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Topic: Concrete

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	Concrete Basics \| Portland Cement Association (PCA)
		A concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough, honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete.
		During placement, the concrete is consolidated to compact it within the forms and to eliminate potential flaws, such as honeycombs and air pockets.
		Concrete surfaces are cured by sprinkling with water fog, or by using moisture-retaining fabrics such as burlap or cotton mats.
	www.cement.org /basics/concretebasics_concretebasics.asp (1115 words)

	Concrete Info, Photos, and Concrete Contractors - The Concrete Network
		Outrageous Concrete Projects: View photos and read about how they were designed and built
		Free Design Tool: Choose colors, patterns, and textures for a concrete patio, pool deck, garage floor, driveway, or entryway.
		Free online catalogs on concrete countertops, concrete patios, pool decks, driveways, fireplaces, concrete floors, concrete furniture, concrete homes...and much more.
	www.concretenetwork.com (192 words)

	Sourcebook: Flyash Concrete
		Flyash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee 116) as "the finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal, which is transported from the firebox through the boiler by flue gases." Flyash is a by-product of coal-fired electric generating plants.
		Flyash affects the plastic properties of concrete by improving workability, reducing water demand, reducing segregation and bleeding, and lowering heat of hydration.
		Flyash for use in portland cement concrete shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 618, Standard Specification for Flyash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan Class C Flyash for use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement.
	www.greenbuilder.com /sourcebook/Flyash.html (987 words)

	Concrete Homes - The Ultimate ICF Construction Concrete Home Resource
		Welcome to Concrete Home, not just the most user friendly forum for concrete home architects, builders and contractors on the Internet, but also everything you wanted to know about ICF homes and ICF construction.
		Insulated Concrete Forms, or ICF's, are stay in place forms used to build a superior concrete home.
		This site and the folks at Concrete Home are here to offer you ICF information and education, along with support and friendly advice.
	www.concrete-home.com (378 words)

	Roman Concrete Research by David Moore
		This site is dedicated to understanding the beauty and longevity of construction by the Romans, especially their use of pozzolan based concrete, also known as Roman concrete.
		Describes the reasons why Roman concrete caught the interest of the author and its special characteristics that are still being studied today.
		Provides background information on David Moore and information on his companion web site, www.battleofsaipan.com which is dedicated to preserving the history of those who served in WWII and providng useful information to vetrans who are getting on in years.
	www.romanconcrete.com (361 words)

	CANOE -- CNEWS - Canada: Concrete from bridge smashes SUV
		A rail overpass on Riverside Dr., where a chunk of concrete fell off and crashed through a passing vehicle's windshield yesterday was visually inspected two weeks ago and deemed safe, according to a CN Rail spokesman.
		Any sections of concrete in danger of falling were chipped away and removed by the engineers yesterday.
		A Via Rail official said the steel and concrete overpass was deemed structurally sound immediately after the incident and trains continued to use it throughout the day en route to Toronto.
	cnews.canoe.ca /CNEWS/Canada/2006/12/12/2753904-sun.html (547 words)

	Concrete - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Concrete can also be prestressed (reducing tensile stress) using steel cables, allowing for beams or slabs with a longer span than is practical with reinforced concrete alone.
		Hydration and hardening of concrete during the first three days is critical and abnormally fast drying and shrinkage due to factors such as evaporation from wind during placement may lead to increased tensile stresses at a time when it has not yet gained significant strength, resulting in shrinkage cracks.
		Concrete debris was once routinely shipped to landfills for disposal, but recycling has a number of benefits that have made it a more attractive option in this age of greater environmental awareness, more environmental laws, and the desire to keep construction costs down.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Concrete (4628 words)

	Concrete
		Concrete is a structural material which consists of Portland cement, aggregate (sand and rock), and water (to make the chemical reaction called hydration occur.) Concrete can sometimes contain other substances, such as fly ash from industrial smoke stacks, which can change its properties.
		When the concrete comes to the job site in a ready-mix truck, the contractor places some of the batch in cylinders which are 6 inches in diameter and 12 inches in height.
		Concrete is very important material for the civil engineer designing in Florida because steel is not readily available and can be very expensive to bring to the site.
	www.ce.ufl.edu /activities/cdrom/civil/concrete.html (897 words)

