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Topic: Condylarths

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	Paleocene mammals of the world
		Besides the arctocyonids, members of the Periptychidae were the dominant condylarths of early Paleocene faunas in North America (the so-called Puercan fauna).
		A third family of condylarths, the Hyopsodontidae, got important later in the Paleocene when the periptychids had already passed the zenith of their evolution.
		Back in the northern hemisphere, another family of condylarths, the Phenacodontidae, may include the ancestors of a more familiar ungulate order: The odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla, represented by horses, rhinos and tapirs in the recent fauna.
	www.paleocene-mammals.de /condylarths.htm (3708 words)

	Condylarth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some condylarths indeed have small hoofs on their feet, but the most primitive forms are clawed.
		It is believed that the Dinocerata and Procreodi are 'true' condylarths, while the Bulbulodentata might be the ancestors of the Meridiungulata, thus members of the cohort Atlantogenata.
		Groups that probably descended from the condylarths are the 'true ungulates' Cetartiodactyla (containing the whales) and Perissodactyla, the Mesonychia and probably the Ferae (containing the Carnivora and Pholidota).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Condylarth (348 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> ungulate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In addition to hooves, most ungulates have developed reduced canine teeth, bunodont molars (molars with low, rounded cusps), and an astragalus (one of the ankle bones at the end of the lower leg) with a short, robust head.
		The condylarths are, as a result, no longer seen as the ancestors of all ungulates.
		Instead, it is now believed the condylarths are members of the cohort Laurasiatheria.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/ungulate (783 words)

	Natural History Collections: Extinct Ungulates
		This consists of several families at least two of which are known to have given rise to modern orders of ungulates.
		Taken as a whole the condylarths were a widespread group.
		Condylarths were found throughout Eurasia, North America, South America and Africa.
	www.nhc.ed.ac.uk /index.php?page=24.134.165.170.286 (505 words)

	Paleontology - MSN Encarta
		They were the creodonts, which were the ancestors of modern carnivores; the amblypods, which were small, heavy-bodied animals; and the condylarths, which were light-bodied herbivorous animals with small brains.
		The Paleocene groups that have survived are the marsupials, the insectivores, the primates, and the rodents.
		The creodonts and amblypods continued to develop during the epoch, but the condylarths became extinct before it ended.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553004_4____17/Paleontology.html (655 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Condylarths are a diverse group of eutherian mammals from the early Teritary which gave rise to many modern orders of mammals.
		A pre-meeting symposium has been proposed to answer these questions, in addition to addressing the overarching question of "what is a condylarth?" Presentations will cover the wide spectrum of mammals that have bore the term Condylarth.
		The roles of condylarths in the origin of higher orders, and the origin of major groups of eutherian mammals.
	paleo.amnh.org /bjburger/condylarth.html (272 words)

	Conddylarths (Steve & Casey's)
		The Condylarths are considered to be ancestors to the ungulate order which includes the hoofed mammals.
		The rest of their features are general such as; five toed, or clawed feet, all of their teeth were present with no gaps in between, narrow small brain, they also had all of their limb bones that were unfused.
		A primative phenacodontid Condylarth form the mid Palaeocene of Western USA The most common fossil mammal from the lower Eocene is a little primitive weasel-looking Condylarth called Hyopsodus.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Hall/1697/Condylarths.html (516 words)

	Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ: Part 2B
		Within a few million years the condylarths split into several slightly different lineages with slightly different teeth, such as oxyclaenids (the most primitive), triisodontines, and phenacodonts (described in other sections).
		It's interesting to see how similar the early condylarth lineages were to each other, in contrast to how different their descendants eventually, slowly, became.
		Loxolophus (early Paleocene) -- A primitive condylarth with rather low-crowned molars, probably ancestral to the phenacodontid condylarths.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-transitional/part2b.html (3859 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 510 Ungulatomorpha: References
		Averianov, AO (2000), Mammals from the Mesozoic of Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin and EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp.
		deMuizon, C and RL Cifelli (2000), The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the Early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of South American ungulates.
		McKenna, MC (1956), Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/510Ungulatomorpha/510References.html (604 words)

