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Topic: Condorcet

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Marquis de Condorcet

Pierre Bayle

Benedict Spinoza

Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

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	Marquis de Condorcet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Condorcet continued to receive prestigious appointments: in 1777, he was appointed Secretary of the Académie des Sciences, and, in 1782, secretary of the Académie Française.
		Condorcet criticized the new work, and as a result, he was branded a traitor.
		Condorcet was interred in The Pantheon in 1989, in honor of the bicentennial of the French Revolution and Condorcet's role as a central figure in the Enlightenment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Condorcet (1434 words)

	Lecture 10: The Vision of Human Progress: Vico, Gibbon and Condorcet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Condorcet was educated by the Jesuits at the College of Navarre and at the age of twenty-six was elected to the prestigious Academy of Science (he became perpetual secretary of the Academy in 1776).
		Condorcet was also the protege of another leading French mathematician and philosophe, Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783), who saw that he was elected to the Academy Français in 1783 (in 1752 Frederick the Great offered d'Alembert the presidency of the Academy of Berlin but he did not wish to leave France).
		Condorcet took part in the opening debates of the French Revolution -- he was a member of the municipal council of Paris -- and he was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1791.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/lecture10a.html (5215 words)

	Condorcet method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Condorcet method is a voting system that will always elect the Condorcet winner; this is the candidate whom voters prefer to each other candidate, when compared to them one at a time.
		Condorcet methods are named for the eighteenth century mathematician and philosopher Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet, but the Condorcet criterion was also discovered independently by Ramon Llull in 1299.
		Condorcet methods are not currently in use in government elections anywhere in the world, but a Condorcet method known as Nanson's method was used in city elections in the U.S. town of Marquette, Michigan in the 1920s
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Condorcet_method (3745 words)

	Marquis de Condorcet
		Condorcet was, of course, at once hurried along by it into the midst of the conflicts and confusion of the Revolution.
		Condorcet objected to the assumption of judicial functions by the Convention, objected also on principle to the infliction of the death penalty; but he voted the King guilty of conspiring against liberty and worthy of any penalty short of death, and against the appeal to the people advocated by the Girondists.
		Condorcet was undoubtedly a most sincere, generous and noble-minded man. He was eager in the pursuit of truth, ardent in his love of human good, and ever ready to undertake labor or encounter danger on behalf of the philanthropic plans which his fertile mind contrived and his benevolent heart inspired.
	www.nndb.com /people/882/000093603 (2231 words)

	Condorcet
		Condorcet was an optimist on social progress, believing in the ultimate "perfectability" of man. Malthus's population doctrines were partly directed against his ideas.
		Condorcet's research programme was abandoned wholesale after the French Revolution - particularly after J.B. Say's efforts to redirect French theory towards non-mathematical British political economy.
		Condorcet took a leading role in the 1789 French Revolution, which he saw as embodying a great hope for his "rationalist" reconstruction of society.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/condorcet.htm (908 words)

	BookRags: Condorcet, Marquis de Biography
		Born in Ribemont in Picardy on Sept. 17, 1743, the Marquis de Condorcet was educated at the Jesuit college in Reims and later at the College of Navarre in Paris.
		Prior to the French Revolution, Condorcet wrote biographies of A.R.J. Turgot and Voltaire and essays on the application of the theory of probabilities to popular voting, on the American Revolution and the Constitutional Convention, and on the abolition of the slave trade and slavery.
		Condorcet's moderate democratic leanings and his vote against the death penalty for Louis XVI led to his being outlawed by the Jacobin government on July 8, 1793.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/condorcet-marquis-de (531 words)

	Marquis de Condorcet on voting rights for women. Women's History Month 2003 by Sunshine for Women
		In 1758, Condorcet was sent to the College de Navarre, part of the University of Paris where he studied subjects other than religion and Latin, where he fell in love with mathematics and where he decided to devote his life to the study of mathematics.
		Condorcet, to put it mildly, was besotted by his wife and his daughter.
		Condorcet went into hiding where he wrote the work he is best known for today, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/whm2003/condorcet0.html (1389 words)

	Condorcet's Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Condorcet's method is a pairwise election system where ranked ballots are used to simulate many head-to-head elections.
		The winner of a Condorcet election is the candidate who wins all pairwise matchups.
		Condorcet's method is named after the 18th century election theorist who invented it.
	robla.net /1996/politics/condorcet.html (921 words)

	BookRags: Marquis de Condorcet Biography
		His father died when Condorcet was four years old, and his mother, twice widowed, reacted by smothering her son in a blanket of protection.
		In 1758, Condorcet enrolled in the University of Paris and studied philosophy and mathematics at the College of Navarre.
		In 1769, at the age of 26, Condorcet was elected as a junior academician to the Academy of Sciences.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/marquis-de-condorcet-soc (951 words)

