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Topic: Concentration of media ownership

	Concentration of Newspaper Ownership
		In the late sixties, concentration of newspaper ownership was enough of a public concern in Canada for the Senate to strike a special committee on March 18, 1969.
		Woven throughout the report are proposals to halt the concentration trend and to raise the calibre of the press in general.
		That a council be created to oversee press ownership, mandated to authorize newspaper and magazine mergers or acquisitions and operating on the fundamental principle that "all transactions that increase concentration of ownership in the mass media are undesirable and contrary to the public interest B unless shown to be otherwise." (p.
	www.pch.gc.ca /progs/ac-ca/progs/esm-ms/prob4_e.cfm (2392 words)

	Mass media - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mass media is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state).
		Media (the plural of medium) is a truncation of the term media of communication, referring to those organized means of dissemination of fact, opinion, entertainment, and other information, such as newspapers, magazines, cinema films, radio, television, the World Wide Web, billboards, books, Compact discs, DVDs, videocassettes, and other forms of publishing.
		The term "corporate media" is rather used by leftist media critics to imply that the mainstream media is manipulated by large multinational corporations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mass_media (864 words)

	Concentration of media ownership - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a commonly used term among media critics, policy makers, and others to characterize ownership structure of mass media industries.
		Media ownership is said to be exemplified usually in one or more of the following ways.
		Concentration of media ownership is very frequently seen as a problem of contemporary media and society.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership (1530 words)

	Concentration of media ownership - ArticleWorld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Concentration of media ownership is a phenomenon described by politicians and critics of the media.
		It is characterized by the ownership of a large number of media outlets by a small number of corporations or media conglomerates.
		Some see the concentration of media ownership as having a negative effect on the market and on society as a whole.
	www.articleworld.org /index.php/Concentration_of_media_ownership (432 words)

	Mass media - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Media (originally the plural of medium) is a contraction of the term media of communication, referring to those organized means of dissemination of fact, opinion, and entertainment such as newspapers, magazines, cinema films, radio, television, and the World Wide Web.
		Writers currently vary in their preference for using media in the singular ("the media is...") or the plural ("the media are...").
		During the 20th century, the advent of mass media was driven by technology that allowed the massive duplication of material at a low cost.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /mass_media.htm (593 words)

	Concentration of media ownership and its impact on media freedom and pluralism
		The concentration of media ownership, both globally and at the national level, is causing increasing concerns, especially due to its potentially harmful effects on media pluralism, diversity and professional standards in journalism.
		Detailed results of the SEENPM research project on media ownership patterns and their effects on media freedom and pluralism in South-East European and new EU member countries were presented throughout the conference.
		The SEENPM media ownership project is funded by the Open Society Institute, the government of Denmark and the Guardian Foundation.
	www.mirovni-institut.si /media_ownership/conference/about.htm (490 words)

	Read about Concentration of media ownership at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Concentration of media ownership and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a commonly used term among media critics, policy makers, and others to characterize ownership structure of media industries.
		ownership is said to be concentrated usually in one or more of the following ways.
		deregulation of media and communication industries are lamentable trends, causing or helping the increase in such concentration.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Concentration_of_media_ownership (722 words)

	I Want Media - Media People: Frank A. Blethen
		Frighteningly, today's ownership concentration and the blatant disinvestment in news which we are witnessing is, in and of itself, an untold story that may lead to our eventual undoing.
		Once concentration of ownership began to take hold, the growing trend was aided and abetted by timid federal regulation, lax antitrust enforcement and the absence of laws specifically restricting concentrated control.
		Media moguls preaching convergence and synergism are preaching falsely.
	www.iwantmedia.com /people/people19.html (3634 words)

	The Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom --- Canada
		When [media] concentration endangers the free flow of information, diversity, accuracy, the mobility of reporters, then surely it is the responsibility of parliamentarians to act.
		While we are sensitive to this argument, the truth is the case for imposing limits on media ownership is based solely on democratic, social and journalistic concerns.
		Media corporations, particular those involved in other sectors of the economy, should be required to provide full details about their ownership holdings and a statement of the relationship to be maintained between the editorial department, including the editor and publisher in the case of newspapers, and the corporation.
	www.presscampaign.org /proposals.htm (1633 words)

	The Denver Post - Concentration in media ownership denounced
		The last time the agency revisited the ownership rules was in 2003, when it voted 3-2 to raise the national audience cap for television-station owners, lessen restrictions on how many radio and television stations a company may own in the same market and allow for cross-ownership of newspapers and broadcast stations in some instances.
		The media ownership issue has not reached the same level of interest as it did in 2003, when the FCC was besieged with complaints from media consolidation foes on both the right and the left.
		The ownership rules exist because the broadcast airwaves are owned by the public, and the law requires that the public interest be considered in how they are regulated.
	www.denverpost.com /business/ci_4438272 (849 words)

