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Topic: Conditions of possibility

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Certain Doubts » Epistemic Possibility I’ve found it best to “epistemic possibility” to mean the kind of possibility that certain modal sentences — “It’s possible that P[ind]” (the subscript “ind” indicates that the embedded P is in the indicative mood) and some others — typically express. More generally, for any conditions on epistemic possiblity C, any reasonaby informed person S will realize that C is consistent with it being logically impossible to discover that ~T. S should therefore conclude that, for any set of conditions C, C is not sufficient to conclude that ~T is epistemically possible. She can conceive of ~T’s impossibility, so she doesn’t skeptic-know that ~T is epistemically possible–whatever belief she might have that it is epistemically possible can’t be held beyond all conceivable doubt. bengal-ng.missouri.edu /~kvanvigj/certain_doubts/index.php?p=148

Kant's Theory of a Priori Knowledge: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data The prevailing interpretation of Kant';s First Critique in Anglo-American philosophy views his theory of a priori knowledge as basically a theory about the possibility of empirical knowledge (or experience), or the a priori conditions for that possibility (the representations of space and time and the categories). He also argues that K's transcendental metaphysics should be evaluated independently of the conditions of the possibility of (apriori) knowledge. Instead, Robert Greenberg argues that Kant is more fundamentally concerned with the possibility of a priori knowledge--the very possibility of the possibility of empirical knowledge in the first place. www.negative-procreative.biz /stuff-0271020830.html

IHGG: Subjunctive - The Conditional The first is the so-called 'open' conditional - used where there is a real possibility of the conditions being met. where there is little or no possibility of the conditions being met. The only form of the subjunctive used to express the conditional is the Konjunktiv II. www.travlang.com /languages/german/ihgg/condit.htm

Nat' Academies Press, Frontiers in High Energy Density Physics: The X-Games of Contemporary Science (2003) It will maintain the flexibility afforded by a multibeam laser system but will generate much more extreme conditions than currently possible, including the possibility of obtaining fusion ignition. The pulse duration, focal spot size, energy, and, in the case of multiple beam systems, the pointing can all be varied to optimize the experimental conditions. Many of these conditions are described in this chapter, with astrophysically relevant high energy density conditions described in Chapter 2. www.nap.edu /openbook/030908637X/html/104.html   (656 words)

Classis Latine MXIII: Subjunctive DEPENDENT USAGES: The subjunctive, as the verb of a DEPENDENT CLAUSE, is employed according to the construction of the sentence and the SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. The optative subjunctive is employed to express a wish on the part of the speaker. The potential subjunctive is employed to express the possibility that some event could occur or some statement could be true. www.uark.edu /depts/latin/subjunctive.html   (656 words)

existmol.htm Moreover, even the range of future possibilities for one's being are determined existentially, or in time, both by what the individual contingently inherits from the past and by their own response to these conditions. The joint pedagogical significance of radical evil and the possibility of moral revolution; relation to the moral significance of eschatology; the theme of good works in moral religion; an argument for the 'eschatological requirement' of the possibility of revolution in ultimate moral character. If this possibility were true, then every other set of persons God could have actualized would be more depraved in their actions, because their counterfactuals of freedom ensure it, than the set of persons existing in this the actual world. www.fordham.edu /philosophy/davenport/texts/existmol.htm   (18005 words)

Introduction What this shows is that there is a possible pattern of individual preference orderings such that a social ordering derived from them which satisfies the Pareto and independence conditions must be dictatorial if it is to be consistent.   Consider the set of preferences presented in Table 3, which was used in the proof of the impossibility theorem. In the proof of the impossibility theorem, the three groups of agents were assumed to have preferences as shown above. www.staff.city.ac.uk /andy.denis/research/thesis/03.htm   (18005 words)

BBC - h2g2 - Arrow's Possibility Theorem The situation to which the possibility theorem applies is when there is a society of citizens, a set of policies which they are going to vote on such that each citizen has certain preferences about the different policies. The proof of the theorem proceeds by assuming that the social welfare function is neither imposed nor dictatorial, from which is derived a contradiction, proving that any social welfare function satisfying the first three conditions is either imposed or dictatorial. The simplest example is the case of a general election (or presidential election for Americans) where there are various candidates (these are the policies) standing for election and each citizen casts a vote for their preferred candidate (who they cast their vote for represents their preference). www.bbc.co.uk /h2g2/guide/A520372   (18005 words)