	Condorcet method - Electowiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The name comes from the 18th century mathematician and philosopher Marquis de Condorcet, although the method was previously described by Ramon Llull in the 13th century.
		Condorcet is sometimes used to indicate the family of Condorcet methods as a whole.
		However, a Condorcet candidate may not exist, due to a fundamental paradox: It is possible for the electorate to prefer A over B, B over C, and C over A simultaneously.
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Condorcet_method (1918 words)

	Condorcet / Biography
		However Condorcet's resignation was refused and he continued to fill this post until 1791.
		Wholly a man of the Enlightenment, an advocate of economic freedom, religious toleration, legal and educational reform, and the abolition of slavery, Condorcet sought to extend the empire of reason to social affairs.
		Rather than elucidate human behaviour, as had been done thus far, by recourse to either the moral or physical sciences, he sought to explain it by a merger of the two sciences that eventually became transmuted into the discipline of sociology.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /condorcetbio.html (735 words)

	Condorcet biography
		In 1777 Condorcet was appointed Secretary of the
		He is known for the Condorcet Paradox which points out that it is possible that a majority prefers option A over option B, a majority prefers option B over option C, and yet a majority prefers option C over option A.
		When the Girondists fell from favour and the Jacobins, a more radical political group led by Robespierre, took over, Condorcet argued strongly against the new, hurriedly written, constitution which was drawn up to replace the one which he himself had been chiefly responsible for drawing up.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Condorcet.html (740 words)

	Condorcet - dKosopedia
		Condorcet is a voting system named after the Marquis de Condorcet, an 18th-century French mathematician.
		Since Condorcet can be seen as a race where everbody is in a run off election against everybody else with the winner of the most elections being the overall winner, the acronym IRV-P makes sense.
		A Condorcet purist would bristle at the notion of Condorcet being thought of as a subset of Instant Runoff Voting.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Condorcet (466 words)

	Condorcet cycles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The "Condorcet winner" of an election is the candidate that is preferred by a majority of the voters over any other single candidate.
		Such examples demonstrate that the idea of a Condorcet winner does not solve the problem of collective choice; it's an interesting question how probable the existence of a Condorcet winner is.
		A Condorcet winner will appear in the matrix of pairwise matches with their entire row and their entire column a single solid color: their color.
	www.canonical.org /~kragen/sw/condorcet.html (346 words)

	IRV-Condorcet letter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In other words, the Condorcet winner's ability to defeat all other candidates in a one-on-one race is entirely theoretical because in an election held under plurality or runoff rules, their lack of core support would prevent then from ever being opposed by just one candidate.
		Because the Condorcet winner may be someone who nobody considers a particularly good candidate, it punishes candidates who take clear stands on controversial issues and rewards candidates who say little of substance.
		In closing, I'll say that I imagine Condorcet to have been something of a hero, a genius with a good heart who was killed by the Jacobins because he was forthright about his beliefs and cared more about truth and social progress than about making the right move politically.
	fc.antioch.edu /~james_green-armytage/vm/cvdletter.htm (3195 words)

	RangeVoting.org - Condorcet voting systems
		Condorcet had never considered methods with more expressive kinds of votes than just a rank ordering (such as range voting where you can express different intensities of preferences, not just the bare fact you prefer A over B) hence the distinction between these two definitions did not arise as an issue in his mind.
		Specifically, in every Condorcet method there is either an election in which by adding a new vote ranking the current-winner top, you cause him to lose ("add-top failure") or in which by adding a new vote ranking the current-maximum-loser bottom, you cause him to rise in the rankings ("add-bottom failure"), or (usually) both.
		This means that Condorcet voters can feel strategically forced to "betray their favorite" because honestly ranking him top in their vote, can be strategically stupid and cause the "greater evil" to win.
	rangevoting.org /rangeVcond.html (2303 words)

	Condorcet
		When he eventually escaped from his friends he was captured by villagers who, recognizing the marks of gentility and education, assumed he was an enemy of the Republic and imprisoned him.
		Condorcet predicted that the future would see the removal of inequality in freedom and rights among nations and among social classes, and the improvement of individuals—intellectually, morally, and physically.
		In this respect, Condorcet attached particular importance to provision of universal education, as did Adam Smith, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson.
	www.humanistictexts.org /condorcet.htm (3002 words)

