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Topic: Conchiolin

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	Conchiolin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Conchiolin (sometimes referred to as conchin) and perlucin are complex proteins which are secreted by a mollusc's outer epithelium (the mantle).
		Conchiolin serves as a relatively flexible, crack-deflecting matrix for the mineral aggregate particles; its strength and the strong bonding of perlucin give the finished material (nacre) an impressive level of toughness.
		Structure of the conchiolin cases of the prisms in Mytilus edulis, Charles Grégoire, 1960
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conchiolin (184 words)

	Conchiolin - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Conchiolin (sometimes referred to as conchin) and perlucin are complex proteins which are secreted by a mollusc's outer epithelium (the mantle) to form chambers which hold and bond to the crystals of aragonite which give such shells their stiffness.
		The ions necessary to form calcium carbonate are also secreted by the mantle, but it is the tailored ionic environment of the perlucin protien which causes aragonite (rather than calcite) crystals to nucleate [1] (http://www.flwellpublishing.com/abstract.asp?aid=8andiid=3andref=0022-2720andvid=212), in much the same way that collagen nucleates hydroxyapatite crystals.
		Structure of the conchiolin cases of the prisms in Mytilus edulis (Charles Grégoire, 1960) (http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/2/395)
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Conchiolin (226 words)

	STRUCTURE OF THE CONCHIOLIN CASES OF THE PRISMS IN MYTILUS EDULIS LINNE -- Grégoire 9 (2): 395 -- The Journal of ...
		STRUCTURE OF THE CONCHIOLIN CASES OF THE PRISMS IN MYTILUS EDULIS LINNE -- Grégoire 9 (2): 395 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		STRUCTURE OF THE CONCHIOLIN CASES OF THE PRISMS IN Charles Grégoire M.D. From the Department of Biochemistry, Institut Léon Fredericq, University of Liège, and Centre National de Recherches Métallurgiques, Val Benoît, Belgium
		The prisms in the shell of Mytilus edulis Linné are
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/9/2/395 (227 words)

	Pearls
		Eventually, the hollow is sealed over, the parasite dies, and its skeletal remains receive a coating of conchiolin, which hardens to form a nucleus.
		Conchiolin is secreted by cells of the mantle, which covers the soft body, viscera, gills and other internal parts of the mollusk.
		Color in cultured pearls is governed by the salinity of the water, richness or excess of conchiolin, temperature and health of the oyster, and the species, i.e.
	www.krystallinegems.com /pearls.htm (2863 words)

	Pearl Knowledge: Direct Shopping Network
		They are built up of mother-of-pearl (nacre), which is mostly calcium carbonate, and an organic horn substance (conchiolin) that binds the microcrystals concentrically around an irritant.
		The distinctive luster is produced by the overlapping platelets of aragonite and film of conchiolin nearer to the pearl surface.
		The color of pearl varies with the type of mullusk and the water, and is dependent on the color of the upper conchiolin layer.
	www.dsntv.com /page/DSN/PROD/PRD_KNOW/KNOW_PEARL (616 words)

	Professional Jeweler Archive: Enigmatic Pearls
		(Conchiolin is a substance the mollusk secrets to protect itself from foreign intrusions.) “What we found missing in the Chinese freshwater pearls is that concentric ring,” Moses says.
		This conchiolin layer is visible in X-rays of cultured pearls containing shell beads.
		The differing exposures reveal the outline of a conchiolin layer coating the bead, whether it’s a shell bead or an all-nacre bead.
	www.professionaljeweler.com /archives/articles/2000/sep00/0900gg2.html (1132 words)

	The Structure of Pearls
		In the outer portions of the shell of the pearl oyster the calcium carbonate is in the form of calcite, but in the inner nacreous lining and in the pearl itself the mineral is present as aragonite.
		This is deposited by the mollusc in very thin crystalline layers in the horny layers of conchiolin, so that the lining of the shell is built of approximately parallel layers of mineral and of animal substance.
		In the first place, it should be understood that both conchiolin and aragonite are translucent, that is, they pass light to a certain extent.
	www.jjkent.com /articles/structure-pearl.htm (795 words)

	PEARL main
		Conchiolin is most frequently brown, but its transparency and color is a function of the chemistry of the water in which the bivalve lives.
		Because conchiolin is translucent, the color of the aragonite (most often white or pale yellow) shows through, yielding a white or cream colored pearl.
		This changes the color of conchiolin (permanent) and renders the pearls virtually indistinguishable from natural or cultured fls.
	www.geo.utexas.edu /courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/pearl/pearl_main.htm (3105 words)

