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Topic: Concentric spheres

	Dyson sphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In addition, since Dyson spheres are composed of solid matter instead of heated gas, the emission spectrum of the Dyson sphere would more closely resemble a fl body spectrum than the typical emission spectrum of a star, which has absorption features introduced in the stellar atmosphere.
		A Dyson sphere is a neutrally stable design, but during construction — before the sphere's domes are closed — it would act as an unstable ringworld and would need to be kept in place with thrusters to keep it centered around the star.
		A third type of Dyson sphere called a "Dyson bubble" is occasionally considered, composed of beans that hover motionless relative to the englobed sun using light pressure; this form of Dyson sphere has such low mass requirements that it could potentially be built from the material contained in a single small moon or large asteroid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dyson_sphere (2352 words)

	Ptolemaic system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unlike earlier systems (such as 'the stars move because that is the will of the gods', or the model of concentric spheres), the Ptolemaic model explained all phenomena in the sky, while holding to Plato's dictum which states that all motions in the heavens can be explained with uniform, circular motion, and obeying Aristotelian physics.
		The Moon is on the innermost sphere, and touches the realm of Earth, thereby contaminating it, and causing the light and dark spots and the ability to go through phases.
		The planets are actually attached to 2 spheres: one sphere which is centered on Earth (the deferent), and another sphere (the epicycle) embedded within the deferent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemaic_system (638 words)

	Method and apparatus for producing concentric hollow spheres - Patent 4279632
		Hollow spheres with precisely concentric inner and outer spherical surfaces are formed by applying vibrations to a nonconcentric hollow sphere while it is at an elevated temperature at which it is fluid or plastic, the vibrations producing internal flows which cause the inner and outer surfaces to become precisely concentric.
		Concentric spheres can be mass produced by extruding a material such as glass or metal while injecting a stream of gas into the center of the extrusion to form a gas-filled tube.
		The percentage of hollow spheres with precisely concentric inner and outer surfaces decreases as the aspect ratio (ratio of outer sphere diameter to wall thickness) increases and as the diameter of the sphere increases.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4279632.html (3418 words)

	The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy
		The Prime Mover caused the outermost sphere to rotate at constant angular velocity, and this motion was imparted from sphere to sphere, thus causing the whole thing to rotate.
		However, the troubling observations of varying planetary brightness and retrograde motion could not be accommodated: the spheres moved with constant angular velocity, and the objects attached to them were always the same distance from the earth because they moved on spheres with the earth at the center.
		The Prime Mover of Aristotle's universe became the God of Christian theology, the outermost sphere of the Prime Mover became identified with the Christian Heaven, and the position of the Earth at the center of it all was understood in terms of the concern that the Christian God had for the affairs of mankind.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/retrograde/aristotle.html (757 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The stars appear to move on the celestial sphere in concentric circular paths centered at the celestial poles.
		It is the great circle on the celestial sphere midway between the observer's zenith and nadir; it divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres.
		The center of mass of a sphere of uniform density coincides with the center of the sphere.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Concentric+spheres&rc=10&fh=3&fr=21 (537 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Ptolemaic system -> The Roots of the Ptolemaic System The ancient philosophers imagined the universe to resemble a complex clockwork consisting of concentric crystalline spheres, nested inside one another, which carried the sun, moon, and planets in their motions and made the music of the spheres as they revolved.
		1 In geometry, the tangent to a circle or sphere is a straight line that intersects the circle or sphere in one and only one point.
		The concave type is one in which the midpoint or vertex of the reflecting surface is farther away from the object than are the edges.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Concentric+spheres&rc=10&fh=16&fr=11 (524 words)

	A theory of everything
		Furthermore, spheres were the form the first fossilized single-celled living creatures were found in and today the predominant form in which living organisms occur is spherical when including the germ cell mammals emerge from and single-celled creatures.
		Spheres have the highest ratio of volume to surface area of any geometric form, and their lack of edges or corners makes them exceptionally strong containers.
		Space itself is curved into concentric spheres: And the story of spherical shells of mass does not end with matter for space between protons and neutrons in the nucleus is also, and necessarily, both spherical and spherically concentric, as it is with stars.
	www.mightymall.com /1st3seconds/theoryoe.html (6046 words)

	[No title]
		The inner sphere, which modeled the heart, had a radius of 1.
		Both spheres were homogeneous with a conductivity of 1.
		A dipolar source with a dipole moment of 10 in the x, y, and z directions was placed at the center of the two spheres.
	web.umr.edu /~daryl/research/icbem.abstract (931 words)

	Human Form From Sacred Geometry
		Figure 8 One sphere is removed from the outer cluster to reveal the inner cluster.
		The nesting of 10 reflective spheres within 10 reflective spheres geometry produces a distribution system that could be used for processing of optical information between the interior to the exterior of the structure.
		Because of the spatial distribution of the reflective spheres in two concentric shells of ten each, optical information must be reflected and diverged in order to enter or exit the system with the exception of a few radially arrayed directions.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~chenry (2748 words)

