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Topic: Concealed ovulation

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	Ovulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction.
		The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, (LH and FSH).
		Ovulation in camels is induced by male pheromones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ovulation (1560 words)

	Menstrual
		If the egg is not fertilized within about a day of ovulation, it will die and be absorbed by the woman's body.) After ovulation the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a corpus luteum; this body has a primary function of producing large amounts of progesterone.
		A woman may sense her own ovulation while it may remain indiscernible to others; this is considered to have sociobiological significance.
		to be ovulated decades later, it has been suggested that this long lifetime may make the chromatin of eggs more vulnerable to division problems, breakage, and mutation than the chromatin of sperm, which are produced continuously during a man's reproductive life.
	www.photonicsknowledge.com /opticaldevices/Menstrual (3768 words)

	Ovulation
		In humans, the period when ovulation occurs is called the ovulatory phase, and it occupies the fourteenth day of an idealized twenty-eight day menstrual cycle.
		Furthermore, some women may experience novel discomfort or pain in their lower abdomen during ovulation termed Mittelschmerz ("midpain") that is most likely caused by irritation of the abdominal wall from the blood and fluid escaping from the ruptured follicle.
		Another explanation is, of course, that the woman has mistakenly assumed that she ovulates on day 14, when in fact, she ovulates earlier or later in her cycle.
	www.mrsci.com /Reproductive-System/Ovulation.php (1959 words)

	The New Vision Online : Facts about ovulation
		Ovulation is when one or more eggs are released from the ovary and is the fertile time of a woman’s menstrual cycle.
		The average time of ovulation is the 14th day of an average length (28-day) menstrual cycle.
		Ovulation signs in human are not readily discernable by people other than the woman herself.
	www.newvision.co.ug /PA/9/500/527579 (409 words)

	SEX DIFFERENCES IN COGNITION. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Concealed ovulation: In most mammals oestrus (a period of heightened interest in sex in females) is associated with highly visible signs (physiological and behavioural).
		This is obviously very costly to the female and so concealed ovulation could have evolved to confuse male parenthood certainty and therefore ensure that infanticide carries a possible risk for the male.
		Once established, concealed ovulation a female could choose a caring male with good access to resources and use concealed ovulation to ensure his continued commitment.
	psych.unn.ac.uk /users/nick/EPlec05.htm (2728 words)

	A n o t h e r * U n s o l v e d * M y s t e r y * S o l v e d ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The “many-fathers” theory states that concealed ovulation evolved to give the woman access to many sex partners and thus leave many men uncertain as to whether they sired her children.
		The “daddy-at-home” theory states that concealed ovulation evolved to promote monogamy, to force the man to stay home, and thus bolster his certainty about his paternity of his wife’s children.
		Humans evolved to be so sexually different, from all other animals, to the point of becoming unaware of their own ovulation because it gave women access to many sex partners and thus it left many men uncertain as to whether they sired her children.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /~jvenema/102/2006_registry/concealed_ovulation.htm (269 words)

	Psycoloquy 7(12): Mate Attraction or Mate Confirmation:
		During the transitional period when only some female ovulation could be detected, the dominant males would have focused their attentions on the females they could detect ovulating.
		This is human's weak sense of smell and the human male's inability to detect female ovulation, even though females are apparently emitting chemical signals of their ovulatory state (as shown by the fact that other females are picking up signals that are used to synchronize ovulation).
		The females did not evolve to conceal ovulation, the males evolved not to receive the message which females apparently continued to send out (as shown by the existence of menstrual synchrony).
	www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk /cgi/psyc/newpsy?7.12 (4226 words)

	Amygdala–reconnected » Recreational sex, isn’t it just for fun?
		Anyway, in human beings, the concealed ovulation and continuous sexual receptiveness in women, together with monogamy must have something to do with kids because it takes many years of growth for a kid to be independent.
		It is possible that the pathway to monogamy is from promiscuity/harems to concealed ovulation and then to monogamy.
		Because human species were evolving towards big society, women evolved concealed ovulation, thus permitting them to mate with many men to ensure the survival of their babies.
	www.xlogit.com /xlsyu/archives/38 (1288 words)