	The Cetacea were thought to be most closely related to the Perissodactyla or the oddtoed u (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In 1985-88, Eocene whales (archaeocetes) were found in which the skull and dental structure was very like the mesonychid condylarths (primative artiodactyls).
		This is very similar to the condition in mesonychid condylarths and paraxonic artiodactylans.
		Thus the fossil record confirms the inferences gained from molecular data on the relationship between the cetaceans and the ungulates.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/whale03e.htm (204 words)

	Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in Southern Wyoming Journal of Paleontology - Find Articles
		The total record of the Ferris Formation is, however, consistent with the generally held view that condylarths represented an immigrant group to the North American western interior at a time close to the demise of non-avian dinosaurs.
		Prior to the Pu1-Pu2 transition throughout the western interior, known archaic ungulates were small, rodent-sized animals of low taxonomic diversity and with similar, generalized dentitions.
		Interpretation of such low diversity of condylarths during the earliest Puercan, however, may attest to great dental similarities that served to mask a higher level of diversity.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199907/ai_n8853736/pg_10 (648 words)

	Re: Fruitafossor
		That study irritated me because the authors used Asher et al.'s (2003) excellent data matrix (which includes the widest range of living and fossil mammals I've seen) but proceed to delete all the non-afrotherian ingroup taxa because "a full assessment of the position of Macroscelidea is beyond the scope of this study".
		Especially since one of the small cursorial taxa they left in (Anagale) comes out as the sister group to Macroscelidea + Apheliscinae in their tree, yet is sister to Tupaia in both the morphological and combined morph+molec trees when all taxa are examined.
		The other two matrices they used were- Meng et al.'s (2003) analysis, which was limited to Glires except for outgroups, a couple 'condylarths', several archontans, Leptictis and a few taxa which claded with Anagale (which is sister to Glires in this tree).
	dml.cmnh.org /2005Apr/msg00055.html (323 words)

	Geotimes - June 2005 - Mammals not out of Africa
		Working with Jonathan Bloch, assistant curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Zack’s team realized that some fossils in the Florida museum’s collection might be related as well.
		Comparing the leg and foot bones to those of living elephant shrews, they concluded that condylarths are closely related to modern elephant shrews, which they described in the March 24 Nature.
		But some are not convinced that the new fossil is actually an afrothere, saying that similarities could have evolved independently, a point the authors acknowledge.
	www.agiweb.org /geotimes/june05/NN_Africanmammalsnot.html (719 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 510.500 Ungulatomorpha : Meridiungulata
		Recently, Cifelli and Christian deMuizon [dC00] have published what appears to be a definitive paper establishing the origin of this group in the Kolpaniinae, a particular subfamily of North American "condylarths." Thus, as to this group, Simpson is vindicated.
		DeMuizon and Cifelli [dC00] propose a new, and much better substantiated clade, Panameriungulata, defined as Mioclaenidae + Kolpaniinae + Didolodontidae + Litopterna, where the first-named taxa are North American "condylarths" (basal ungulates).
		This is an astrapotherian, a basal group of meridiungulates, from the Miocene of Columbia.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/510Ungulatomorpha/510.500.html (1465 words)

	Douglas J. Futuyma, "Cetacea Evolution," 1998
		mong the Paleocene condylarths was a family, the Mesonychidae, that was exceptional in being carnivorous (Figure 7.39).
		We have noted that, according to anatomical evidence, both the Cetacea and Artiodactyla evolved from condylarth ancestors.
		Recent studies of DNA sequences show that, indeed, Cetacea are more closely related to Artiodactyla than to any other order of mammals.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /library/futuyma_cetacea.html (391 words)

	Philip D. Gingerich
		These are the first early archaeocetes to preserve ankle bones in association with skulls and skeletons, and the first to show that early whales had distinctively artiodactyl-like ankles.
		Thus the earlier idea that whales evolved from mesonychid condylarths is no longer tenable and we expect that the ancestor was instead something like an anthracotheriid artiodactyl (e.g., Elomeryx in Fig.
		From the point of view of the fossil record, the 'sister-group' relationship of whales and hippos promoted by molecular phylogeneticists is now plausible, though still tenuous and unproven.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~gingeric/PDGwhales/Whales.htm (3057 words)