	Foundations of Language Theory Chapters 11-15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is possible to imagine a sphere inside this sphere, completely within the first, so that its surface (M2) divides the space E2 into two compartments, the inside (now called E3) and the outside (still the E2).
		Spheres make great buttons...but only after they have a hole in them for the thread (and then they are toroids).
		This transformation from a torus to a sphere and from a sphere into a torus is an example of an OPERATION which is a member of the repertoire of operations of both Geo6 and Geo7.
	www.mcn.org /2/sesame/gai11-15.html (3533 words)

	Steve's Effects in Modelling Space
		Visulisation of concentric spheres where the outer ones are partly transparent is a difficult problem.
		Also spheres that are centered on the same point may not appear to be one inside the other.
		(c) The outer sphere is shown as a pen-and-ink sketch to convey the curvature of both objects.
	www.swan.ac.uk /compsci/ResearchGroups/oldCGVGroup/Docs/ST/html/conspheres.html (115 words)

	Sphaeropyle langii Dreyer
		The spheres are thin and are connected by relatively few radial beams that continue beyond the outer sphere as thorns.
		The second and fourth spheres are similar in their structure, the pores are subcircular and of unequal size and somewhat smaller than the intervening bars.
		In contrast the pores of the third sphere are about three times wider than those of the second and fourth spheres and three to four times wider than the intervening bars.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/tnotes/tn27/11_s5.html (260 words)

	Spheres of the Elderly: Interpreting the Lives of NRC Residents
		Movement between spheres is not merely dependent on the will of the resident, but shares a dependency on the social structures that either obstruct or encourage flow.
		Movement and conduct in and between these spheres is not explicitly controlled by their choice, but is a dynamic interplay between the resident and the dimension of the social sphere itself, including its participants and symbolic space.
		She was unable to control the influx of external issues flowing into her personal sphere; this sphere was being constricted and tightened as external forces minimized her control.
	www.stolaf.edu /depts/sociology/OtherLinks/373final_papers_2004/spheres_elderly.html (20756 words)

	John C. Symmes' Hollow Earth Writings
		Consequently, according to this formation of the sphere, the degrees of latitude, on different meridians, will varry according to their distance from the polar openings; and the magnetic equator; which encircles the sphere, parallel to the plane of the polar openings, would cut the real equator at an angle of twelve degrees.
		Each of the spheres composing the earth, as well as those constituting the other planets throughout the universe, is believed to be habitable both on the inner and the outer surface; and lighted and warmd according to those general laws which communicate light and heat to every other part of the universe.
		John Cleves Symmes, the author of the theory of concentric spheres, was the son of Timothy Symmes, of New Jersey...
	olivercowdery.com /texts/1818symm.htm (15417 words)

	Sample Chapter for Tassoul, J. and Tassoul, M.: A Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics.
		The secondary spheres could be succeeded, in turn, by a set of interlocking spheres according to the observed positions of each heavenly body.
		In this representation, twenty-seven spheres in all were considered sufficient: three each for the sun and moon, four for each of the five planets, and one for the fixed stars.
		Movement of the spheres proceeded from another causation: Elaborating on the thought of his Muslim predecessors, Maimonides identified the separate intelligences of Aristotelianism moving the heavenly spheres with the angels of Scripture.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s7785.html (10226 words)

	Inner earth mysteries (2)
		Halley speculated that the inner spheres might be inhabited, and that light might be produced in a number of ways: the atmosphere might be luminous, or the inner sides of the spheres might emit light, or there might be small suns within the earth.
		Halley's theory of concentric spheres largely stemmed from his efforts to explain why the earth's magnetic poles appeared to be wandering.
		He believed that the earth's interior was hollow, containing another four hollow, concentric spheres, with space between each, and habitable on both their concave and convex surfaces.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/dp5/inner2.htm (10639 words)

	Radiation transport between two concentric spheres
		Abstract: The eigenfunctions for the transport of radiation between concentric spheres are proved to be the spherical harmonics and Legendre polynomials.
		The flux on the outer sphere is a
		In the limit as the radius of the sphere goes to zero, what matters is how the emitting flux varies as a function of angle as measured from the infinitesimal sphere, since the distance to the emitting surface is not relevant.
	epub.iaea.org /fusion/subscribe/40/dec/ms6909PollaS/6909.html (1918 words)

	Medieval Physically Real Planetary - Study Guide
		Aristotle's nested system of 55 concentric spheres accounted, in a qualitative way, for the major planetary phenomena, but failed to predict accurately either the variation in the length of the retrograde motion or the observed variation in the size and brightness of the planets.
		A further attempt to establish a system of homocentric spheres was undertaken in the 12th century by a number of Spanish Arab philosophers and most fully elaborated by al-Bitruji.
		This sphere carries around C with it the axis MR of the second sphere, which is inclined approximately 23° to the poles, a value constant for all the planets and equal to the obliquity of the ecliptic ABC.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/HIS-SCI-STUDY-GUIDE/0041_physicallyRealPlanetary.html (608 words)