	Concealed Estrus: A Conjectural Explanation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		While this is a possible solution, it depends on mechanisms to prevent cheating on social rules sufficient to enforce the contract--to keep the female from accepting food for twenty-nine days and then refusing copulation, thus keeping her reproductive options free for a second payment from another male.
		Concealed ovulation provides an alternative solution that does not depend on such mechanisms.
		More generally, concealed ovulation makes it possible for the female to sell sexual access in smaller units, hence makes possible a higher price in a situation where the price is constrained by the availability of suitable forms in which to pay it.
	www.daviddfriedman.com /Miscellaneous/concealed_estrus.htm (295 words)

	Pam's Book Log (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Well, to sum up a long answer: First, the question really is, "Why is sex fun, even when there is no chance of conception?" The answer is that it's one of many things which contribute to a strategy of "concealed ovulation." That is, neither the man or the woman knows when she is fertile.
		...concealed ovulation let the ancestral ape-woman distribute her sexual favors to many males, none of which could swear that he was the father of her child, but each of which knew that he might be.
		One the ape-woman had evolved concealed ovulation for that purpose, she then used it to pick a good caveman, to entice or force him to stay at home with her, and to get him to provide lots of protection or help for her baby--secure in the knowledge that it was his baby too.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /~kor2/booklog/diamond_whysex.html (291 words)

	concealed ovulation articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ovulation is hard to predict and there is a small window with which to take advantage of.
		You must know when you are ovulating and the only way to know is to test yourself with an ovulation test.
		Intellectuelle: Concealed Estrus, or Why Is The Ovulation of Human Females H...
	www.sureovulation.com /concealedovulationarticles (632 words)

	Concealed Ovulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Frank W. Marlowe, Ph.D. others that is presumably the goal of concealed ovulation.
		that absence of oestrus and concealed ovulation in.
		It's called concealed ovulation and methods of pinpointing when a woman was...
	www.fertility-web.com /fertility/concealed-ovulation.php (206 words)

	[No title]
		Maybe concealed ovulation is a biological ploy to keep men around.
		Or maybe the evolutionary pressure worked in the opposite direction, and instead of generating monogamy, concealed ovulation began as a way to give prehistoric women greater flexibility in their reproductive choices.
		Or maybe the evolutionary pressure to conceal ovulation is a strategy to keep such reproductively relevant information hidden from other females, especially dominant ones who might interfere with a subordinate's reproduction.
	www.ureader.co.uk /message/1858173.aspx (595 words)

	concealed ovulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		No matter what topic you are looking for, in this case concealed ovulation, this website should have a major impact on how you continue to conduct your research and the decisions you make based on the research done on concealed ovulation.
		Also, with human females having concealed ovulation a man could mate with vast numbers of females and never have a single offspring whereas it is the female who needs to be mating a lot when she is...
		Whether or not this particular conjecture is correct (and concealed ovulation, a feature probably shared with human ancestors, may also augment the influence of females and reduce aggression), the...
	www.sperm-egg-donation.com /concealedovulation (1159 words)

	Scent of a woman may tell if she's fertile \| www.azstarnet.com ®
		Men exposed to these scents prefer the aroma given off during ovulation, when she is most fertile, to those issued during menstruation, when she is less likely to conceive.
		And it suggests that women do not have "concealed ovulation" as many researchers have said, but instead a form of "non-advertised" ovulation.
		And because ovulation is often concealed from women themselves, one researcher proposed there must be a benefit.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/113437 (434 words)

	David C. Geary
		The objective of this paper is to develop an evolutionary model that integrates human parenting and family formation with ideas about the evolved functions of distinctive human characteristics, such as concealed ovulation and sophisticated sociocognitive competencies.
		Results suggest that for humans, social competition through coalition formation emerges as the key selective pressure that readily explains the coevolution of a constellation of characteristics that covary with parenting and family formation, including a lengthy developmental period, reduced sexual dimorphism, concealed ovulation, menopause, complex kinship networks, large brains, and sophisticated sociocognitive competencies.
		Conclusions suggest human parenting and family formation are features of a coevolving suite of distinctive human characteristics, the evolutionary function of which is to facilitate the formation of kin-based coalitions for competition with other coalitions for resource control.
	www.missouri.edu /~psycorie/family.htm (181 words)

