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	Castle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A castle (from the Latin castellum) is a structure that is fortified for defence against an enemy and generally serves as a military headquarters dominating the surrounding countryside[1].
		Castle walls, together with lodgings (keep) suitable for a Lord, as well as lower grade housing within the walls to accommodate some of the key population of the local area, served this purpose.
		Castles were also developed to defend key part of the countryside such as a mountain pass or river estuary, and often made use of the natural geography to support the defensive walls through exploitation of cliffs, rivers, hills, and the like.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Castle (3384 words)

	Concentric castle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A concentric castle (or multiple castle) is a castle within a castle, with two or more concentric rings of curtain walls and a keep in the centre.
		The Krak des Chevaliers Crusader castle in Syria and Beaumaris Castle in Beaumaris are typical examples of this type of fortification.
		Concentric Castles have no keep inside the Castle, each part of the outer wall considered as the strong point.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Concentric_castle (131 words)

	Concentric Castles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Concentric castles were the next follow on from stone keep castles.
		Concentric castles, in Britain, are most associated with Edward I and North-West Wales where a series of huge castles were built.
		Each concentric castle had a very heavily defended entrance and the central core was defended by a series of curtain walls.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /concentric_castles.htm (697 words)

	Castle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Castle (from the Latin castellum diminutive of castra a military camp in turn the of castrum or watchpost) is a fort a camp and the logical development of a enclosure.
		Castles were also developed to defend key of the countryside such as a mountain or river estuary and often exploited the geography to support the defensive walls through of cliffs rivers hills and the like.
		The word "castle" (castel) was introduced into shortly before the Norman Conquest to denote a type of then new to the country brought in the Norman knights whom Edward the Confessor had sent for to defend Herefordshire against the inroads of the Welsh.
	www.freeglossary.com /Castle (2553 words)

	Castles in Wales, Welsh Castles: www.medieval-castle.com
		Castles west of Chester were repaired or rebuilt and new ones were built.
		Built between 1285 and 1290 was one of the first concentric castles built after Caerphilly and adopted the idea of very large towers of the inner ward enfilading the outer lower defences.
		As a side note it is worth noting that although a concentric castle Beaumaris adopted an older approach than seen at Harlech and Caerphilly with the outer ward carrying an imposing array of round towers.
	www.medieval-castle.com /welsh_castles.htm (656 words)

	Medieval Life - Types of Castle
		Concentric castles developed during the 12th and 13th Centuries and were virtually impossible to conquer.
		The entire castle might be surrounded by a ditch or moat and entrance to the castle was by drawbridge.
		The Concentric castle was developed in the 12th and 13th Centuries and offered the best protection against attack.
	www.historyonthenet.com /Medieval_Life/types_of_castle.htm (564 words)

	Caerphilly Castle
		The castle’s cellular structure and strength is indicated by the presence of numerous portcullises.
		A trench had already been dug in the early stages of construction outside the west side of the castle; now another was dug further west and the area between was raised, levelled and revetted in stone to form the hornwork.
		That the castle rose again from its sorry state is due to the visionary clearance and restoration work undertaken by the Bute family and the imaginative reflooding of the lakes by the state in the 1950s.
	www.castlewales.com /caerphil.html (1612 words)

	Castle Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As you first approach a castle you can view the walls and buildings in their entirety and determine what type of castle it is. Chances are the castle is a combination of types.
		Concentric castles had inner and outer curtain walls where the inner curtain is of sufficient height to allow defenders to fire at attackers over the outer curtain.
		Cardiff Castle in Wales began as a motte and bailey castle and later became an enclosure castle while retaining its motte.
	users.waymark.net /thefro/castles_type.html (444 words)

	Types of Castles
		Chepstow Castle is the oldest surviving stone castle, and may have been the first of this type to be built in Britain.
		Caerphilly Castle in Wales, begun in 1268, was the first concentric castle built from the start in the concentric style.
		Many of the great Edwardian castles were built from the start as concentric castles, and some scholars consider them to be the greatest of this type.
	www.castles-of-britain.com /castlesr.htm (1315 words)

	Glossary of Castle Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Concentric Castle: Developed in the Crusades, this was the provision of a castle with rings of defense, walls within walls, with flanking towers.
		Castles also went through some very bad periods in the last 300 years, so that there are very few that can be seen in their original state, apart from those that were restored (Windsor, for example) or never destroyed (Tower of London) or never bothered with (Appleby?).
		Most castles, except the ones still used by the military, or the ones that are still lived in (however uncomfortably), have no use any more, if it weren't for their attractiveness to visitors and seekers of the picturesque.
	www.britcastles.com /casgloss.htm (2876 words)

	ipedia.com: Castle Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Castle, is a fort, a camp and the logical development of a Fort...
		The Castle (from the Latin castellum, diminutive of castra, a military camp, in turn the plural of castrum or watchpost), is a fort, a camp and the logical development of a Fortified enclosure.
		It is also often applied to the principal mansion of a prince or nobleman, and in France (as château;) to any country seat, this use being a relic of the feudal age.
	www.ipedia.com /castle.html (2701 words)