	Global media ownership - openDemocracy
		The combative debate on media ownership has highlighted the importance both of new global megacorporations and of the multiplicity of the commercial landscape.
		In the wake of Benjamin Compaine’s challenge, Robert McChesney reaffirms his view that the concentration of media ownership is a danger to democracy, as it augments the limitations of a corporate and commercial system.
		Media conglomerates are not as powerful as they seem, for even corporations must respect the discipline of the market.
	www.opendemocracy.net /debates/debate.jsp?debateId=24&id=8 (981 words)

	Media Monopoly: A Data Analysis of Current Media Conglomerates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Media monopoly, on the other hand, according to Gomery (1998) is where a single firm "dominates and collects their monopolies under one institutional umbrella" (p.47).
		Media conglomerates have to produce new materials in accordance with the interests of the users, because they are ultimately the source of their income.
		Within the individual media conglomerates, there are multiple media types and content, which most likely provide various points of views by employing additional syndicated columnists, reporters, editors, etc. Although the data did not fully support diversification efforts by current media conglomerates, all the selected companies individually illustrated an interest in diversifying their media.
	www.niu.edu /acad/powers/MediaConglom02.htm (4542 words)

	MoveOn.org: MoveOn Bulletin
		Media concentration, also known as media convergence or media consolidation, basically comes down to the fact that fewer and fewer companies own the media.
		This is a clickable chart of the ten largest media companies in the world, current as of Dec. 20, 2001 (it is important to note that media concentration is not only an American problem).
		As FAIR explains, "Almost all media that reach a large audience in the United States are owned by for-profit corporations--institutions that by law are obligated to put the profits of their investors ahead of all other considerations.
	www.moveon.org /moveonbulletin/bulletin7.html (2461 words)

	OAS
		The freedom of expression is closely related to the problem of concentration of ownership, though this is sometimes hard to perceive because of the subtle nature of the connection, which has to do with what we know as “plurality” or “diversity” of information.
		Media owners, on the other hand, use media in their possession to promote and advocate their own political standpoints, and exploit politicians to realize their private (corporate) interests.
		In the case of electronic media, the administration of the radio spectrum by the state presupposes a positive posture on the part of the state–the concession of radio frequencies – which could have a direct impact on the greater or lesser concentration of the media.
	www.cidh.org /Relatoria/showarticle.asp?artID=439&lID=1 (4470 words)

	Media Ownership \| Benton Foundation
		Currently, the FCC is reviewing broadcast ownership rules including: the national television multiple ownership rule, the local television multiple ownership rule, the radio-television cross-ownership rule, the dual network rule the local radio ownership rule and the newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership rule.
		The 1996 Telecommunications Act mandates that the FCC periodically review its broadcast ownership rules to determine "whether any of such rules are necessary in the public interest as a result of competition." The Further Notice details the issues raised in the Prometheus case regarding the Commission’s earlier decisions and rationale.
		The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted in early June 2003 to relax the nation's media ownership rules, resulting in strong reactions to the decision that is spurring court action and new legislation.
	www.benton.org /index.php?q=initiatives/ownership (1372 words)

	Journalists Question Media Ownership in Canada \| The Dominion
		"Media concentration is worse in Canada than in other industrialized countries; in New Brunswick, way worse." Spoken by American media economics expert Robert Picard, this statement set the tone for a day-long discussion on media ownership.
		Organized by the Acadian Association of Journalists and held in Moncton, New Brunswick, "Media concentration in the 21st century: an international, national and provincial phenomenon" was the occasion for a diverse dialogue between journalists, politicians, editors, producers and academics.
		Jens Cavallin, a philosopher from Sweden, compared media empires to feudal states, with "kings and princes." Raudsepp said that information is the "oxygen of democracy." Jean Pelletier of Radio Canada hinted at the danger that concentration of power in the media could hold during an election.
	dominionpaper.ca /accounts/2003/11/10/journalist.html (1023 words)