	Concrete (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although concrete is considered to be a durable construction material it is subject to deterioration caused by a number of factors which range from poor workmanship and materials to environmental effects.
		Concrete is subject to deterioration caused by absorption of moisture and thermal expansion and contraction.
		Surface concrete loss in pieces of various sizes is called spalling and is caused when expansive forces inside and near the surface of concrete act along a weak plane or create a weakened plane.
	www.nps.gov /goga/history/seaforts/chap9&10/concrete.htm (2399 words)

	Concrete (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The advantages of concrete, however, go well beyond economy of construction, for it is possible to fashion shapes out of concrete that cannot be achieved by masonry construction, especially the huge vaulted and domed ceilings (without internal supports) that the Romans came to prefer over the post-and-lintel structures of the Greeks and Etruscans.
		Concrete mixtures are "designed" by specialized laboratories and mixed in strictly controlled proportions in concrete plants from which they are carried to the site in the revolving drums of large trucks, that keep mixing them en route.
		Concrete samples in the shape of cylinders or cubes are taken from each truckload and tested for compressive strength after seven and twenty-eight days.
	ah.bfn.org /a/DCTNRY/mat/conc/conc.html (1128 words)

	Concrete (comics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Concrete is a comic book series created and written by Paul Chadwick and published by Dark Horse Comics.
		The series focuses on the adventures of Concrete: a man, Ron Lithgow, whose brain was involuntarily transplanted by aliens who captured him into an alien body which is made up of a substance that closely resembles concrete.
		After a prolonged period of scientific tests and examinations, he was allowed to live on his own with the cover story that he was a cyborg constructed by the government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Concrete_(comics) (338 words)

	ArtLex on Concrete
		The more general use of the term refers to the concrete building material, which is extremely heavy and durable when set.
		The strength of concrete increases when the amount of cement in the mixture increases, the amount of water relative to cement decreases, the density of the concrete is higher, and the aggregate is coarser.
		For a pad or footings for outdoor sculpture, an excellent concrete mixture will be achieved at these ratios (by volume): 1 part cement, 1 part sand, 2 parts gravel; although 1:2:3 is suitable for most applications; and 1:2.5:4 is adequate for basic foundations.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/c/concrete.html (351 words)

	Concrete
		Pier foundations use far less concrete than poured full-height foundation walls or slab-on-grade foundations (be sure to provide adequate insulation and air sealing details at the floor system).
		Consolidate placed concrete using mechanical vibrating equipment with hand rodding and tamping, so that concrete is worked around reinforcement and other embedded items and into forms.
		Protect concrete from physical damage, reduced strength or weathering resistance due to weather extremes during mixing, placement and curing.
	designcoalition.org /orders/ecospecs/DIV03/Concrete.htm (1810 words)

	Concrete
		When using concrete, it is often beneficial to use Concrete Admixtures, which can impact the concrete's workability, curing temperature range, set time, or color.
		Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) are rigid plastic foam forms that hold concrete in place during curing and remain in place to serve as thermal insulation for concrete walls.
		Precast concrete foundation panels are cast and cured in a controlled factory environment.
	www.pathnet.org /sp.asp?id=14138 (570 words)

	Concrete Driveways \| Concrete Walkways (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A: The professional standard for pouring concrete is that you should not use less than a five sack mix (five sacks of cement per cubic yard) or a compressive strength of not less then 2800 PSI for a driveway.
		Concrete should be a minimum thickness of four inches and placed on a well compacted surface.
		Expansion joints should be placed so that no section of concrete exceeds 150 square feet and so the joints are no farther apart in length than twice the width.
	www.servicemagic.com /article.show.Pouring-Concrete-Driveway-or-Walkway.11281.html (222 words)