	Fig. 222.01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The frequency can be considered as the number of layers (concentric shells or radius) or the number of edge modules on the vector equilibrium.
		A one-frequency sphere packing system has 12 spheres on the outer layer (A) and a one-frequency vector equilibrium has 12 vertexes.
		If another layer of spheres are packed around the one-frequency system, exactly 42 additional spheres are required to make this a two-frequency system (B).
	www.rwgrayprojects.com /synergetics/s02/figs/f2201.html (172 words)

	Mass High Tech
		In operation for less than a year, Concentric Spheres Inc., a North Kingstown-based software development company, has attracted a diverse group of clients ranging from a bride-to-be to Harvard Medical School.
		Concentric Spheres has developed a CRM product called Carrier Wave.
		Concentric Spheres is working on updates to the Carrier Wave software that will allow it to be used in other electronic formats such as fax, phone and instant messenger.
	www.masshightech.com /displayarticledetail.asp?art_id=62091&sec_id=130 (612 words)

	The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy, and the Role of Eratosthenes
		Hard to infer the actual distance in standard modern units since stadia are of varying sizes, but the technique was clever at the time and if one uses typical stadium lengths of the time the estimate was only off by a number bewteen 4 and 14 percent.
		The "solution" to these problems came in the form of a clever proposal: planets were attached, not to the concentric spheres themselves, but to circles attached to the concentric spheres, as illustrated in the adjacent diagram.
		Then, the centers of the epicycles executed uniform circular motion as they went around the deferent at uniform angular velocity, and at the same time the epicycles (to which the planets were attached) executed their own uniform circular motion.
	www.pas.rochester.edu /~blackman/ast104/aristotle8.html (982 words)

	The Quantum Vortex by David Ash
		At a distance from the originating particle, the spherical vortex of energy would tend to be concentric spheres of energy that are either expanding or contracting - they would tend to me more a three dimensional, longitudinal wave form and less a vortex.
		The spin of the electron is a movement effective at a tangent to each of the concentric spheres of energy that form it.
		The radial flow of the concentric spheres of energy is the primary movement in the Qauntum Vortex.
	www.quantum-vortex.com /quantum_vortex/quantum_vortex_7.htm (4745 words)

	Light vs. Sublight definitions of time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This can be shown geometrically with two concentric expanding spheres: one expanding at a sublight speed "V," and one expanding at the speed of light "c."
		This is the difference in velocity between a sphere expanding at the speed of light, and one expanding at an arbitrary sublight speed.
		Thus the difference in velocity between a sphere expanding at the speed of light and one expanding at a velocity less than the speed of light can be used to geometrically derive the correction factor in Relativity:
	home.earthlink.net /~jtnordberg/Light_vs_Sublight_Time.html (788 words)

	"Winter Solstice" by G. de Purucker
		Astronomers tell us that the earth is a sphere poised in the void, in the ether, free except for the gravitational attraction of the sun, and that the earth is following its pathway, its orbit, around the sun not otherwise than gravitationally attached thereto; in short, that "space" is emptiness.
		In speaking of these concentric spheres, please remember also that a proper conception of the structure and characteristics of the Egg of Brahma must include a realization of the significant fact that there are many more planetary concentric spheres than those of the eight or nine or ten planets known to Occidental astronomy.
		These concentric world-spheres considered as a whole were the crystalline spheres of the ancients, which astronomers have so grossly misunderstood, and therefore have so much derided.
	www.theosophy-nw.org /theosnw/seasons/4s-gdpw.htm (1820 words)

	Analytic Concentric Spheres with a Static Dipole
		Calculates the potential generated due a dipole in concentric spheres with bilinear basis functions.
		The inner sphere has unit radius and the outer sphere a radius of 2.
		There is a conductivity of 0.3 in the inner sphere and 0.2 in the outer sphere.
	www.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz /cmiss/examples/3/32/329/index.html (204 words)

	[No title]
		In both, by removing the upper sphere (used to rectify the output), there remains a sphere inside the large top-load, a sort of concentric sphere.
		Using an 8" cu sphere on my twin parallel magnifier I measured 24" discharges and after swapping that out for a 5" in 8" CS I measured 37" discharges.
		Separating the outer sphere may be a slow and deliberate process in order not to damage the shells and aluminum spheres may separate easier than copper.
	www.tesla-coil.com /ConcentricSpheres.htm (761 words)

	Uberinterna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Internal spheres also being crossed by radial cross-beams joining with base of major spines.
		Several thin internal spicules observed in innermost sphere, but their disposition not clear in presently available specimens.
		(Based on 11 specimens) Diameter of outer shell, 250-300µm; thickness of spongy layer of outer shell, 25-30µm; length of external spines, 65-100µm; diameter of outermost sphere of inner shell, 85-93µm; diameter of innermost sphere, 25-33µm; average diameter of intercalated spheres proceeding inwardly from the outermost sphere of inner shell, 80, 47 and 33µm.
	www.mnhn.fr /mnhn/geo/radworld/genentactinia/Uberinterna.html (526 words)

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