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	Comstock Law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Comstock Law was a 19th century United States law that made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail.
		The Comstock Law not only targeted pornography as such, but also all contraceptive equipment and many educational documents such as descriptions of contraceptive methods and other reproductive health related materials.
		The Comstock Law prohibition of birth control was not overturned until U.S. v.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comstock_Law (162 words)

	American Experience \| The Pill \| People & Events
		Born in rural Connecticut in 1844, Comstock served in the infantry during the Civil War, then moved to New York City and found work as a salesman.
		Soon after the federal law was on the books, twenty-four states enacted their own versions of Comstock laws to restrict the contraceptive trade on a state level.
		These laws remained unchallenged until birth-control advocate Margaret Sanger made it her mission to challenge the Comstock Act.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/e_comstock.html (577 words)

	LLNE News: Volume 22, Number 2: The Education Lawyer’s Persepctive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Comstock rarely meets with the school board.Instead, he most often meets with school administrators such as the superintendent, which often results in the superintendent assuming Mr.
		Comstock pointed out, so they will often call ahead for advice on a matter rather than chance expensive litigation.Also, as the school board and superintendent are in political positions, they often request advice prior to taking action in an attempt to avoid any political repercussions.
		Comstock pointed out, likely because the school board is sure to pay their bills, and on time.
	www.aallnet.org /chapter/llne/LLNENews/v22n2/educationlawyer.htm (302 words)

	Zap The Comstock Law Before It Becomes A Computer Virus On The Internet!
		The infamous Comstock Act, passed in 1873 at the urging of Anthony Comstock, secretary of the Committee for the Suppression of Vice, made it a crime to send material on birth control and abortion through the mails.
		As a result of Comstock's crusade, publishers were forced to censor their scientific and physiological works, druggists were punished for giving out information about contraception, and average Americans had to live with censorship of their mail, and without access to reliable information about contraception.
		The Comstock Act remains on our books today, in slightly modified form, at 18 U.S.C. In 1971, Congress deleted the prohibition on birth control; but the prohibition on information about abortion remains, and the maximum fine was increased in 1994 from $5,000 to $250,000 for a first offense.
	www.lectlaw.com /files/elw05.htm (683 words)

	[No title]
		Under the popularly named "Comstock law," which prohibited use of the mails to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious book, pamphlet, picture, paper, print, or other publication of an indecent character," thousands of authors were jailed and literally tons of literature destroyed.
		The law threatens to lobotomize the Internet by superimposing essentially the same legal standard that stifled the publication of literature in America for nearly 60 years under the Comstock law.
		The Comstock Law In 1873, the year he was named secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, Comstock came to Washington to lobby for stronger obscenity laws.
	www.eff.org /Censorship/Internet_censorship_bills/exon_comstock_cato.paper (7011 words)

	The New Comstock
		Comstock was the founder of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice.
		Comstock would lobby Congress by entering its halls with a sack, the contents of which he would dump on the table: obscene photographs, abortion aids, aphrodisiac powders, all of which had passed through the U.S. mails.
		First, the obscenity laws mandate that local community standards the standards of the community where the jurors reside must be applied to the material in question.
	www.spectacle.org /freespch/intro.html (1607 words)

	Comstock Law -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the 19th century the law was used as an assertion of existing morality.
		In the United States Anthony Comstock lobbied to pass an Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and the Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use.
		Natural law has been recognized since the ancient world to be a general body of rules of right conduct and justice common to all mankind.
	0-www.britannica.com.library.unl.edu /ebi/article-9320135 (612 words)

	Margaret Sanger
		The passing of the Comstock laws in 1873 was designed to aid and abet both moral and religious prejudice and persecutions.
		This aroused the wrath of the free-thinking and liberty-loving populace, and in 1878 great agitation was aroused against these laws: a petition was presented to Congress, headed by the name of Robert G. Ingersoll and signed by 70,000 "freemen," requesting the repeal of these outrageous laws.
		Comstock was remarkably successful: his laws inspired 3,697 criminal prosecutions, and destroyed 160 tons of "obscene" literature and pictures, as well as contraceptive items.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0914almanac.htm (722 words)

	Obscene Literature
		Certain religions fanatics, taking advantage of the word "immoral" in the law, have claimed that all writings against what they are pleased to call orthodox religion are immoral, and such books have been seized and their authors arrested.
		The law against sending instruments of vice in the mails is good, as is the law against sending obscene books and pictures, and the law against letting ignorant hyenas prey upon sick people, and the law which prevents the getters up of bogus lotteries sending their letters through the mail.
		That is the objection to this law, that it does not define the offence, so that an American citizen can readily know when he is about to violate it and consequently the law ought in all probability to be modified in that regard.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/robert_ingersoll/obscene_literature.html (5192 words)