IES - xxxx - Collective Choice Theory Secondly, we examine the meaning of the framework, that is the choice function used, conditions imposed, rationalities and consistencies required, the meaning of the impossibility result induced from the axiomatic framework. We first concentrate to survey on various types of impossibility theorems, originally presented by Arrow. Grether, D. and Plott, C. R., “Nonbinary social choice: An Impossibility Theorem,” Review of Economic Studies, 49, pp.143-149 ies.fsv.cuni.cz /index.php?module=sylab&action=sylab&id_sylab=141&lng=en_GB   (18005 words)

[physics/0312078] Sensitive dependence on initial conditions in transition to turbulence in pipe flow We quantify a sensitive dependence on initial conditions and find in a statistical analysis that in the transition region the distribution of turbulent lifetimes follows an exponential law. We here relate this behaviour to the possibility that the transition to turbulence is connected with the formation of a chaotic saddle in the phase space of the system. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions in transition to turbulence in pipe flow arxiv.org /abs/physics/0312078   (18005 words)

Comorbidity - AspiesForFreedom The Axis II personality disorders are often criticized because their comorbidity rates are excessively high, approaching 60% in some cases, indicating to critics the possibility that these categories of mental illness are too imprecisely distinguished to be usefully valid for diagnostic purposes and, thus, for deciding how treatment resources should be allocated. In autism there are a number of common comorbid conditions. On the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Axis I, depression is a very common comorbid disorder. aspiesforfreedom.com /wiki/index.php?title=Comorbidity   (220 words)

CAPER status Launch conditions from the viewpoints of geomagnetic activity and viewing conditions at LYR was favourable, but the winds at ARR were not favourable. Launch conditions from the viewpoints of geomagnetic activity, viewing conditions at LYR, and winds at ARR were not favourable. The forecast for Thursday morning is steady temperatures with clouds until the end of the window followed by falling temperatures and clearing skies after the window. www.rocketrange.no /campaigns/completed/caper/caper_status.html   (678 words)

Reconstruction 5.1 (Winter 2005) If we are to consider the criterion of rationality as a mere possibility of learning through argumentation (and mistakes) then it is too thin a conception of rationality to be of any use for deciding the substantive claims such as the possibility of moral progress in human history. Lifeworld is rationalised to the extent that it fulfils the conditions necessary for the release of the rationality potential inherent in linguistic communication. Thus the theory of evolution 'adjudicates' between the rationality levels of the 'reasons' of different historical periods and even within the same period by determining to what extent they realise the objective conditions that make the realisation of the universal structures of rationality possible. www.reconstruction.ws /051/rizvi.shtml   (678 words)

FlexPDE User's Forum: Neumann boundary condition If all the boundary conditions are Neumann conditions, there is a possibility that the system is ill-posed, and has many solutions. The finite element equations are all based on integrals over mesh cells, and it is best wherever possible to impose distributed conditions, either values along a segment of the boundary, or integral constraints, or distributed sources and sinks. So the answer to your question depends on more than merely the statement that the boundary conditions are all derivative conditions. www.pdesolutions.com /cgi-bin/discus/show.cgi?tpc=4&post=8   (219 words)

FlexPDE User's Forum: Neumann boundary condition If all the boundary conditions are Neumann conditions, there is a possibility that the system is ill-posed, and has many solutions. The finite element equations are all based on integrals over mesh cells, and it is best wherever possible to impose distributed conditions, either values along a segment of the boundary, or integral constraints, or distributed sources and sinks. So the answer to your question depends on more than merely the statement that the boundary conditions are all derivative conditions. www.pdesolutions.com /cgi-bin/discus/show.cgi?tpc=4&post=8   (219 words)

Feminism Now The conditions of possibility for freedom for women, including in their emotional and sexual relations, are in dialectical relation to class and economic necessity—that is, to the material conditions within which their society produces its needs and their position within the social relations of production and division of labor. The conditions of production, both the forces of production and the relations in which they are organized, therefore, determine both the historical development of need themselves and the way in which they are fulfilled. As the forces of production have developed, and capitalist production has expanded, this has changed the social division of labor and, in doing so, it requires new subjectivities and new modalities of "interpersonal relations" to help maintain conditions for production for profit. www.geocities.com /redtheory/redcritique/MarchApril02/feminismnow.htm   (219 words)

