Concentric contraction

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Topic: Concentric contraction

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	Muscle Physiology - Types of Contractions
		Contractions that permit the muscle to shorten are referred to as concentric contractions.
		The basic mechanics of eccentric contractions are still a source of debate since the cross-bridge theory that so nicely describes concentric contractions is not as successful in describing eccentric contractions.
		A third type of muscle contraction, isometric contraction, is one in which the muscle is activated, but instead of being allowed to lengthen or shorten, it is held at a constant length.
	muscle.ucsd.edu /musintro/contractions.shtml (939 words)

	Muscular.doc
		Muscular movement Sustained force movement May be concentric or eccentric Muscle contracts during entire joint movement Passive Movement Body movement without muscular contraction.
		Manipulated by another person Inertial movement of coasting Gravitational movement of falling Ballistic Movement Compound movement Initiated by concentric contraction Second phase of coasting of inertial movement Third phase—eccentric contraction to stop movement Guide Movement or tracking Controlled movement with both agonist and antagonist moving together.
		Role of antagonist Contraction of an antagonist muscle produces a movement exactly opposite of another specific muscle.
	www.smccd.net /accounts/hogan/hsci119/Muscular.doc (939 words)

	Muscle Physiology - Types of Contractions
		Contractions that permit the muscle to shorten are referred to as concentric contractions.
		Therefore, there are some very fundamental structure-function questions that can be addressed using the eccentric contraction model and eccentric contractions have very important applications therapeutically to strengthen muscle.
		A third type of muscle contraction, isometric contraction, is one in which the muscle is activated, but instead of being allowed to lengthen or shorten, it is held at a constant length.
	muscle.ucsd.edu /musintro/contractions.shtml (939 words)

	Muscular Strength and Endurance
		Strength gains also are dependent on the mode of resistance training (static, dynamic, isokinetic), the type of contraction (concentric, eccentric), the speed of contraction, and the joint position.
		During static (isometric) contractions, the muscle or muscle group involved maintains a constant length as resistance is applied and no change in joint position occurs.
		On the other hand, during variable resistance exercise leverage advantages and disadvantages are changed over the range of motion, resulting in potential gains that are, theoretically, not restricted by variations in the strength curve of a muscle.
	www.unm.edu /~jn22038/new_page_1.htm (939 words)

	Resistive
		One activity is a concentric contraction in which the joint angle between the two bones become smaller as the muscular tension is developed.
		The other action is an eccentric contraction in which, as the muscles contract, the joint angle between the bones increases.
		Muscular strength can be defined as the force that a muscle group can exert against a resistance in a maximal effort.
	www.sportscience.org /main/adw-26f.html (939 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience, 4, b9-13, October 1, 1999]
		To investigate the reason why, during a mass contraction, the stool moving from the colon to the sigmoid colon stops short of the rectosigmoid junction (RSJ) instead of passing directly to the rectum, and whether the sigmoid colon and RSJ share in the anorectal continent mechanism, 12 mongrel dogs were studied.
		The EMG activity of the external anal sphincter was studied by means of a concentric needle electrode (Type 13L 49, Disa, Copenhagen, Denmark), 30 mm in length and 0.45 mm in diameter.
		The momentary external anal sphincter contraction upon rectal distension is considered to be a spinal reflex (14,15).
	www.bioscience.org /1999/v4/b/shafik2/fulltext.htm (939 words)

	Fitzgerald contraction
		Exercise-induced muscle soreness after concentric and eccentric isokinetic contractions.
		Fitzgerald, George Francis (1851-1901) (The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography)
		FitzGerald, George Francis (1851-1901) (The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0913416.html (115 words)

	Human Kinetics
		One theory is that the faster the transition occurs from eccentric to concentric contraction, the greater the muscular tension produced and, potentially, the greater the muscle power produced (Komi 1973).
		Force production during eccentric contraction is greater than concentric contractions because the body generates a higher tension at the point of the muscle& insertion.
		Basically, the cycle combines an eccentric contraction, in which the involved muscles undergo tension through lengthening or stretching (negative work), and a concentric contraction, in which the muscles shorten (positive work).
	www.humankinetics.com /products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=2818 (115 words)