	Juvenile Disease of Eastern Oysters
		Gross Observations: Mortalities associated with reduced tissue and shell growth, fragile and uneven shell margins, cupping of the left valve, reduced condition index, mantle retraction and abnormal proteinaceous material (conchiolin) deposits around the periphery of the mantle on the inner shell surface several millimeters from the shell's edge.
		In extreme cases, the conchiolin covered the entire mantle surface and the soft tissue of the oyster became detached from the shell.
		Successive organic sheets interspersed with haemocytes and debris were laid down on the mantle surface between the conchiolin deposit and the epithelium.
	www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /shelldis/pages/jdeoy_e.htm (1299 words)

	What Are Pearls? \| American Museum of Natural History
		The animal senses the object and coats it with layers of aragonite ("ah-RAG-uh-nite") and conchiolin ("KON-kee-uh-lin").
		In most pearls, the mineral aragonite is arranged in sheets of flat, six-sided crystals.
		Between each sheet, the mollusk secretes a very thin layer of the membrane-forming protein conchiolin.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/pearls/what/form.html (192 words)

	Postal and Business Center, Package, Ship, Copy, Fax - all your business needs in one stop! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The average pearl consists of approximately 86 percent calcium carbonate, 12 percent conchiolin, and 2 percent water.
		Conchiolin is the organic secretion, a scleroprotein, which acts as a cement or bonding agent.
		Pearls which have been known to be 200 years old have turned fl because of the decay of the conchiolin.
	www.postalannex6.com /pearls.html (268 words)

	Pearl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Pearls are formed inside the shell of certain bivalve mollusks; as a response to an irritating object inside the shell, the mollusk will deposit layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO
		) in the form of the minerals aragonite or calcite (crystalline forms of calcium carbonate) held together by an organic horn-like compound called conchiolin.
		This combination of calcium carbonate and conchiolin is called nacre.
	www.icyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/pearl.html (458 words)

	Pearl detail
		Cultured pearls are those that form in certain mollusks, (oysters and mussels,) at the intervention of man. A piece of mantle tissue, or a shell bead, is inserted into the interior of the animal.
		This causes it to secrete a layer of organic material, (conchiolin,) over the irritant, followed by layers of nacre (nay-ker.) The composition and structure of this nacre is essentially identical to that which forms under natural conditions.
		Nacre is composed of the mineral aragonite, with an organic binder called conchiolin.
	www.maharajajewel.com /pearl_detail.htm (1304 words)

	Tahitian Pearl—Is It? - 9/1/2005 - JCK-Jewelers Circular Keystone - CA6253211 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Another indication that the pearl might be imitation is the lack of a conchiolin layer, the organic layer between the bead nucleus and the nacre.
		Reexamination of the pearl under high magnification reveals conchiolin after all.
		This, along with the carbonate RI blink, proves that the specimen is a cultured pearl, despite its lack of a shell-bead nucleus.
	www.jckgroup.com /article/CA6253211.html/jck?stt=001 (469 words)

	Lab 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The animal senses the object and coats it with layers of aragonite and conchiolin.
		Nacre also contains a small amount of conchiolin, a hornlike organic substance that is the main constituent of the mollusk's outer shell.
		The shell-secreting cells of the mollusk are located in the mantle, or epithelium, of its body; when a foreign particle penetrates the mantle, the cells attach to the particle and build up more or less concentric layers of pearl around it.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~tandaya/lab2.html (395 words)

	Fisheries & Oceans, Pacific Region - Welcome to Science Branch
		The disease is limited to the shell, first appearing as small round white spots, which are slightly raised and have a clear centre.
		Conchiolin warts are formed on the inner surface of the shell and can cause severe thickening of the shell margin.
		Gross Observations: White spots, conchiolin warts, or abnormal shell growth as described above on the inner surface of the shell.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /sci/shelldis/pages/oioy_e.htm (606 words)

	[Ganoksin] Working with Pearls
		In cultured pearls, the irritant is a mother of pearl bead or a piece of tissue placed in the mollusk by a technician.
		The mollusk covers the nucleus with alternating layers of conchiolin (a protein-like substance similar to human nails) and nacre.
		If super glue was used (which can stain the conchiolin layer and cause noticeable damage to the pearl), acetone often is required for removal.
	www.ganoksin.com /borisat/nenam/working_with_pearls.htm (856 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The birthstone for June, a pearl is conchiolin (nacre) layered concentrically around an irritant in a mollusc.
		However, as conchiolin is an organic subtance, it tends to change, particularly if dehydrated.
		The average "life-span" of a pearl is between 100 and 150 years, although a few rare good-quality pearls exist which are known to be several hundreds of years in age.
	www.olufsondesigns.com /Gems/Pearl.html (316 words)