	The Uniqueness of Human Female Sexuality vs Other Mammals
		Human ovulation is so cryptic that most women remain unaware when, precisely, their eggs have departed from their ovaries.
		Further obscuring the timing of her ovulation, the human female acquired the potential to engage in sex, if she desired, 365 days of the year, during pregnancy, lactation, menstruation, and even after menopause.
		A woman stops ovulating at an earlier point in her life than any other female mammal, while coincidentally acquiring the distinction of becoming the longest-lived terrestrial mammal.
	www.libchrist.com /sexed/uniquefemale.html (1279 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It would also help explain why "natural" methods of birth control, based on the idea that ovulation can be predicted, often fail.
		Many animals come into heat -- a time when all the males around know through smells and visual signals that a female is ovulating and ready to conceive.
		Standard medical science says a woman has a cycle running roughly 28 days in which an egg ripens, is released by the follicle, drops into the fallopian tube, and then is either fertilized or shed during menstruation.
	www.ovatel.com /index.asp?cat=148508 (544 words)

	Fundamentals in the evolution of primates
		A reduction in suckling is primarily responsible for the restoration of ovulation sometime after birth.
		There are varied opinions on the importance of these temporary pair-bonds between a female in estrous and a male of her group.
		A variety of mates with a promiscuous female also ensures that enough sperm are available at the moment of ovulation, since repeated matings with the same male will not provide the same number of sperm each mating.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~jel/512/primate98.html (4164 words)

	Week 4
		The point here is that unlike most female mammals where estrous (or becoming fertile) is obvious, and communicated either visually, or chemically, female ovulation is concealed (not always obvious even to the individual with precision).
		Concealed ovulation, according to this theory, evolved as a way for women to deceive themselves (remember that this would be done through natural selection and not choice, i.e.
		women who didn't know that they were ovulating would have a greater tendency to have more children and therefore this trait of concealed ovulation would be better represented in future generations).
	qrc.depaul.edu /lheneghan/202w4.htm (3000 words)

	sperm_wars
		When female chimpanzees ovulate, they may mate with every unrelated male in the group, despite the dominant male's attempts to control access.
		Dixson, having surveyed the sexual behavior of some 200 primates in considerable detail, suspects the concealed ovulation question is being approached the wrong way.
		Just as likely, he believes, unobtrusive ovulation may have been the normal state of affairs and it is the flamboyant sexual swelling among chimpanzees and baboons that needs to be explained.
	members.cox.net /brucegary3/Articles/sperm_wars.html (1863 words)

	PreventDisease.com - Men Sense Fertility In Women
		Men consistently rated the odors of T-shirts worn during the most fertile stage of the menstrual cycle ``as more pleasant and sexy than odors from T-shirts worn during the non-ovulatory luteal phase,'' the authors report in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
		The power of these olfactory cues to ovulation did not seem to dim over time--men favored T-shirts worn during ovulation even when presented with garments last worn 7 days previously.
		``These findings suggest that ovulation may not be concealed and that men could use ovulation-linked odors in their mate selection,'' Singh and Bronstad conclude.
	preventdisease.com /news/articles/men_sense_fertility.shtml (397 words)

	It's the pits: Researchers sniff out underarm scent as cue to fertility \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The data lend support to the idea that people are not so different from their mammalian – and particularly primate – counterparts, which advertise their fertility by smell, behavior and physique.
		And it suggests that women do not have “concealed ovulation” as many researchers have claimed, but, instead a form of “non-advertised” ovulation.
		The results indicated that men found the scents the most pleasant and attractive during the women's follicular phase, or when they were most likely to conceive.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20060201/news_1c01armpit.html (766 words)

	Glossary: Monkeys, Apes and Humans-Anth 1500
		Concealed ovulation: No signs of ovulation (e.g., no estrus swellings).
		In humans, females are unaware when they are ovulating.
		Estrus swellings: Swelling of the perineal region that occurs for a variable period around ovulation.
	www.missouri.edu /~anthmark/courses/mah/glossary.htm (1224 words)

	Periods, Penises, and People - The Asylum
		Cryptic ovulation and concealed estrus means that it is very hard, if not impossible, to know when a female is ovulating and thus fertile.
		In most primate species, when a female starts ovulating, glands around her genitals swell up and turns red, a big sign that she is fertile.
		With cryptic ovulation and concealed estrus in humans, there is no way to know if you are copulating at the right time.
	www.asylumnation.com /blogs/nutrimentia/post-2475.html (1159 words)

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