	CrossFit: Forging Elite Fitness: Thursday 060202
		Ideally, the hip and leg extensors should be engaged in a powerful isometric contraction which the hip flexors overcome with a concentric contraction that pulls the squat downward.
		It is a weak squat that descends solely with an eccentric contraction of the hip and leg extensors.
		Work on form and the hip flexor concentric movement as coach said.
	www.crossfit.com /mt-archive2/001050.html (9465 words)

	Tempo and Tension Maximization For Bodybuilders - As Seen In NATURAL BODYBUILDING & FITNESS MAGAZINE Article
		A tempo suggestion for leg extensions using contraction emphasis would be 4-0-2-3 (lower the weight in four seconds, no pause at the bottom, lift the weight in two seconds, then hold and "squeeze" at the top for three seconds).
		Time under tension is old news in the bodybuilding and strength training world, but what many people fail to consider when planning their training programs is the impact of the stretch and contraction on the effectiveness of specific exercises.
		Other contraction exercises where you could use a similar tempo include dumbbell kickbacks (triceps), concentration curls (biceps), standing single leg curl machine (hamstrings), cable flyes (chest), seated cable rows (back), straight arm lateral raises, (shoulders), weighted crunches (abs).
	www.fitren.com /res3art.cfm?compid=18&artid=93 (1986 words)

	Eleiko Sport Center
		Eccentric regimen workouts can also be combined with the concentric and isometric contractions to develop greater explosive or speed strength.
		The high intensity involved in eccentric contraction exercises (also known as "negatives") stresses the body greatly,and as aresult, should be used sparingly.
		The best routine for developing eccentric strength is to use a resistance of approximately 120 percent of the maximum concentric strength.
	www.eleikosport.com /sportcenter/visaartikel.asp?id=34 (1986 words)

	384elblb.htm
		#1 is eccentric contraction of biceps brachii; #2 is concentric contraction of triceps brachii
		Isometric contraction of biceps brachii and triceps brachii (agonist and antagonist in co-contraction for stability of elbow joint)
		Sitting....Conclusions: Triceps is not active during unresisted elbow extension in standing.
	www2.ma.psu.edu /~pt/384elblb.htm (133 words)

	Motor Development Tidbits
		Motor units are fired faster during eccentric contraction and slower during concentric and isometric contractions.
		In these muscles, motor units are recruited in order according to their size as voluntary contraction increases from zero to maximal force (100% maximum contraction).
		The motor unit's firing rate increases as the force of contraction exceeds the its recruitment threshold.
	www.exrx.net /ExInfo/MotorDevelopment.html (982 words)

	384elblb.htm
		#1 is eccentric contraction of biceps brachii; #2 is concentric contraction of triceps brachii
		Isometric contraction of biceps brachii and triceps brachii (agonist and antagonist in co-contraction for stability of elbow joint)
		Biceps is less active unless resistance is added.
	www2.ma.psu.edu /~pt/384elblb.htm (133 words)

	Testosterone Nation - Squatting from Head to Toe
		The box squat also causes you to squat from a static contraction to a dynamic concentric contraction, another very effective way to build explosive strength.
		The box squat also breaks the eccentric/concentric chain.
		This places all the stress on the squatting muscles (hips, glutes, lower back and hamstrings.) When you can increase the stress on these muscles and lower the stress on the quads, then you'll be ready to see your squat poundages start moving.
	www.t-nation.com /findArticle.do?article=body_120squat (3034 words)

	Worldguide: Strength Training Exercises
		4.Begin the exercise by lifting the upper torso upwards and across the body, towards the knee that is crossed over the opposite leg (concentric contraction).
		3.Begin the exercise by bending the elbows and lifting the bar towards the neck line while keeping the shoulder joints stable (concentric contraction).
		Begin the exercise by placing a dumbbell or weight plate in the hands, behind the base of the neck for cervical support or on the chest wall.
	www.worldguide.com /Fitness/stex.html (1126 words)