	Condorcet and Modernity - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Marquis de Condorcet was one of the few Enlightenment ideologists to witness the French Revolution and participate as an elected politician at the centre of events during France's transition from monarchy to republic.
		Condorcet and Modernity explores the interaction between Condorcet's political theory, legislative pragmatism, public policy proposals and the management of change.
		He explores the complex links between Condorcet as the visionary ideologist and Condorcet as the pragmatic legislator, and between Condorcet's concept of modernity - the application of 'social arithmetic' to government policies.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521841399 (208 words)

	zestyping: Condorcet elections. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In a Condorcet election, the voters are asked to rank the candidates by writing numbers next to candidates on the ballot.
		In rare cases, it is possible for there to be no Condorcet winner; for example, it is possible that most voters prefer A to B, most prefer B to C, and most prefer C to A. The Schulze method resolves this ambiguity by successively disregarding the narrowest defeat until there is a winner.
		Condorcet is a more expressive method than approval, and having Condorcet here in our small 48-member organization would be great, but i don't see how we could possibly get the general public to fully understand how a Condorcet election is conducted.
	wolog.net /102718.html (1603 words)

	The Case for Condorcet Elections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Any Condorcet method must come along with an ambiguity resolution procedure for cases in which there is no winner by this first criterion.
		Condorcet is a system devised several hundred years ago that is very difficult to carry out, but logically superior to every other system.
		This site exists for the express purpose of explaining and advocating Condorcet Elections, which are the solution to an age-old dilemma and the key to a new era of Democracy.
	cgi.stanford.edu /~pflueger/condorcet (349 words)

	Condorcet on the Future Progress of the Humati Mind*
		Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caricat, marquis de Condorcet (I 743-1794), was one of those French aristocrats who embraced the ideals of the Enlightenment to the point of supporting revolution.
		He made a name for himself as a mathematician, held the post of secretary to the Academy of Sciences, and was a friend of Voltaire (1694-1778).
		When revolution broke out in 1789, Condorcet turned to political activity and acquired a reputation as a reformer of education.
	userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu /pnapoli/core4/f2002/condorcet.html (1464 words)

	Condorcet Criterion - Electowiki
		The Condorcet candidate or Condorcet winner of an election is the candidate who, when compared in turn with each of the other candidates, is preferred over the other candidate.
		The Condorcet criterion for a voting system is that it chooses the Condorcet winner when one exists.
		Any method conforming to the Condorcet criterion is known as a Condorcet method.
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Condorcet_Criterion (290 words)

	Condorcet, "Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind" (1795)
		Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795)
		The fundamental idea of Condorcet's Sketch is that of the continual progress of mankind toward perfection.
		He was a man of the Enlightenment, an advocate of economic freedom, religious toleration and educational reform.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/sketch.html (412 words)

	Amazon.com: Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment: Books: Emma Rothschild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		To their enemies the Marquis de Condorcet was the epitome of the worst elements of the French Enlightenment, fatuously optimistic, subtly intolerant and dangerous utopian with his emphasis on the "perfectability" of man, while the notoriously absent-minded Adam Smith was the architect of a notoriously callous and philistine economic theory.
		Sen clearly used his wife's research on Smith and Condorcet in the writing of 'Development as Freedom' since the Adam Smith that appears in his book is not the cold and callous economist of myth.
		One suspects that Rothschild's perception of Smith and Condorcet had been coloured by Sen as she presents them as more than just economists as we understand the term, but concerned with a far wider range of phenomena in politics and sociology.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0674008375?v=glance (2776 words)

	Condorcet Rule for Single-Seat Elections
		Condorcet's rule elects the 1 candidate who can top each of the others.
		Condorcet's rule is the best way of finding the most-central candidate.
		Critics charge that the Condorcet rule might elect politicians whose vagueness or indecision offends nobody.
	accuratedemocracy.com /c_intro.htm (1038 words)

	Condorcet Better Than Approval & Borda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Condorcet's method asks each voter to rank all candidates, but voters can be allowed to input ties in the ranking.
		Just as Condorcet is thus "richer" than approval in the amount of preference info it can communicate, Borda count is even "richer" than Condorcet.
		Condorcet seems to have less incentive for such strategic behavior, so I prefer it.
	www.corpmon.com /CondorcetVsApprovalBorda.htm (325 words)

	Condorcet Tally Table
		For a voter the solution is as easy as saying 1st choice, 2nd choice, 3rd choice.
		The people who count ballots can then use Condorcet's rule to elect the 1 candidate who can top each of the others in a series of 1 on 1 tests.
		A candidate may say she won a majority; but she cannot honestly say she won the majority.
	accuratedemocracy.com /c_tally.htm (485 words)

	Marquis de Condorcet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Condorcet Criterion gets its name from the Marquis de Condorcet, an 18th century mathematician, philosopher, and political thinker.
		Condorcet first proposed an election procedure based on the results of head-to-head matchups among the candidates.
		There is a formula that tells us the total number of head-to-head matchups for a given number of candidates.
	www.ctl.ua.edu /math103/Voting/marquis.htm (102 words)

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