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	Conclusions of the Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia
		Ten years after the Revolutions of 1848, little had visibly changed, and many historians consider the revolutions a bloody failure.
		But in 1848, the revolutionaries were idealistic and divided by the multiplicity of aims for which they fought -- social, economic, liberal, and national.
		Germany was unified under the iron hand of Bismarck in 1871 after her 1870 war with France; Italy was unified in 1861 as the United States was split into two nations and exploding into internecine civil war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conclusions_of_the_Revolutions_of_1848 (627 words)

	Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia
		The European Revolutions of 1848, in some countries known as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of revolutions triggered by the Revolution of 1848 in France, which erupted in February 1848 in Paris and soon spread to the rest of Europe.
		These European Revolutions were the violent consequences of a variety of changes that had been taking place in Europe in the first half of the 19th century.
		The result was a wave of revolution sweeping across Europe and raising hopes of liberal reform as far away as Brazil, where the rhetoric surrounding the Praieira revolt took many cues from European events, as did its thorough repression.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Revolution_of_1848 (481 words)

	Revolutions
		Conclusions of the Revolutions of 1848 Ten years after the Revolutions of 1848, little had visibly changed, and many hi...
		The Revolutions of 1848 in France Politics continued to tilt to the right, and the end of the Revolution in France.
		The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas The Revolutions of 1848 French Revolutions Habsburg-Area Revolutions Germa...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/revolutions.html (208 words)

	Directory - Society: History: By Topic: Social History: Revolutions and Social Movements: 1848 Revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective · cached · Article on the factors leading to the uprising, the course of the revolution and its aftermath.
		Revolution and Reaction in 1848 · cached · An examination of the 1848 revolution in Prussia and the Germanic states and the response.
		Revolutions of 1848: Perspectives on Popular Politics and the Revolutions of 1848 · cached · Online article by Professor John Breuilly examining the revolution and various political interpretations.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1231110 (631 words)

	1848
		1848 in music See also: 1847 in music, other events of 1848, 1849 in music and the list of 'years in music'.
		1848 in science The year 1848 CE in technology included many events, some of which are listed here.
		HMS Enterprise (1848) The sixth HMS Enterprise of the 1848 to be fitted and strengthened for John Franklin's lost expedi...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/1848.html (418 words)

	Conclusions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The 1956 revolution, and then the populist writers' ideology re-invigorated progressively traditional national themes such as: the pride in national culture and historical heritage, directly linked with the thesis of Hungarian cultural superiority and civilised mission in the Danubian Basin.
		This conclusion, based on many facts which I tried to show in the first chapters, is reinforced by a confidential survey of the Hungarian Institute for Mass Communications, which showed that in 1985 Romanians were the most unpopular nation in Hungary #7;.
		We have already took into accout Verdery's conclusion that the tightening of ethnic borders fulfilled a survival role for the Hungarian minority in an economy of shortage, similar with the secondary economy.
	www.cimec.ro /Istorie/Cristi/18.htm (1924 words)

	Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Society was cut in two: those who had nothing united in common envy, and those who had anything united in common terror.
		The European Revolutions of 1848, in some countries known as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were the bloody consequences of a variety of changes that had been taking place in Europe in the first half of the 19th century.
		The tinder that lit the fire was a series of economic downturns and that left many of the poor starving.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Revolutions_of_1848 (476 words)

	Revolutions Of 1848 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Iran's revolution is in its infancy - but it may have just found...
		1848 As revolutions swept across Europe, the Treason Felony Act made it an offence, punishable by life imprisonment, to advocate abolition of the monarchy...
		See main article The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.
	www.wikiverse.org /revolutions-of-1848 (521 words)

	The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849.
		Louis Kossuth, the formidable leader of the Hungarian revolution and war of independence in 1848-49, became a symbol for numerous causes in the past century and a half.
		The Lawful Revolution is primarily a superb scholarly synthesis of Hungary's revolu-tion of 1848.
		According to the records of the Pest military courts between September 1848 and August 1849, 277 persons were condemned to death and subsequently executed (Hungarian National Archives- AL D 37 3789/8207).
	www3.sympatico.ca /thidas/Hungarian-history/MyFiles/Deak.html (609 words)

	meOme-Webkatalog - Language: Englisch - Society - History - By meOme-Webkatalog - Language: Englischic - Social History ...
		Periodicals and Pamphlets of the French Revolution of 1848 - Project at the University of Chicago to digitize documentary material from the 1848 revolution in France.
		Revolution and Reaction in 1848 - An examination of the 1848 revolution in Prussia and the Germanic states and the response.
		The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective - Article on the factors leading to the uprising, the course of the revolution and its aftermath.
	webkatalog.meome.de /meome_page_066b39357ccfdaf66b1429c996a68236.html (701 words)