	Media Conglomerates, Mergers, Concentration of Ownership - Global Issues
		While corporate media per se may not be a bad thing, it is when there is a concentration of ownership that there is a risk of increased economic and political influence that can be somewhat unaccountable, which is of concern.
		But ultimately it is politically conservative, because the media giants are significant beneficiaries of the current social structure around the world, and any upheaval in property or social relations--particularly to the extent that it reduces the power of business--is not in their interest.
		While in many countries, national ownership of the airwaves can lead to propaganda avenues, many democratic countries are able to, through their governments, apply some set of standards and regulations on how radio is used to ensure people have access to it while also allowing private corporations a lot of access to it.
	www.globalissues.org /HumanRights/Media/Corporations/Owners.asp (5257 words)

	Concentration of media ownership and its impact on media freedom and pluralism
		In view of the democratic, social and cultural significance of the media, merger control and other competition policy instruments are not sufficient in themselves to guarantee media pluralism.
		Media companies should be aware of their important role in society and adopt a socially responsible policy, in line with international conventions and core labour standards.
		Public authorities should support and facilitate independent research on the media market, audiences and media concentration in order to have a sound basis for their decisions.
	www.mirovni-institut.si /media_ownership/conference/conclusions.htm (653 words)

	Media Ownership Regulation in Australia
		The major effect of the laws is to prevent the common ownership of newspapers, television and radio broadcasting licences that serve the same region.
		The purpose of the legislation is to encourage diversity in the ownership of the most influential forms of the commercial media: the daily press and free-to-air television and radio.
		The justification for the rules is that the effective functioning of a democracy requires a diverse ownership of the daily mass media to ensure that public life be reported in a fair and open manner.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/intguide/SP/media_regulations.htm (5712 words)

	Boston.com / News / Local / Vt. / Sanders lauds court's ruling on media ownership rules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia marked a major setback to the FCC's efforts to deregulate media ownership rules and allow media companies to own multiple print and broadcast outlets in the same market.
		Sanders said the Senate had passed legislation slowing the FCC's push to allow greater media concentration, but House Speaker Dennis Hastert had blocked a vote on the issue despite 205 House members having signed a letter asking that he allow such a vote.
		"If the media (are) owned by fewer and fewer large companies, it is a real danger to democracy and the need of the people to get a diversity of veiwpoints," Sanders said.
	www.boston.com /news/local/vermont/articles/2004/06/24/sanders_lauds_courts_ruling_on_media_ownership_rules (266 words)

	ABC News: Gannett CEO Weighs in on Media Ownership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Media companies are currently waiting to see whether the Supreme Court will review a lower court ruling that blocked the Federal Communication Commission's move in 1993 to loosen rules on owning a newspaper and television station in the same city.
		Gannett and Media General own both television stations and newspapers, and would benefit from the ownership rules being loosened, as would Tribune Co., which owns television stations as well as a portfolio of major newspapers including the Los Angeles Times, the Chicago Tribune and Newsday of New York's Long Island.
		Consumer advocates have opposed the FCC's drive to loosen media ownership rules, saying it would increase the concentration of media ownership, giving a handful of large companies greater power over print media and the airwaves.
	abcnews.go.com /Business/wireStory?id=663993 (365 words)

	The Myth of Media Concentration: Why the FCC's Media Ownership Rules Are Unnecessary
		Despite many mergers in the media industry in recent years, Americans today actually enjoy more diversity and competition in the media than at any other time in history, thanks to cable TV, Internet, the licensing of new broadcast stations and other factors.
		Most ownership restrictions, imposed on TV and radio license holders by the FCC, are decades old, dating back as far as 1941, though they have been frequently modified.
		The Local TV Multiple Ownership Rule, which limits firms from owning more than one TV station in a market, or two if there are at least eight other stations and no more than one of the commonly-owned stations is one of the four biggest in the market.
	www.heritage.org /Research/InternetandTechnology/wm284.cfm (1300 words)

	Free Press : 'Concentration of Ownership' Concerns Media Watchdog Group
		A study released by the Media and Democracy Coalition is warning that any merger or acquisition of radio station groups, TV stations or daily newspapers in Maine would result in further loss of local news coverage.
		The study was conducted for 36 media markets across the country as a result of a Federal Communications Commission decision to consider changing the rules covering media ownership.
		Allen said he has not read the report, but shares the concern that concentration of media ownership could lead to less news and airing of a wide variety of views in media outlets.
	www.freepress.net /news/18543 (1036 words)

	2006 Review of the Media Ownership Rules
		In June 2006, the Commission opened a new phase of a rulemaking proceeding that concerns its major broadcast ownership rules (News Release).
		We also plan to hold a series of public hearings on media ownership issues at diverse locations across the nation.
		The agency also revised the local television multiple ownership rule, retained the dual network rule, and amended its radio market definition and method of counting stations for purposes of the local radio ownership rule.
	www.fcc.gov /ownership (478 words)

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