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Topic: Concurrent Majority

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	Red Ted Keeps a Diary: Concurrent Majority?
		John C. Calhoun, elitist, racist, and brillian logician, argued that society should be governed by a "concurrent majority, that in any situation where society was clearly divided into to distinct and differing interests that any major decision must be approved by both.
		As part of the Northern concession to the South during the Progressive Era, the concurrent majority was added to a number of Senate procedures.
		Thus, even though the concurrent majority and the senate filibuster were used by a racist minority in order to maintain local elites, they also served, and could still serve, a larger purpose as a stabilizing flywheel for the republic.
	www.redted.us /diary/archives/2005/04/concurrent_majo.html (541 words)

	[No title]
		The majority report, and minority report, if there be one, together with the names of the signers thereof, shall be read by the secretary, unless the reading be dispensed with by the senate, and all committee reports shall be spread upon the journal.
		Concurrent resolutions shall be subject to the rules governing the course of bills and may be adopted without a roll call.
		Concurrent resolutions authorizing investigations and authorizing the expenditure or allocation of any money must be adopted by roll call and the yeas and nays recorded in the journal.
	www.leg.wa.gov /pub/admin/senate/rules_senate_1999.txt (5749 words)

	Strategies/Concurrent Engineering
		Concurrent engineering is a business strategy which replaces the traditional product development process with one in which tasks are done in parallel and there is an early consideration for every aspect of a pr oduct's development process.
		Concurrent engineering is indisputably the wave of the future for new product development for all companies regardless of their size, sophistication, or product portfolio.
		Concurrent engineering is a business strategy which replaces the traditional product developm ent process with one in which tasks are done in parallel and there is an early consideration for ever y aspect of a product's development process.
	best.me.berkeley.edu /~pps/pps/concurrent.html (1140 words)

	joint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A joint session of the senate and house of representatives may be called by concurrent resolution adopted by the affirmative vote of not less than a majority of the members elected (or appointed) and qualified in each house of the legislature or as may otherwise be prescribed by law.
		When a bill or concurrent resolution is returned to the house of origin with amendments by the other house, the house of origin may: (1) Concur in such amendments; (2) refuse to concur in such amendments; or (3) refuse to concur in such amendments and request a conference on the bill or concurrent resolution.
		When a bill or concurrent resolution is returned by either house to the house of origin with amendments, and the house of origin refuses to concur or to nonconcur therein, a conference may be requested by a majority vote of the members present and voting.
	www.ink.org /public/house_secretary/joint.rules.html (2054 words)

	CALHDISQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nor would the fact that the former would constitute a majority of the community, counteract a tendency originating in the constitution of man; and which, as such, cannot depend on the number by whom the powers of the government may be wielded.
		the government of the concurrent majority, where the organism is perfect, excludes the possibility of oppression, by giving to each interest, or portion, or order, - where there are established classes, - the means of protecting itself, by its negative, against all measures calculated to advance the peculiar interests of others at its expense.
		To show, then, that the government of the concurrent majority is better calculated to fulfill them than that of the numerical, it is only necessary to explain why the former is better suited to combine a higher degree of power and a wider scope of liberty than the latter.
	www.skidmore.edu /~tkuroda/hi324/CALHDISQ.htm (5507 words)

	Calhoun
		The dominant majority, for the time, would, in reality, through the right of suffrage, be the rulers-the controlling, governing, and irresponsible power; and those who make and execute the laws would, for the time, be, in reality, but their representatives and agents.
		On the contrary, the government of the concurrent majority, where the organism is perfect, excludes the possibility of oppression, by giving to each interest, or portion, or order--where there are established classes-- the means of protecting itself, by its negative, against all measures calculated to advance the peculiar interests of others at its expense.
		The concurrent majority, then, is better suited to enlarge and secure the bounds of liberty, because it is better suited to prevent government from passing beyond its proper limits, and to restrict it to its primary end--the protection of the community.
	socsci.colorado.edu /~bairdv/Calhoun.htm (11043 words)

	Excerpt from Disquisition on Government
		To this the major party would oppose a liberal construction — one which would give to the words of the grant the broadest meaning of which they were susceptible.
		The necessary consequence of taking the sense of the community by the concurrent majority is, as has been explained, to give to each interest or portion of the community a negative on the others.
		The numerical majority is as truly a single power, and excludes the negative as completely as the absolute government of one, or of the few.
	cstl-cla.semo.edu /walling/CalhounDisq.htm (888 words)

	US Political Thought, Notes on Calhoun's A Disquisition on Government
		Numerical majority: When “one regards numbers only and considers the whole community as a unit having but one common interest throughout, and collects the sense of the greater number of the whole as that of the community” (276).
		Concurrent majority: “It is this mutual negative among its various conflicting interests which invests each with the power of protecting itself, and places the rights and safety of each where only they can be securely placed, under its own guardianship.
		Thus while the principle of numerical majority divides the community in two, that of the concurrent majority “tends to unite the most opposite and conflicting interests and to blend the whole in one common attachment to the country” (279-280).
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~jboland/calhoun.html (2077 words)