	About Facts Net
		Castles were always being improved and at the end of their time, castles were built in such a way that they were composed of several killing zones that were almost impossible to storm.
		Many castles were constructed on top of a hill forcing the enemy to have to climb up the hill while they were under fire from the castle.
		Concentric castles were built that make the best use of the angles in the design.
	aboutfacts.net /Ancient37.htm (1106 words)

	parts
		The inner ward was the inside of the castle, it was also called a baily.
		In a concentric castle - The space in between the two walls was called the outer ward.
		In castles the ground floor was considered the basement.
	library.thinkquest.org /3892/PARTS.HTM (425 words)

	ARTSEDGE: Castles & Cornerstones
		Explain to students that King Arthur's castle was known as Camelot and then show students an image of the castle.
		Tell students that the first castles that were constructed weren't the palaces, as we know today; they were defensive walls built around a city for protection from enemies.
		Using Castle Structure and Function Vocabulary, ask students to identify and differentiate between the function and structure of a castle.
	artsedge.kennedy-center.org /content/3701 (1738 words)

	Caerphilly Castle - Welshpedia
		Caerphilly Castle is a ruined Norman castle that dominates the centre of the town of Caerphilly in south Wales.
		Built mainly between 1268 and 1271, it is an early example of a concentric castle and is surrounded by large but fairly shallow artificial lakes to slow attackers and prevent the undermining of its walls.
		This removed much of the requirement for the castle, and from then on it was principally used as a base of operations for the de Clares and later the Despensers.
	www.welshpedia.co.uk /wiki/wales/index.php/Caerphilly_Castle (438 words)

	A Photo Journal of our 1990 Trip to Wales, Day Five (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		After visiting Cardiff Castle and the National Museum and the University of Wales Library, be sure to visit St Fagans Folk Museum; its a 16th century manor house in gardens with a folk museum of Welsh life attached.
		Caerphilly Castle was allowed to slowly decay, as happened with the castles in the north of Wales, but unlike those castles, this is not a royal castle.
		It was the first deliberately planned concentric castle with the "walls-within-walls" defensive system and was additionally surrounded by lakes to make a forced approach doubly difficult.
	www.tylwythteg.com /WALESTRIP/day041.html (1342 words)

	Concentric castle: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A castle (from the latin castellum, diminutive of castra, a military camp, in turn the plural of castrum or watchpost), is a fort, a camp and...
		Crenellation (or crenelation) is the name for the distinctive pattern that framed the tops of the walls of many medievel castles, often called battlements....
		Concentric castles were introduced into Europe in the late 12th century 12th century quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/concentric_castle.htm (880 words)

	fishing in moats - Castle Quest
		I know of some castles that use their moats in that sense today, but I don't think this goes back to the days before they had canalization.
		Ponds for fish-farming were a common item of royal residences in France and Germany, since the merovingian and carolingian kings began to leave the old roman palaces in the towns and build new ones on open land (like Compiègne in France) from the 7th century onwards.
		It's worth remembering that castle moats also varied from generally dry ditches through marsh, dirty channels and up to the extensive are large waterworks of Kenilworth and Caerphilly castle (both of which would have supported masses of fish).
	www.castlesontheweb.com /quest/Forum12/HTML/000146.html (603 words)

	Concentric Castles.
		A concentric castle is a much larger construction than Motte and bailey or Stone keep castles.
		Concentric Castles, such as Beaumaris and Caerphilly Castles, make best use of angles in a castles design, providing the defender with more opportunity to hurt any attacking force.
		Essentially a concentric castle is a series of defensive structures.
	www.schoolshistory.org.uk /concentriccastles.htm (532 words)

	The Age of Castles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The castle is concentric (it has an inner and outer ward built in a concentric pattern) a building method that greatly increased security.
		Robert Fitzhamon used the castle to good effect to subdue the lowlands, and his son in law, Robert, earl of Gloucester, (the illegitimate son of Henry I) added the shell keep during his lordship of Glamorgan (1113-1147).
		Ogmore castle was probably built by Robert fitz Hamon or his followers in the late 11th century to guard the strategically important confluence of the Ogmore river with the Ewenny.
	www.tourwales.org.uk /100acrewood/index.php?id=44 (1117 words)

	Concentric Castles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Concentric castles were the hallmark of Edward I and his castle builder, James of St George.
		The design, which created identical or nearly identical curtain walls and towers, created a symmetry that made the castle easily defensible by a surprisingly small number of men.
		Beaumaris Castle in north Wales is considered the ultimate castle of this type.
	www.castlewales.com /concen.html (57 words)