	Untitled Document
		This law,dubbed the"Comstock" law in honor of Anthony Comstock, founder of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, included birth-control information and devices in its definition of "pornography." Local and state governments passed related legislation.
		A court decision in 1938 reduced the extent that "Comstock" laws could ban access to information on birth control and contraceptive devices, but not until the Griswold case (1965) did married people gain the right to access birth control information.
		Law school faculty at the University of Missouri-Kansas City analyze constitutional issues including the regulation of obscenity and nudity.
	www.eiu.edu /~history/undergrad/constitution/state_rights_to_legislate_morality.htm (581 words)

	The Champ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His name was Anthony Comstock, and he was born in 1844, in Connecticut.
		In 1866, young Comstock found his true calling in the proliferation of printed material coming out of the new technology.
		The portly, side-whiskered ghost of Anthony Comstock remains a threat to anyone who pushes the envelope of literature or journalism, determined to remain in death what he was in life, the world's greatest book burner.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/censorship_books/7468 (415 words)

	Web by Women, for Women [Women to Women] - Past Censorship and Tabooed Topics
		In 1864, a law was passed called the "Comstock Law," occasioned by a postmaster general during the Civil War who noticed that the soldiers were sending the 19th century equivalent of pinup pictures through the mail.
		Anthony Comstock, secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (what a job title), soon put more muscle into what became know as the Comstock Law in 1873, prohibiting the sending of "obscene, lewd, or lascivious book, pamphlet, picture, paper, print, or other publication of an indecent character" through the mail.
		The Comstock Law was used to prevent women from controlling our reproduction, in an age when many women died of bearing too many children, or of complications such as puerperal fever, infection, or hemorrage in childbirth.
	www.io.com /~wwwomen/past (1802 words)

	Hall Farley Oberrecht&Blanton Attorney Profile List
		Comstock received his Bachelor of Arts in History with a minor in Economics from Boise State University in 1998 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Idaho College of Law in May of 2002.
		Comstock worked as a law clerk for a state of Idaho district court judge.
		Comstock is currently licensed to practice law in all courts of the state of Idaho and the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho.
	www.hallfarley.com /attorneydetails.asp?AttorneyID=29 (204 words)

	Georgetown Law - Published Articles (GLH)
		The result of his efforts was the passage of the Comstock Act, which made it illegal to import, mail, or transport in interstate commerce obscene materials, including contraceptive devices and information on birth control.
		The Catholic Church was not powerful enough to lend a voice when the federal and local Comstock laws were passed, but it helped keep them on the books until well into the twentieth century.
		The first bill to repeal the Comstock law as applied to birth control was introduced in Congress in 1923.
	www.law.georgetown.edu /glh/logie.htm (631 words)

	Erin's Research Page
		The topic of censorship has always interested me, and Comstock's principles for banning obscene materials were certainly one of the most strict in history.
		Comstock's law and his stand on obscene material are considered to be the start of sexual censorship today.
		I think that any journalist, as well as those who still side with Comstock's principles of obscenity and are currently trying to ban materials that should remain on our libraries' shelves, would be interested in his views concerning obscenity.
	www.unc.edu /~ebeeson/research.html (1667 words)

	Katie M
		If a woman were told today, in the year 2003, that she could not possess or use birth control because laws in her state prohibited such activity, she might laugh in disbelief at the very thought.
		In defiance of the Comstock Laws a young feminist named Margaret Sanger opened the first United States birth control clinic in 1916.
		Consequently, laws against the possession and distribution of contraceptive materials became null and void.
	www.umary.edu /faculty/jlbrud/Pol414/Aljets.htm (1418 words)

	Response of Law to New Technology
		Law that made sense in 1850, or even in 1950, can be inappropriate for today's problems and opportunities.
		Federal law in the USA (so-called Comstock Law, first passed in 1873) made it a crime to: (1) sell or give away any contraceptive or abortifacient, (2) send through the U.S. Mail any contraceptive or abortifacient, or (3) import any contraceptive or abortifacient.
		One of the pieces of the Comstock Law was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court 110 years after the law was first passed.
	www.rbs2.com /lt.htm (5751 words)

	Wench Weekly: Prosexual Editorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As soon as my kids were out the door to school, a quick online search confirmed my suspicions: 1873 was the year which saw the passage of the Comstock Law, a piece of legislation that effectively made contraception and family planning illegal in America.
		In tandem with the Comstock Law’s passage, he organized the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice and, as a U.S. deputy, became something of a 19th-century J. Edgar Hoover, raiding warehouses, printing presses, and post offices with impunity.
		And that the very last birth control ban -- a Massachusetts law which forbid unmarried individuals the right to birth control -- would be overturned in 1972, almost a hundred years after A.P. planted the condom in the time capsule.
	www.femmerotic.com /port/wench/020800.html (1033 words)