	Joint Rules - 2005-2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The committee on Rules, together with the presiding officers of the two branches, acting concurrently, may consider and suggest such measures as shall, in their judgment, tend to facilitate the business of the session and a majority vote of the two branches shall be required to approve such recommendations.
		The committees on Rules of the two branches, acting concurrently, shall have authority to prescribe the manner and form of keeping the dockets of legislative counsel and agents which are required by law.
		Such extension shall be granted by a concurrent majority vote if recommended by the committees on Rules of the two branches, acting concurrently; but no such extension shall be granted, against the recommendation of the said committees, except by a four-fifths vote of the members of each branch present and voting thereon.
	www.mass.gov /legis/jtrules.htm (6369 words)

	97-1355. Laurie VanWagoner v. Beverly Enterpris...
		Along with the majority of appellate courts that have addressed this issue, we have previously adhered to the rule that the circuit courts and the commission have concurrent jurisdiction to determine the applicability of workers' compensation laws to a given case.
		Yet, the new rule adopted by the majority retains concurrent jurisdiction when "the facts are so one-sided that theissue is no longer one of fact but one of law." The new rule does not abolish concurrent jurisdiction, and the alleged weaknesses associated with it, but merely changes the basis on which it exists.
		As I understand the majority opinion, the circuit court still has jurisdiction to determine whether the facts in an intentional-tort case are "so one-sided that the issue is no longer one of fact but one of law." In sum, the new rule adopted by the majority, creates more questions than answers.
	courts.state.ar.us /opinions/1998a/980702/97-1355.html (2053 words)

	Statement on the Electoral College by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		John C. Calhoun referred to them as concurrent majorities, and while he often spoke only of the States and the Federal governments, he perceived a self-evident property of our constitutional arrangements to be found everywhere.
		Concurrent majorities are also required between sufficient majorities in both Houses of Congress and the Presidency to enact a law, and the President himself comes to office by having achieved a majority of the electoral votes cast.
		That is the fate of democracies where it is not necessarily to win a majority of the vote for the first time out, and where it becomes possible to take the chance on winning a majority in the runoff.
	www.ashbrook.org /articles/moynihan-electoralcollege.html (3927 words)

	Calhoun, Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This concurrent majority not only serves as a necessary check on the dictates of the numerical majority, but is also the negative principle that distinguishes constitutional from absolute governments.
		But, as such is not the case—as the numerical majority, instead of being the people, is only a portion of them—such a government, instead of being a true and perfect model of the people’s government, that is, a people self-governed, is but the government of a part, over a part—the major over the minor portion.
		On the contrary, the government of the concurrent majority, where the organism is perfect, excludes the possibility of oppression, by giving to each interest, or portion, or order—where there are established classes—the means of protecting itself, by its negative, against all measures calculated to advance the peculiar interests of others at its expense.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0007 (14859 words)

	Joint Rules of the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives
		Bills or joint or concurrent resolutions that are reported shall be filed in sextuplicate with the clerk of the house where the bill or joint or concurrent resolution originated.
		A question in a committee of conference shall be decided by at least a majority of the members on the part of the Senate and a majority of the members on the part of the House.
		Whenever a bill or joint or concurrent resolution is passed or adopted in one house and sent to the other and a substitute therefor is agreed to by such house, in the communications between the houses, such substitutes shall be designated and treated as an amendment to the original bill or resolution.
	www.legislature.state.oh.us /jointrules.cfm (2916 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Again a majority of the city dwellers who voted approved the charter, a majority of the noncity voters disapproved it, and an aggregate majority of all those in the county who voted approved it.
		If the major premise were demonstrably correct - if it were clear that all voters in Niagara County have substantially identical interests in the adoption of a new county charter, regardless of where they reside within the county - the District Court's judgment would have to be affirmed under our prior cases.
		IX was again amended to provide that any change in county government had to be approved by a majority of the noncity voters, voting as a group, and by a majority of the city voters, voting as a group.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=430&invol=259 (3959 words)

	Brendan O'Duffy - Self Determination and Conflict Regulation in Sri Lanka, Northern Ireland and beyond
		Since that time the (Protestant) unionist majority was adamant that their irredentist claim over Northern Ireland be removed from the Irish Constitution as the condition for any power-sharing deal with the (Catholic) nationalist minority (then 35% of the population) of Northern Ireland.
		It should also be noted that hi-national, concurrent majority principle is operative at subsidiary levels of governance, both within the power-sharing executive (now suspended) and at the confederal level in terms of decision-rules within the North-South Ministerial Council.
		In this sense, the nation-state goals are reversed as the IRA was fighting for the achievement of territorial reunification, claiming to fulfill the constitutional imperative to unity (Article 2 and 3) and consistent with a central ambition of the dominant party in Ireland: Fianna Fail.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/tamileelam/0305duffy.htm (5635 words)