	[No title]
		Some time during the early Norman occupation of south Wales, a castle of earth and timber was raised at Caerphilly, but it is not clear whether this was a Norman or a Welsh work, for the hilly district around was in Welsh hands right into the 1260s.
		With Henry III's leave he began to construct a stone castle, to counter the activities of Llywelyn, Prince of Wales, who had been in alliance with Simon de Montfort and who, after the latter's defeat at Evesham, had come to an agreement with Henry III by which the Prince was recognized as Prince of Wales.
		By that time the artificial lake surrounding the castle, the western hornworm which barred the approach to the west side, and the unique screen of curtain walls and platforms, fortified by projecting turrets and buttresses, running from south to north on the eastern front, were complete.
	www.castles.org /castles/Europe/Western_Europe/United_Kingdom/Wales/Caerphilly (821 words)

	TimeRef - Medieval History Timelines
		The concentric castle is effectively two castles in one.
		There is an outer wall with a gatehouse as in an ordinary castle, but the concentric castle has one or more inner wall with one or more gatehouse.
		The Keep at the centre of the castle was the most secure location and this is where the King or Lord would have lived.
	www.btinternet.com /~timeref/castconc.htm (276 words)

	medieval-castle.com: Architecture and Design of the Medieval Castle
		The simple motte and bailey castles from the 11th century with their timber frames and palisades evolved into substantial concentric castles by the 14th century.
		For instance the plans for Conwy castle in North Wales were restricted by the rocky outcrop it was built on.
		The entrances to castles were, from a very early age, recognised as their weakest spot.
	www.medieval-castle.com /architecture_design.htm (332 words)

	Caerphilly Castle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		aerphilly was the first concentric castle to be built from scratch in Britain and, despite sieges and neglect, remains one of the most specacular military ruins in the world.
		She was begun in 1269 by wealthy Marcher Lord Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hereford, to counter the rebellious activity of Llywelyn, Prince of Wales.
		Llywelyn attacked and 'burnt' the infant castle in 1270, but construction continued and when Llywelyn besieged Caerphilly just a year later, he was defeated.
	www.end.com /~jynx/castles/caerphilly (148 words)

	Castles of Scotland features
		Castle Forbes - shown, right - is both a castle and a distinguished, exclusive, private and expensive guest house, not a hotel, welcoming paying guests.
		Both the castle and the 12,145 ha (30,000 acre) Balnagown Estate were purchased for £60,000 in 1972 by Mohammed Al Fayed, the Egyptian businessman and owner of the Harrods in London.
		The castle is one of the finest of its type in all Scotland despite the fact that - unlike some other Scottish castles not far away - it does not have a formal garden.
	www.treasuresofbritain.org /castles.htm (3642 words)

	Mia's Wale Journal
		The beautiful Beaumaris Castle was his last design in Wales and with this he had perfected the concept of the "concentric castle".
		For many years the castle was not properly maintained and it was bought by Viscount Conwy in 1628 for just 100 pounds.
		Conwy was more than a castle, a small town was protected by 1,400 yards of wall on average 24 feet thick.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/mia_waters/Europe/United_Kingdom/Wales (505 words)

	InfoHub Forums - keep = donjon? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is the big central tower of a castle, where the living quarters were established, and the last retreat during a siege.
		Since it was the ultimate level of defence and often served as the landlord’s residence, it was usually the sturdiest and the most outstanding part of a castle.
		But the castle or fortification could have a very strong gateway complex that could double as a keep.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=263&page=2&pp=10 (550 words)

	Leeds Castle Maidstone Kent England English
		Leeds Castle was originally an 11th century earthwork motte and bailey fortress, founded by Hamon de Crevecoeur.
		His son Robert, founded the stone castle, when adding a shell keep to the motte and a gatehouse to the bailey.
		In the 13th century, the marshes around the castle, were formed into an enormous lake, with the dam supporting a complex system of barbicans and sluices.
	www.castleuk.net /castle_lists_south/188/leedscastle.htm (141 words)

	Welsh Castles
		Superb castle on a high crag in the middle of an extremely rural part of Wales; at one point it was the hang-out of a gang of bandits who terrorized the region; has a nifty cave under it that can be reached via a 'secret' passage.
		WHITE CASTLE- See Skenfrith and Grosmont; this is the largest of the three, and the only one not inside a town (short entry, I'm ticked off, because we couldn't get in -- it was a Sunday, and nothing is open in Wales on a Sunday -- see footnote).
		There are a LOT of Welsh castles I've only seen from the outside (Cilgerran and White Castle, for example, and I couldn't photograph Conway because I was out of film and couldn't buy any), and that's because I was there on a Sunday, or during one of their peculiar 'lunch' breaks, or whatever.
	www.britcastles.com /welshcas.htm (1690 words)

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