	New Age Comstockery: Exon vs the Internet
		Under the so-called Comstock laws, classic works by such authors as D. Lawrence, Theodore Dreiser, Edmund Wilson, and James Joyce were routinely suppressed.
		Like Senator Exon's amendment, which was inspired by a desire to protect his granddaughter, the Comstock law-indeed, all obscenity law of the period--was predicated on a perceived need to protect the most impressionable members of the population.
		While the prevailing concern of modern obscenity law is the effect of the material on the average person rather than the most sensitive, the law does recognize some added pro- tections for children.
	www-swiss.ai.mit.edu /6805/legislation/cato-comstockery.html (7529 words)

	Northwest Chicago Choice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sanger's arrest is her second for violating a Comstock law: two years earlier she was indicted under a federal Comstock statute for sending birth control information through the U.S. mails in her publication, The Woman Rebel.
		Franklin, the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down a Pennsylvania law that requires a physician about to perform an abortion to first determine whether the fetus "is or may be viable" on the grounds that the meaning of "viable" or "may be viable" is unclear.
		Since Virginia law provides for licensing of freestanding ambulatory facilities as "hospitals," the Virginia law is not as restrictive as the law struck down in Planned Parenthood of Kansas City the same year, and is therefore constitutional.
	www.nwchicagochoice.org /reproductive_timeline.html (10790 words)

	The Wombat File (is your only friend): Friday Quiz #51: Anarchy in the U.S.A.
		the Comstock law forbade the use of the mails to distribute pornography, and given the loose definition of pornography it employed, Goldman's anarchist promotion of "free love" resulted in prosecution.
		Goldman was arrested after giving a speech in which she advocated birth control, and the authorities argued that she was engaged, on the whole, in a campaign of disseminating the aforementioned obscene material, through various channels, including the mails.
		I don't think there was a law against congregating per se (although who knows what various states of emergency entail -- certainly around these parts it means you can't march up and down the streets); but they arrested Goldman for "obstructing the draft" and deported her.
	www.wombatfile.com /archives/106.html (864 words)

	Allen v New York Tr. Auth. (2004 NY Slip Op 51720(U))
		This motion by the non municipal defendants for accelerated relief, is, in the first instance, based on the alleged application of Workers' Compensation Law §11 which the moving defendants assert precludes employees, such as the injured plaintiff, from bringing personal injury actions against their employer for job related accidents.
		He, specifically acknowledged the presence of platform trucks at the job site, admitted that "Comstock owned one of them", described the railings that existed on platform trucks and that the general foreman was responsible for obtaining platform trucks.
		Moreover, unlike the Labor Law causes of action, a separate cause of action is set forth against Comstock for negligence in that Comstock failed to properly maintain the platform truck.
	www.courts.state.ny.us /REPORTER/3dseries/2004/2004_51720.htm (2278 words)

	17 page printout Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. Contents of thi
		They say that time is wasted in getting an impartial jury; that more time is wasted because appeals are allowed, and that by reason of insisting on a strict compliance with law in all respects, trials sometimes linger for years, and that in many instances the guilty escape.
		No one, so far as I know, asks that men shall be tried by partial and prejudiced jurors, or that judges shall be allowed to disregard the law for the sake of securing convictions, or that verdicts shall be allowed to stand unsupported by sufficient legal evidence.
		Take only such time as may be necessary to give the accused a fair trial, before an impartial jury, under and in accordance with the established forms of law, and to allow an appeal to the highest court.
	www.skepticfiles.org /think/obscenel.htm (7940 words)

	Comstock Act -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Named for Anthony Comstock, a zealous crusader against what he considered to be obscenity, the act criminalized publication, distribution, and possession of information about or devices or medications for “unlawful…
		More results on "Comstock Act" when you join.
		Gest and Comstock were known for importing shows and acts from other countries, most notably the Moscow Art Theatre, which they brought to the United States in 1923.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9124952?tocId=9124952 (614 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : Defending Reproductive Rights in Cyberspace
		Foremost among those laws was America's first federal ban on obscenity, known as the "Comstock Law." Anthony Comstock, a leader of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, successfully lobbied to have this law enacted in 1873.
		Although the Comstock Law remained on the books and still provides the basis for laws against obscenity and child pornography, its provisions about contraception and abortion fell into disuse.
		The CDA is an unconstitutionally vague and overbroad law, we charged, because it fails to define its terms precisely, to tell Internet users how to comply with it, and to distinguish which participants in the distribution of online speech can be held liable for non-compliance.
	www.aclu.org /ReproductiveRights/ReproductiveRights.cfm?ID=9057&c=30 (2628 words)

	Thirty Years Of New York Book Destruction To WW1. Anthony Comstock US POSTAL LAWS.
		any despot ever has, and he did it in a country where freedom of the press is a law.
		In 1905, the Lord Chamberlain of England banned the proformance of Mrs.
		a surprize to Anthony Comstock who didn't have a clue as to who Shaw was.
	www.interfarfacing.com /comstock.htm (823 words)

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