	[No title]
		As the paradigm for all political revolutions, to what extent this is true, and the contribution of the French revolution to modern political culture 2.
		Marx believed that the most important Agricultural Revolution had already taken place by 1600, and that it had created a class of landless labourers and capitalist landowners, and that the latter were ideally placed to exploit the increase in demand and expansion of the market after 1700.
		The outcome of the 'psychiatric revolution' was disappointing as the ideal of 'moral treatment' increasingly gave way to the impersonal management of large numbers of inmates in massive institutions.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /history/docs/hi1009.doc (7657 words)

	Education Course - What is Marxism - International Socialist Movement
		But the experience of the revolution opened up a debate among Marxists as to the nature of the next revolution that everyone knew was coming and the role that the different classes would play in it.
		Lenin held the position that the revolution would be led not by the bourgeoisie but by the working class in alliance with the peasantry, but was less clear concerning the nature of the revolution, i.e.
		This has developed to its logical conclusion with the World Trade Organisation arguing that governments should not be allowed to interfere in the economy of their own country because they don’t always act in the best interests of free market capitalism.
	www.redflag.org.uk /ism/course.html (2859 words)

	Author's response:1848: a European Revolution? International Ideas and National Memories of 1848
		Indeed, most of the contributions to the volume demonstrate that the contemporaries of the revolutions, both in the centres and in the peripheries of the uprisings, understood the events as a European phenomenon.
		But while this perspective was clear to the immediate observers of the events at the time, with very few exceptions neither the historiography in the aftermath of 1848, nor the more recent literature that appeared around the commemorations in 1998/1999, make the European dimension of the revolutions the focus of their interpretations.
		In particular, several of the contributions to this volume demonstrate that the commemorations of 1848 during the past century and a half turned the revolutions into events of primarily national importance, contrasting with the original European context of the revolutions.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/kornerresp.html (1027 words)

	MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY 1848
		Thenceforth, the struggle for supremacy was, again, as it had been before the Revolution of February, solely between different sections of the propertied class; the working class was reduced to a fight for political elbow-room, and to the position of extreme wing of the middle-class Radicals.
		The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way based on ideas or principles that have been invented, or discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer.
		The communist revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional relations; no wonder that its development involved the most radical rupture with traditional ideas.
	www.uspoliticsonline.com /archives/manifesto.htm (11521 words)

	Revolutions of 1848 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Revolutions of 1848 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The repeal of the protectionist agricultural tariffs called the " (Click link for more info and facts about Corn Laws) Corn Laws" in 1846 had defused some proletarian fervor.
		(Click link for more info and facts about The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states) The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/revolutions_of_1848.htm (383 words)

	Katalog DMOZ : Society : History : By Topic : Social History : Revolutions and Social Movements : 1848 Revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Paris revolution of February 1848 precipitated a succession of liberal and national revolts against autocratic governments.
		An examination of the 1848 revolution in Prussia and the Germanic states and the response.
		Article examining the 1848 revolutions in the Hapsburg empire including Austria, Hungary and the Czech lands.
	www.dmoz.giz.pl /Society/History/By_Topic/Social_History/Revolutions_and_Social_Movements/1848_Revolutions (538 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Age of Revolution 1789 1848 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848, Eric Hobsbawm examines sixty pivotal years beginning with the construction of the first factory system in Lancashire and the French Revolution in 1789 and concluding with the publication of the Communist Manifesto in 1848.
		Whereas the Industrial Revolution fundamentally altered the conditions of labor, giving rise to a new social order, the French Revolution exposed the vulnerability of the ancien regime and provided the paradigmatic shift supporting the rise of the middle class.
		Through his recognition that these two revolutions were linked through various historical circumstances Hobsbawm illuminates the period that began with the rise of Jacobinism and ended with the failure of the 1848 uprisings.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0451623622 (1257 words)

	THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
		Step by step, the small and middle land ownership of the farmers, the basis of the whole political constitution, is succumbing to the competition of giant farms; at the same time, a mass industrial proletariat and a fabulous concentration of capital funds are developing for the first time in the industrial regions.
		During the Revolution of 1848-9, not only the European princes, but the European bourgeois as well, found their only salvation from the proletariat just beginning to awaken in Russian intervention.
		The only answer to that possible today is this: If the Russian Revolution becomes the signal for a proletarian revolution in the West, so that both complement each other, the present Russian common ownership of land may serve as the starting point for a communist development.
	www.anu.edu.au /polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html (14158 words)

	Revolutions of 1848: Handbook
		However, this ‘system’ came under increasing pressure in some areas from liberal and nationalist movements; the widespread economic crisis of the mid 1840s increased popular discontent, until the ‘old order’ suddenly appeared to be swept away in a serious of revolutions in the first quarter of 1848.
		The divisions and uncertainties among the ‘revolutionaries’ soon became apparent: some, primarily middle-class liberals, were concerned mainly with limited political reform, others saw the establishment of nation-states as the first priority, whereas yet other, more radical, participants saw the opportunity for a fundamental re-structuring of the social and economic order.
		This assessment must include a consideration of how the document adds to your understanding of both the topic under discussion and the history of the 1848 revolutions in general.
	www.gla.ac.uk /centres/tltphistory/hcc/1848/syllabus/handbook.htm (1247 words)

