation is widely considered to be either a solved problem or an insoluble one.
		Memory can thus only be used once per allocation/collection cycle, and a substantial amount of memory is both touched and dirtied at each cycle.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/oops/papers.html (4948 words)

	Memory Leaks and Garbage Collection - Computerworld
		DEFINITION A memory leak is the gradual deterioration of system performance that occurs over time as the result of the fragmentation of a computer's RAM due to poorly designed or programmed applications that fail to free up memory segments when they are no longer needed.
		Garbage collection is the even stranger term given to the automated process, found in some systems and languages, whereby memory space no longer needed by current applications is consolidated and freed up for reuse.
		The result is that pieces of memory scattered throughout the system's RAM are marked as in use and untouchable except by its owning application - even though that's not really the case.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2000/0,4814,48292,00.html (651 words)

	Richard Jones' Garbage Collection Page
		In particular, we are interested in bugs and performance limitations that can be ascribed to the garbage collector, or scenarios in which collector simply got in the way (for example, when objects are collected too late or not at all).
		There is an abundant but disparate literature on the subject of garbage collection, most of which is confined to research papers.
		Garbage Collection: algorithms for automatic dynamic memory management sets out to pool this experience in a single accessible and unified framework.
	www.cs.kent.ac.uk /people/staff/rej/gc.html (1066 words)

	GC FAQ -- draft
		Garbage collection is a part of a language's runtime system, or an add-on library, perhaps assisted by the compiler, the hardware, the OS, or any combination of the three, that automatically determines what memory a program is no longer using, and recycles it for other use.
		A second benefit of garbage collection, less obvious to people who haven't used it, is that relying on garbage collection to manage memory simplifies the interfaces between components (subroutines, libraries, modules, classes) that no longer need expose memory management details ("who is responsible for recycling this memory").
		If a program is developed using garbage collection, and the collector is taken away, then yes, the result may contain bugs in the form of memory leaks.
	www.iecc.com /gclist/GC-faq.html (1941 words)

	JACQUES COHEN - MEMORY MANAGEMENT & GARBAGE COLLECTION
		This was because memory usage was basically sequential, and adjacency of data played a key role in reducing access time of pages already present in fast memory.
		A paper describing the efficiencies of virtual memory list processors with compacting and non-compacting GC appeared in 1967 [CT My involvement with GC continued for many years, and a survey on that topic became a classic reference for a long time [Coh 81].
		Later, I combined my interest in analysis of algorithms to study the efficiency of sequential collectors, [CN 83] and later also studied the efficiency of parallel GC Virtual memory was also used in a student's senior thesis (Arthur Benjamin) who later won an ACM prize for the best paper written by an undergraduate [Ben 72].
	www.cs.brandeis.edu /~jc/memory_mgmt.html (480 words)

	Memory Allocation and Garbage Collection
		There is a rich body of work on garbage collector architecture and garbage collection algorithms (stemming largely from LISP runtime support, which makes heavy use of garbage collection).
		Many garbage collection systems rely on compiler support to help the system determine when a pointer goes out of scope, so the object the pointer points to can be deallocated.
		This garbage collector is designed to be a replacement for malloc in C and new in C++.
	www.bearcave.com /software/garbage.htm (1110 words)

	memory - internet resources (memory management, garbage collection) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The approach overlays protection domains on regions of physical memory that are in use by application processes and the operating system kernel.
		A hardware-assisted real-time garbage collection system has been designed to facilitate reliable use of dynamic memory in hard real-time systems.
		Analysis techniques are presented and the real-time performance of the hardware-assisted garbage collection system is compared to that of the traditional allocators.
	www.eg3.com /WebID/software/garbage/blank/paper/2-s-z.htm (351 words)

	On Garbage Collection [djg30] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Message <2c0edcfa.davgar@davgar.arlington.va.us>, David Garfield wrote: =>The issue of garbage collection has now been brought up.
		=> =>Garbage Collection is an excuse to be sloppy.
		Garbage collection in general is a useful tool.
	lists.tunes.org /archives/moose/1993-June/000409.html (157 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Eliminating unwanted or invalid information from a computer's memory can dramatically improve the speed and officiency of the program.
		Garbage collection is a very interesting and complicated topic.
		To understand different garbage collection algorithms, one has to go through various research papers published over last 30 years or read the simplified descriptions presented in Java site and Bill Venners artima.com.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0471941484 (564 words)

	computers directory page 19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
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	www.hot-deals-on.com /computers/computers-19.html (2148 words)

	Memory Offloading via Garbage Collection for Memory Constrained (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		83 Mobile computing with the rover toolkit - Joseph, Tauber et al.
		45 Using generational garbage collection to implement cache-con..
		21 Generational Garbage Collection and the Radioactive Decay Mo..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /608246.html (480 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Garbage Collection : Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Memory as a Programming Concept in C and C++ by Frantisek Franek
		Considers how dynamic memory can be recycled automatically to guarantee error-free memory management.
		The chief drawback of copying collectors is the need to divide the available memory into two semi-spaces.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471941484?v=glance (1038 words)

	Parallel Garbage Collection for Shared Memory Multiprocessors - Flood, Detlefs, Shavit, Zhang (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Our parallel collectors use this framework to balance the work of root scanning, using static overpartitioning, and also to balance the work of tracing the object graph, using a form of dynamic load balancing called work stealing.
		An important issue, when it comes to concurrent garbage collection in a JVM, is to decide when to garbage collect.
		7 Onthe -fly garbage collection: An exercise in cooperation (context) - Dijkstra, Lamport et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /flood01parallel.html (522 words)

	JVM '02 Technical Program - Abstract
		In this work, we show how the garbage collector (GC) can be tuned to reduce the energy consumption of Java applications.
		In this mechanism, power supply to memory banks that do not hold any useful data can be shut down.
		An evaluation of our approach using various embedded applications shows that the adaptive garbage collection scheme is effective in reducing the system energy consumption across different hardware configurations.
	www.usenix.org /events/jvm02/chen_g.html (254 words)

	Computer Science: Publication: Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management
		Computer Science: Publication: Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management
		Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management
		John Wiley and Sons, July 1996 With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by Rafael Lins.
	www.cs.kent.ac.uk /pubs/1996/13 (75 words)

	Automatic Memory Management and Garbage Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Come out to this talk and learn these things and more.
		No prior knowledge of Garbage Collection or memory management is needed.
		Copyright © 2002–2004 Computer Science Club of the University of Waterloo.
	www.csclub.uwaterloo.ca /events/MC4058-2002-11-12-4:30PM.html (83 words)

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