	Cast-Iron Foot: Undersea snail has mineral armor: Science News Online, Nov. 8, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The sides of the snail's foot are covered with scales that range up to 8 millimeters in length and overlap like roof tiles, says Anders Warén, a marine biologist at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm.
		The core of those structures is made of a protein called conchiolin, a common component of many mollusk shells.
		However, because the tiny iron sulfide spheres also show up throughout the conchiolin core of each scale, the snail itself probably controls the overall growth and placement of the particles, says Warén.
	www.sciencenews.org /20031108/fob1.asp (518 words)

	Thaigem.com \| Info Center \| A-Z Gemstones \| From Gemology To Mythology Learn More About Mother Of Pearl At Our A-Z ...
		Also known as Nacre (from the Arabic word for shell “Naqqarah”) it is composed of thin layers of calcium carbonate and conchiolin in the form of aragonite or calcite that is secreted by the living mollusk organism.
		The layers of calcium carbonate settle and are interspersed by the conchiolin, which acts as a kind of organic glue binding the crystals together.
		Luster is a phenomenon used to describe the diffraction of light from the Nacre's surface brilliance together with its inner, deeper radiance.
	www.thaigem.com /infocenter/buyer_guides/a-z_gemstones/mother_of_pearl.asp (1039 words)

	Cultured Youth - Colored Stone May/June 2005
		It is so named because when an irritant gets inside of a shell, the oyster protects itself by coating the irritant with the same material as its lining, creating a pearl.
		Mother-of-pearl is composed of alternating layers of conchiolin and calcium carbonate crystals in the form of aragonite.
		Conchiolin is one of a category of proteins called keratin; other types of keratin are major components of hair, skin, and horn of all vertebrates.
	www.tucsonshowguide.com /stories/may05/cosmetics.cfm (1526 words)

	The Jewelry Hut: Pearls in the making Buying Guide
		The conchiolin binds the nacre together to form the pearl.
		The mantle tissue carries the cells that start the production of conchiolin and nacre; placing it next to the round bead assures that the bead will be nacre-coated, hopefully becoming a nice, round pearl.
		By examining several pearls, looking into the drill hole carefully with a loupe (a jeweler’s special magnifying lens), the line of demarcation between the mother-of-pearl nucleus and the layer of conchiolin may be visible, sometimes appearing as a darker line.
	www.thejewelryhut.com /html/articles43.html (4251 words)

	JRo Pearls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If the mollusk can’t get rid of it, it begins to produce something to soothe the irritation the intruder causes; this soothing secretion is a brownish substance called conchiolin (kon-KY-oh-lin), over which another whitish substance called nacre (NAY-ker) is concealed.
		Conchiolin binds the necre together to form the pearl.
		Depending upon a variety of conditions, it can take ten years or longer for pearls to grow 7 or 8 millimeters.
	www.jropearls.com /content/explained.cfm (1392 words)

	Jensenknives - Custom Knives and Art Knives: Materials Encyclopedia - Pearl
		The shell and the pearls are made from the same material.
		Aragonite ("ah-RAG-uh-nite") and conchiolin ("KON-kee-uh-lin") are the two materials the animal uses to build its shell.
		The mineral aragonite is arranged in sheets of flat six-sided crystals.
	www.jensenknives.com /pearl.html (740 words)

	Fox Hills Cretaceous Ammonites
		The high degree of preservation of their natural mother-of-pearl shell makes them appear to be preserved as opal.
		This is a consequence of light passing through the various layers of aragonite and conchiolin deposited by the ammonite in life.
		Conchiolin is secreted by various other mollusks, including oysters, and is a complex protein.
	www.fossilmall.com /EDCOPE_Enterprises/ammonites/Ammo12/Ammo12.htm (363 words)

	Eyris Blue Pearls - Christchurch, New Zealand - As Unique As You - Jewellery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Blue pearls are made up of thousands of layers of nacre and conchiolin randomly secreted by each individual paua.
		Nacre gives a pearl its lustre and hardness, while the conchiolin "acts as a mirror, reflecting light back through the nacre toward the observer for maximum light return, colour and iridescence."
		It is this combination of nacre and conchiolin that gives each pearl its special uniqueness and beauty.
	www.bluepearls.com /colours2.shtml (258 words)

	GOD's Pearl of Great Price: heartfelf love letters illuminating a pearl; a translucent luster in the heart of Princess ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Somewhere in the waters of the Indian Ocean, from the Persian Gulf to the Timor Sea, an oyster feels irritation caused from the entry of an intruder.
		Immediately, the molluskan bivalve (the oyster) in fighting, and in rejection of the pain, caused from the irritation that it feels, coats the intruder with layers of aragonite and conchiolin.
		The mineral aragonite is made up of needlelike crystals that the mollusk layers upon the adverse foreign particle that has penetrated and disrupted the tranquility of its life.
	www.jonathanandprincessmahsa.com /gods_pearl_of_great_price.html (1145 words)

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