	The socialist revolution and the democratic revolution
		From Marx and Engels' experience in the revolutions of 1848 to Lenin and Trotsky's actions in 1917, an analysis is made of the way in which the unfinished business of the democratic revolution became fused in theory and in practice with the project of working class self emancipation.
		The revolution is fundamentally a conflict between 'the "rising" bourgeoisie and the established feudal or aristocratic class that it was seeking to displace from the levers of social and political control'.
		The 1848 revolutions definitively brought to a close the epoch in which the bourgeoisie were willing and able to act as a revolutionary class.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /isj83/rees.htm (21876 words)

	Chartism After 1848 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This work looks at independent working-class radical education and politics in England from the year of revolutions, 1848 to the passage of the 1870 Education Act.
		The experience of radicals in the period after 1848 is then considered, as support for Chartism declined and as Chartist ideas moved further to the left.
		Two final chapters consider the development of radical education in the post-Chartist period of the 1860s and, finally, suggest some conclusions from the work in respect of the politics of the 1870 Education Act and beyond.
	www.merlinpress.co.uk /merlin/New_titles/Chartism_1848.htm (240 words)

	General European Comprehensive Exam Questions
		What general conclusions can we draw from their work about the impact of these economic developments on the family economy, on male and female economic roels, and on demographic behavior.
		Why was the chain of revolutions that began with the French Revolutions of 1789 and continued with the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 broken after 1848?
		The Revolution of 1848 appears in histories of the Sonderweg school as a "turning point where Germany failed to turn" (AJP Taylor) and therefore as a fundamental source of difference in comparison to France and England.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~gerakkag/gen.html (3369 words)

	Historically Speaking - April 2003
		In an influential paper published in 1995, Jeffrey Sachs and A. Warner demonstrated conclusively that one of the principal reasons for widening international inequality in the 1970s and 1980s was protectionism in less developed economies.
		The conclusion that the opportunities for improvement through increased participation in world trade brought about by British rule were available to too few people seems inescapable.
		The conclusion of the essay, “that British rule was on balance conducive to economic growth,” suggests a direct argument that the economic growth of the successful societies in the post-colonial years can be viewed as a continuation of their economic performance under the
	www.bu.edu /historic/hs/april03.html (11384 words)

	The State and RevolutionThe Marxist Theory of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariatin the Revolutionby V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The question of the relation of the socialist proletarian revolution to the state, therefore, is acquiring not only practical political importance, but also the significance of a most urgent problem of the day, the problem of explaining to the masses what they will have to do before long to free themselves from capitalist tyranny.
		For instance, when, in the revolution of 1917, the question of the significance and role of the state arose in all its magnitude as a practical question demanding immediate action, and, moreover, action on a mass scale, all the Social-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks descended at once to the petty-bourgeois theory that the "state" "reconciles" classes.
		A revolution is certainly the most authoritarian thing there is; it is an act whereby one part of the population imposes its will upon the other part by means of rifles, bayonets and cannon, all of which are highly authoritarian means.
	www.marxist.com /classics/lenin/staterev.html (17232 words)

	Fascism and neofascism (by L. Proyect)
		Even though the revolutions in Germany, France and Italy on the surface appeared to be a continuation of the revolutions of the 1780's and 90's, they contain within them anticapitalist dynamics.
		The 18th Brumaire was written in the aftermath of the failure of the revolution in France in 1848 to consolidate its gains.
		Prior to its revolution, the working-class remains backward and therefore, unlike the bourgeoisie, is unable to prepare itself in advance for ruling all of society.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/fascism_and_war/fascism.htm (13227 words)

	Nineteent-Century Imperial Germany Spring 1997 HIST-587, Ref (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A descriptive title, a clear thesis sentence in an opening paragraph, and a conclusion are important elements of communication.
		Merely restating the conclusions of historians is not a good way to substantiate your argument.
		It would be wrong, for example, to assume that because a few radical thinkers in the 1840s desired significant social change, they actually caused the Revolutions of 1848.
	www.wmich.edu /history/facultystaff/facultyprofiles/gray/h572syl.htm (1478 words)

	CONCLUSIONS OF THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Specialty Definition: Conclusions of the Revolutions of 1848
		The "parent" of this page and all references are at Revolution of 1848.
		And in 1848 the inconsistently-liberal United States was exploding into sectional conflict over slavery and did nothing.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/CONCLUSIONS+OF+THE+REVOLUTIONS+OF+1848 (622 words)

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