	Stretching
		In the hold-relaxed agonist contraction method, the contraction and relaxation of the muscle to be stretched (antagonist) is followed by a concentric contraction of the muscle opposing the muscle to be stretched (agonist) to inhibit further the antagonist through the alpha-gamma co-activation and reciprocal innervation.
		PNF stretching techniques use volitional contractions in an attempt to achieve increased range of motion by minimizing the active component of resistance attributed to spinal reflex of pathways.
		Muscle imbalances of agonist and antagonist can be explained by Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Innervation.
	www.drkochno.com /stretching_overview.htm (1126 words)

	Welcome to Dr.Squat
		microtrauma resulting from eccentric contraction (and to a lesser degree with concentric contraction) begins to accumulate because you're not taking proper restorative measures between workouts, or you're engaging too heavily in eccentric work, or both.
		microtrauma," being disruptive of the electromechanical impulses that “drive” the contraction process never get to the actin and myosin in sufficient intensity (twitches per second) to generate maximum force.
		This being the case, cumulative microtrauma is never tended to, and restoration is never complete, a situation which may indeed result in an overtrained state over weeks of time.
	www.drsquat.com /index.cfm?action=viewarticle&articleID=39 (1580 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Imaging of Muscle Injuries
		Muscle injuries occur during powerfuleccentric contraction because more tension is generated within muscles during eccentric contraction than during concentric contraction [4].
		Most muscle strains occur in the lower extremities with the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscle being most commonly affected; they are followed by the semitendinosus, adductors, vastus medialis and soleus [10].
		Muscles containing predominantly type II fibers and muscles that cross more than one joint are at increased risk of strains.
	www.vh.org /Providers/Textbooks/MuscleInjuries/04MuscleInjury.html (1580 words)

	lwtxt.doc
		Some may be result of contraction during cooling MONTES ROOK FORMATION�Divisible into a massif and a knobby facies Iorm Massif facies �Large rectilinear to equidimensional massifs ranging from about 5 km to 100 km in length and several kilometers high; forms disconnected segments that mark the second and third rings of Orientale basin.
		Outside the Montes Cordillera ring, concentric faults and grabens persist on a diminished scale mostly visible only as lineaments within the inner facies of the Hevelius Formation (fig.
		Here the normal concentric trends of these structures are lost within an enormous array of structured massifs, mapped as one large patch because of the quality of the photographs.
	wwwflag.wr.usgs.gov /USGSFlag/Space/GEOMAP/DIGGEOL/moon/1034/lwtxt.doc (1580 words)

	What is the most direct means to achieve strength gains specific to the demands of jumping events?
		This can partially be explained by the fact that during eccentric contraction the direction of lengthening of series elastic element is the same with the action of the contractile element.
		The suggestion of a focus on eccentric work should not be viewed as replacement for work in the area of coupling times and concentric work.
		Independently, the articles suggest that the eccentric contraction that occurs at the plant, and strength training designed to improve this phase of a jumping action, might deserve greater consideration in the search for improvements in event performance.
	www.coachesinfo.com /article/46 (1580 words)

	PERFORMANCE OF RAT PLANTAR-FLEXOR MUSCLES DURING ISOMETRIC AND SLOW CONCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS IN VIVO
		We determined the performance of rat plantar-flexor muscles in vivo during multipositional isometric and pre-loaded slow concentric contractions using a rat dynamometer and recording of force under the sole of the foot.
		Figure 2: Force-time traces of rat plantar-flexors during a sustained isometric (a) (1.40 rad) and pre-loaded slow concentric (b) (range of motion 0.7-2.09 rad) contraction.
		Fatigue was tested by recording force decline with time in two sustained isometric contractions (3400 ms duration) at a position of 1.40 rad.
	www.asb-biomech.org /onlineabs/NACOB98/7 (1580 words)

	Effect of quadriceps femoris muscle length on neural activation during isometric and concentric contractions -- Babault et al. 94 (3): 983 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		Effect of quadriceps femoris muscle length on neural activation during isometric and concentric contractions -- Babault et al.
		Effect of quadriceps femoris muscle length on neural activation during isometric and concentric contractions
		Twitch potentiation is greater after a fatiguing submaximal isometric contraction performed at short vs. long quadriceps muscle length
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/94/3/983 (397 words)