15293-8.txt Geographic conditions influence the economic and social development of a people by the abundance, paucity, or general character of the natural resources, by the local ease or difficulty of securing the necessaries of life, and by the possibility of industry and commerce afforded by the environment. Local geographic conditions within the Swiss territory fixed the national ideal as a league of "sovereign cantons," to use the term of their constitution, enjoying a maximum of individual rights and privileges, and tolerating a minimum of interference from the central authority. He has either interpreted them as the direct effect of some geographic cause from which they were wholly divorced and thus arrived at conclusions which further investigation failed to sustain; or seeing no direct and obvious connection, he has denied the possibility of a generalization. www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/5/2/9/15293/15293-8.txt   (219 words)

Tieszen=Husserl.doc It does not itself seek empirical facts about human subjectivity but is concerned with necessary conditions for the possibility of such facts. This, in effect, gives us the a priori conditions for the possibility of the empirical science of the domain. While mathematics and logic set the standard for what is clear, distinct, and precise, the empirical sciences deal with indistinct or vague typifications of or generalizations from sense experience. www.nd.edu /~hps/Tieszen=Husserl.doc   (6094 words)

A.L. Moxon Honorary Lectures, Special Circular 167-99,Involvement of Selenium in the Regulation of Viral Virulence In the case of coxsackievirus B3, it seems that something quite like the CVB3/20 strain is favored to grow under conditions of increased oxidative stress. This possibility could perhaps be tested by determining the effect of coxsackievirus on normal and deficient heart muscle cells cultured in vitro. The first possibility was consistent with the fact that coxsackievirus is known to exert a direct cytotoxic effect on heart muscle cells (Chow et al., 1992; Ruppert et al., 1994). ohioline.osu.edu /sc167/sc167_08.html   (6094 words)

science_right.txt It is further necessary to unfold, from the principles of the pure juridically practical reason involved in the conception, the juridical acquisition proper of an object- that is, the external mine and thine that follows from the two previous conditions, as rational possession (possessio noumenon). It is thus, as it were, a representative construction of the conception of right, by exhibiting it in a pure intuitive perception a priori, after the analogy of the possibility of the free motions of bodies under the physical law of the equality of action and reaction. That this is the true and only possible deduction of the idea of acquisition by contract is sufficiently attested by the laborious yet always futile striving of writers on jurisprudence such as Moses Mendelssohn in his Jerusalem- to adduce a proof of its rational possibility. www.student.liu.se /~bjoch509/works/kant/science_right.txt   (16022 words)

A QUESTION FOR EXPRESSIVISTS Paul Horwich argues, drawing on his minimalist view of truth, that it follows from the point, granted by expressivists and their foes alike, that ethical sentences are meaningful, grammatically declarative ones, that they are truth apt, are truth assessable, or have truth conditions (for our purposes we need not distinguish these three notions). It would, that is, be too quick to point out that indicative conditionals are sentences we produce as a result of our learned mastery of a natural language, and then conclude without further ado that they have truth conditions on the ground that they must, being convention-governed, express beliefs. And we have said nothing to rule out this possibility, though we would insist that the onus of proof does not lie with us. philrsss.anu.edu.au /people-defaults/fcj/Expressivism.html   (5730 words)

Sudden climate changes in the recent geological record Again, the speed with which these climate transitions occurred is unclear through lack of detailed time resolution in these older records, but the possibility that these changes occurred over only a few decades must be considered a possibility. The Little Ice Age was thus just another climate oscillation (fairly small by comparison with many of the events recorded in ice cores and sediment records) which gave cooler conditions over the lands around the North Atlantic between about 700 and 200 years ago. The cold events seemed to last a few thousand years, and the magnitude of cooling was similar to the difference between glacial and interglacial conditions; a very dramatic contrast in climate. www.esd.ornl.gov /projects/qen/transit.html   (14285 words)

Abiogenesis: The First Frontier Abiogenesis is an attempt to explain the origin of life without considering the possiblity of direct intervention in this origin by a "creator", however it would not nullify the possibility that a "creator" existed for steps leading up to abiogenesis (such as creation of the cosmos, formation of the planets, etc). Abiogenesis is basically an attempt to explain the origin of life while nullifying the possibility of a creator. Early Abiogenesis Experiments: Perhaps most influential to the study of Abiogenesis is the famous Stanley Miller experiment in which he ran large currents of electricity through a container of what he believed to represent the conditions of prebiotic earth. www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/652312/posts   (5836 words)