	Pervious Concrete Pavements: The Environmentally Friendly Choice
		Rather than building them with conventional concrete or asphalt, more and more communities, municipalities, and businesses are switching to pervious concrete—a material that offers the inherent durability and low life-cycle costs of a typical concrete pavement while retaining stormwater runoff and replenishing local watershed systems.
		Instead of preventing infiltration of water into the soil, pervious concrete assists the process by capturing rainwater in a network of voids and allowing it to percolate into the underlying soil.
		In many cases, pervious concrete roadways and parking lots can double as water retention structures, reducing or eliminating the need for traditional stormwater management systems such as retention ponds and sewer tie-ins.
	www.concretenetwork.com /pervious (454 words)

	Concrete casts new light in dull rooms - optics.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A wall made of “LitraCon” allegedly has the strength of traditional concrete but thanks to an embedded array of glass fibers can display a view of the outside world, such as the silhouette of a tree, for example.
		The hope is that the new material will transform the interior appearance of concrete buildings by making them feel light and airy rather than dark and heavy.
		The concrete with optical fibers were significantly less than half the strength of the control.
	optics.org /articles/news/10/3/10/1 (960 words)

	Sculptor.Org - Concrete Sculptors and Sculpture
		The concrete mosaic sculptured birdbaths evolved with the scraps recycled into one of a kind native wildflower steppingstones.
		Concrete art The Record.com Just steps from a busy highway whisking cottagers and tourists to a waterfront getaway in nearby Goderich stand nearly two dozen whimsical folk art sculptures, created more than 50 years ago by George Laithwaite.
		Aerated Concrete Corporation of America is the largest AAC manufacturing plant in the nation, with 245,000 sq.
	www.sculptor.org /Sculptors/Concrete.htm (2127 words)

	Houses of the Future
		Concrete’s inherent thermal mass and its ability to be cast into curvilinear forms is incorporated to provide appropriate comfort conditions and a series of enclosed spaces in the house.
		The concrete shell structure empowers occupants to personalise their dwelling, as it is robust enough to undergo many changes.
		The use of pre-made cylindrical components in the Concrete House is a direct reference to Japanese architect Shigeru Ban and his architecture of cardboard cylinders (only this house uses concrete cylinders instead).
	www.housesofthefuture.com.au /hof_houses02.html (1025 words)

	Calculating A Concrete Order - How Much Concrete Will Be Needed To Pour A Slab - B4UBUILD.COM
		One cubic yard of concrete would fill a container that is 1 yard by 1 yard by 1 yard or 3 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet or 27 cubic feet.
		In order to determine the amount of concrete that you will need for your project, you will first need to determine the volume of the space that will be filled with concrete.
		However, since concrete is generally ordered by the cubic yard - in America - that number still needs to be divided by 27 cubic feet (3-feet x 3-feet x 3-feet) in order to arrive at the number of cubic yards.
	www.b4ubuild.com /faq/faq_0005.shtml (521 words)

	Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Concrete
		Concrete was in the first six issues, all even-numbered issues for the next couple of years, and sporadically afterward.
		And like The Thing, Concrete did become a superhero of sorts, but not one that went around seeking confrontations with world-conquering villains and the like.
		Concrete was popular enough to begin appearing in his own title even while still a regular in Dark Horse Presents.
	www.toonopedia.com /concrete.htm (535 words)

	FlyingConcrete Structural and Sculptural forms in Light Weight Concrete
		Concrete is a plastic medium and has incredible potential for creating fluid, sculptural forms.
		I will admit that some of the dullest structures around are made of concrete but dullness isn't a limitation inherent in the material.
		As the accompanying photographs demonstrate, the builder's imagination may be the greatest limitation of its use as a sculptural medium.
	www.geocities.com /flyingconcrete (95 words)

	Concrete (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The amount of water in the mix in pounds compared with the amount of cement is called the water/cement ratio.
		The lower the w/c ratio, the stronger the concrete.
		Portland cement, the basic ingredient of concrete, is a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and small amounts of other ingredients to which gypsum is added in the final grinding process to regulate the setting time of the concrete.
	www.hutchpaving.com /Concrete.htm (215 words)

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