	Untitled1
		This would suggest that the muscle is resisting a lighter load than in the concentric movement with the same dumbell weight.
		The potential for more muscle activity exists in the muscle, so the resistance for eccentric contraction can be increased to gain greater work by the muscle.
		While a muscle is at rest, it "has a negative charge with respect to the more positive charge outside the tissue membrane (Norton and Grace, 1990, p.23)." When a motor neuron excites the muscle, the cell fiber becomes permeable to sodium ions.
	clem.mscd.edu /~broida/hps334/lab_sample.html (397 words)

	Get Big Biceps and Biceps Brachii Muscle
		For placing optimum stress on the muscles, isomterically contract the muscles at the end of the concentric contraction and hold for a second to effectively develop the biceps brachii muscle.
		The biceps brachii muscle is involved in flexion of the elbow as well as supination of the forearm.
		Biceps brachii muscle is a powerful elbow flexor when the radioulnar joint is supinated especially in the palms up position.
	www.mindnmuscle.com /big-biceps/Biceps-Brachii-Muscle.htm (320 words)

	Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: Conversion of biarticular to monoarticular muscles as a component of multilevel surgery in spastic diplegia
		The function of the biarticular muscles in cerebral palsy is characterised by their decreased ability to work as energy transfer straps and to adapt with fine control changes to the demands of eccentric or concentric contraction in quick movements.
		The distal tendon of semitendinosus was sutured to the proximal medial tendinous stump of gastrocnemius (Fig.
		In the second the biarticular muscles are converted to monoarticular muscles.11-13 Operative elongation of a muscle can lead to structural changes in the muscle or tendon14 and to post-operative muscle weakness.15 This can be a disadvantage in the long term because the muscles are already weakened by the cerebral palsy.16
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3767/is_200401/ai_n9400634 (1333 words)

	stellar evolution. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The initial phase of stellar evolution is contraction of the protostar from the interstellar gas, which consists of mostly hydrogen, some helium, and traces of heavier elements.
		As a result of the nuclear reactions, the chemical composition of the late-stage star becomes highly inhomogeneous; its structure is fractionated into a number of concentric shells consisting of different elements around an iron core.
		Thus, stellar evolution is a necessary consequence of the physical theory of stellar structure, which requires that the luminosity, temperature, and size of a star must change as its chemical composition changes because of thermonuclear reactions.
	www.bartleby.com /65/st/stellare.html (1289 words)

	Motor Unit Firing Patterns in Hemiplegia
		All subjects perform three types of contraction tasks: production of isometric force to 40% of maximal voluntary force, facilitation of isometric force by flexion or extension of the contralateral homologous limb, and dynamic force production including both concentric and eccentric conditions.
		Objectives: To elucidate the neuromuscular mechanisms responsible for impairment in regulation of muscular force in post-stroke hemiplegia through identification of abnormalities of motor unit recruitment and discharge rate modulation.
		Research Plan: Two groups of subjects at distinct levels of recovery from hemiplegia (Brunnstom Levels III-IV (CVA-I) and V-VI (CVA-II)) are compared against control subjects.
	guide.stanford.edu /Projects/2kprojects/stroke13.html (435 words)

	Plyometrics
		Plyometrics are exercises designed to specifically train the eccentric contraction phase of a muscle’s action.
		Because plyometrics do stress the muscles and tendons more than concentric exercises they must be added to a training program gradually to allow for proper adaptation.
		Many of the exercises involve the use of a plyometric box as an aid.
	www.spinalhealth.net /plyometrics.html (982 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - ISSA - Unleashing Plyometrics!
		The stretch reflex is the reflex contraction of a muscle in response to an applied stretch.
		Functionally, all plyometric exercises involve the same quick eccentric or "loading" phase of the movement followed by an explosive concentric or "unloading" phase.
		Plyometric training is a very useful tool to increase the effectiveness of a training program for a sport or activity requiring speed and agility.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/issa82.htm (1046 words)

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