	Government by the People 2001-2002 Edition Chapter 9 -- People Debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		the principle of concurrent majority is, has been, and was intended to be the American idea of democracy because the size of the popular vote is not sufficient to maintain liberty.”.
		concurrent majorities—in one part of the country and another part of the country, and yet another part, all defined in terms of several States.
		I remarked that the Founders devised our system with the idea of a network of concurrent majorities which would be required to exercise power.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/burns7/chapter9/essay25/deluxe-content.html (666 words)

	Calhoun, A Disquisition on Government ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The concurrent majority, then, is better suited to enlarge and secure the bounds of liberty, because it is better suited to prevent government from passing beyond its proper limits, and to restrict it to its primary end—the protection of the community.
		In the case of governments of the concurrent majority, there is, besides these, the love of country, than which, if not counteracted by the unequal and oppressive action of government, or other causes, few motives exert a greater sway.
		While this continues to be the case, it must, in governments of the numerical majority, lead to party struggles; and, as has been shown, to all the consequences, which necessarily follow in their train, and, against which, the only remedy is the concurrent majority.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0355 (15338 words)

	Java theory and practice: Garbage collection in the HotSpot JVM
		One can measure an object's age in wall-clock seconds, in total bytes allocated by the memory management subsystem since the object was allocated, or the number of garbage collections since the object was allocated.
		In particular, copying collectors perform quite well when the majority of objects die young, since copying collectors do not visit dead objects at all; they simply copy the live objects to another heap region, then reclaim the whole of the remaining space in one fell swoop.
		The parallel copying collector and concurrent mark-sweep collector are basically concurrent versions of the default copying and mark-compact collectors.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/java/library/j-jtp11253 (2814 words)

	Causes of the Civil War
		The defeat of the Wilmot Proviso, which was intended to prevent the extension of slavery, and the struggle over it in Congress brought the conflict to a head; the refusal of both the Whig and Democratic parties to endorse the principles of the proviso convinced opposition groups of the need for a new party.
		Calhoun defended the South was through his elaboration of the idea of a "concurrent majority," most famously in his "Disquisition on Government." According to Calhoun, a concurrent majority on any issue is one composed of a concurrence of the most important minority interests in society.
		According to Calhoun, numerical majorities were as selfish and rapacious as individual men when it came to trampling on minority interests--thus, his solution: the concurrent majority.
	www.civilwarhistory.com /slavetrade/causes.htm (15367 words)

	The Ordinances of Province II
		Either House may initiate action, but the concurrent majority of both Houses, voting either separately or together, shall be necessary to constitute the will of the Synod.
		The Chancellor shall be nominated by the President, and elected by a concurrent majority of all votes cast in each House in the Synod.
		The concurrent vote of the two orders by not less than a majority of those voting in each order shall be necessary to constitute a vote in the House of Deputies.
	www.province2.org /ordinanc.html (1660 words)

	Amazon.com: Calhoun and Popular Rule: The Political Theory of the Disquisition and Discourse: Books: H. Lee Cheek Jr. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cheek's effort is a poignant, well-written, and cogent elucidation on the Disquisition, the Discourse, and the principle of the concurrent majority.
		The final chapter, `Restoring the Concurrent Republic,' is an astute capsule of Calhoun's political theory and his labors to recover the concurrent majority within the American political tradition.
		The search for the concurrent majority in popular rule represents an endeavor of restoration and preservation since it embraces mutual negatives and institutional checks and balances while guarding against the tyranny of King Numbers or majoritarian tyranny.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0826213332?v=glance (2896 words)

	Chapter 2 Learning Objectives - The Constitution:
		Electoral college: The body of electors, whose composition is determined by the results of the general election, that chooses the president and vice president.
		Fiscal federalism: The principle that the federal government should play a major role in financing some of the activities of state and local government.
		Majority tyranny: A situation in which the majority use its advantage in numbers to suppress the rights of the minority.
	www.campbell.edu /faculty/Slattery/gov229/2a.htm (843 words)

	The Electoral College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For while he obtained an electoral majority, his vice presidential running mate (one Richard Johnson) was considered so objectionable by some of the Democratic-Republican Electors that he failed to obtain the necessary majority of electoral votes to become vice president.
		In the event no one obtains an absolute majority of electoral votes for president, the U.S. House of Representatives (as the chamber closest to the people) selects the president from among the top three contenders with each State casting only one vote and an absolute majority of the States being required to elect.
		Conversely, the major parties have every incentive to absorb minor party movements in their continual attempt to win popular majorities in the States.
	jceb.co.jackson.mo.us /fun_stuff/electoral_college.htm (7429 words)

	H-Net Review: John M. Sacher on Calhoun and Popular Rule: The Political Theory of the ...
		The concurrent majority provides the best method for the states to protect their citizens from the national government.
		According to Calhoun, the concurrent majority has the virtue of allowing both the state and the federal government to check the other's abuse of power, thereby protecting the citizens from undue restrictions on their liberty.
		Second, Cheek does not address the problem that John Niven and others have pointed out regarding the concurrent majority's protection of minority rights.[1] While the system prevents the tyranny of the majority at the national level, it does not address the tyranny of the majority at the state level.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=235311036740387 (1310 words)

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