God in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason In contrast, Kant calls the concepts of pure reason 'transcendental ideas.' He defines an idea as "a concept formed from notions and transcending the possibility of experience."11 There is no empirical element in transcendental ideas. He defines reason and its proper scope in terms of the 'conditions of possible experience' or the 'conditions of the possible cognition of objects.'1 These conditions are transcendental, which means that they have to do with the elaboration of rules for what could be the content of any objective cognition. By discussing transcendental conditions Kant is shifting from speaking in terms of content, as traditionally done, to speaking in terms of method. www.mun.ca /phil/codgito/vol3/v3doc1.html   (5836 words)

Quah, John K.-H.: The Weak Axiom and Comparative Statics A related issue is the possibility of local comparative statics; in particular, the paper examines conditions which guarantee that when an economy's endowment is perturbed, the equilibrium price will move in a direction opposite to that of the perturbation. A distinguishing feature of this paper's approach is the heavy use of the indirect utility function, though we also provide results that allow for the translation of conditions imposed on indirect utility functions to conditions imposed on direct utility functions. Session: C-9-5 Monday 14 August 2000 by Quah, John K.-H. This paper examines conditions which guarantee that the excess demand function of an exchange economy will satisfy the weak axiom in an open neighborhood of a given equilibrium price. www.nuff.ox.ac.uk /users/doornik/eswc2000/a/0437.html   (5836 words)

A BRIEF GLOSSARY OF MODALITY Epistemic modality may also be subdivided according to (i) the speaker’s judgments of necessity and possibility (including the two above categories), and (ii) evidentiality (expressed explicitly by evidentials), the evidential basis for what is said (Keifer 2517b). agent-oriented modality: a supercategory proposed by Bybee (1985) and used by used by Bybee and Fleischman (1995: 5) applying to all modalities in which conditions are predicated on an agent (obligation, desire, ability, permission and root possibility). Modal auxiliaries (i) attribute properties to the subject of a sentence, (ii) determine the illocutionary potential of a sentence (the range of illoc. wwwesterni.unibg.it /anglistica/slin/modgloss.htm   (5836 words)

NHS Direct seeks partners for remote care pilots Another possibility is that NHS Direct could act as the provider of some services to patients with long term conditions either by providing proactive advice or information or by offering an NHS Direct number to patients with long term conditions. NHS Direct is also keen to use its website and interactive TV services to support care of patients with long term conditions. NHS Direct already provides symptomatic advice and health information to some patients with long-term conditions, through its 0845 4647 number. www.ehiprimarycare.com /news/item.cfm?ID=1170   (232 words)

Overview of conditions, 2 Type II conditions are more vivid than our new Type III, which is traditionally labelled “less vivid condition.” So, if we think about conditions referring to the future, we have actually in the traditional terminology three degrees of “vividness.” Yet because possibility is something that may occur in the future, Type III is actually very similar to Type II. Most vivid conditions are simply our non-comittal conditions with Future Indicative in the protasis, Future indicative or equivalent in the apodosis. viking.coe.uh.edu /grnl3/less22/ee22.4.htm   (232 words)

ECN312 SOME ISSUES IN WELFARE ECONOMICS The main limitation of a Pareto optimum is that it is not unique; the various marginal conditions define a utility possibility frontier and all the different Pareto optimal points on it involve different distributions of utility. These were the conditions for defining what we now refer to as a Pareto optimum, a situation from which no-one can be made better off without someone being made worse off, which requires the equality of various marginal rates of substitution[4]. Hicks and others, drawing on the earlier work of Pareto, Edgeworth et al, were able to identify what appeared to be necessary conditions for an optimal allocation of resources in an economy in a way that did not rely on such inter-personal comparisons. www.shef.ac.uk /~econotes/x/312/312-3.htm   (232 words)

Should females prefer dominant males In any case, there is the possibility of a tradeoff between the effort spent on achieving dominance and on providing parental care, which suggests a number of interesting scenarios relating to sexual selection. Thus, during harsh conditions, the survival of dominant individuals might be reduced, and so the optimal mate choice for the female might vary with environmental conditions. For example, the tradeoff between resources expended on obtaining high dominance positions, relative to that expended on paternal effort, could vary depending on differences in life history traits between species and/or differences in environmental conditions experienced by populations (Box 2). cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Ecology/should_females_prefer_dominant_m.htm   (3433 words)

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