	MOLECULES, MORPHOLOGY, AND THE PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF LAURASIAN AND GONDWANAN "CONDYLARTHS" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Over the course of the past decade, molecular phylogenetic analyses have revolutionized our understanding of the higher-level interrelationships of placental mammals, and have provided an entirely new context within which the late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene placental radiation must now be interpreted (e.g., Murphy et al., 2001).
		One novel hypothesis derived from this work is the idea that the recently recognized supraordinal clade Afrotheria (containing elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, elephant-shrews, aardvarks, tenrecs, and golden moles) originated on the Afro-Arabian landmass and evolved in isolation there through the latest Cretaceous and much of the early Cenozoic.
		However a recent study (Asher et al., 2004) suggested that some of the "condylarths" from the Laurasian Palaeogene (hyopsodontids and phenacodontids) that have traditionally been allied with the laurasiatherian artiodactyls and perissodactyls are actually primitive members of the afrotherian radiation.
	www.earth.ox.ac.uk /research/2005/MoleculesMorph.html (351 words)

	[No title]
		The large canines of condylarths* are lost in most later ungulates.
		Condylarths lack a postorbital bar, but it develops in many later ungulates.
		Condylarths gave rise to a great diversity of South American ungulates (now all extinct).
	www.usd.edu /exam/esci/vp3.txt (669 words)

	Buena Vista Museum Of Natural History - Horse Ancestry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		This animal stems from the Order Condylarthra that was among the earliest of mammals that ran from - and with - the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
		After the KT (Cretaceous - Tertiary) event and the extinction of the dinosaurs, some sixty five million years ago, the Condylarths, some five or six groups of them, began their diversity in North America and Europe, these two continents were still not yet separated.
		The primal brain was small, "Condylarths are so primitive that it is difficult to identify characteristic features.
	www.sharktoothhill.com /horse.html (493 words)

	Pouch or no Pouch - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Pouch or no Pouch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The remnants are not related to Rich’s beasts; instead, they look like ancient placental mammals called condylarths.
		Condylarths made a go of it on other continents, giving rise to whales, elephants, and grazing animals like horses and elk.
		If there were Australian condylarths, they lost their toehold and vanished, just like the placental creatures of Flat Rocks.
	www.discover.com /issues/jul-04/features/pouch-or-no-pouch/?page=4 (1112 words)

	Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Over the course of the 1997 academic year, I worked on my honors thesis in Geology concerning the systematics and paleoeclogy of Hyopsodus, a small herbivorous condylarth mammal, from the Bridger Formation.
		Condylarths, an extinct order of mammals from the Paleocene and Eocene, are of particular importance since they are ancestral to many modern orders of mammals, including Perissodactyla (horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs), Sirenia (dugongs and manatees), Proboscidea (elephants), Hyracoidea (hyraxes) and the extinct, but highly diverse Meridiungulata (South American ungulates).
		I am currently absorbed in the systematic and phylogenetic relationships of various groups of primitive fossil ungulates.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Stu/bburger/Bio.html (848 words)

	Pharyngula::Ch. 6 & 7 of Zimmer
		However, earliest whale fossils showed that whales were clearly killers with their large shearing teeth.
		Van Valen argued that mesonychids were descendants of plant-eating condylarths that took an evolutionary route in the opposite direction from living ungulates.
		Mesonychids retained a triangle of cusps but stripped away the ridges, bumpy rings, and extra cusps that ungulates kept.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/ch_6_7_of_zimmer (477 words)

	The Thylacine Museum - Introducing the Thylacine: About Australia and the Marsupials (page 3)
		A rare image of a thylacine taken at the Melbourne Zoo sometime prior to 1909.
		Condylarths are an ancient group of placental mammals known from various other regions of the world, and the presence of Tingamarra in Australia indicates that placentals were indeed present there at the time when the continent broke away from Antarctica.
		The world's oldest fossil bat was also found at the Murgon site.
	www.naturalworlds.org /thylacine/introducing/about_marsupials_3.htm (868 words)

	Qld Prehistory
		This has been lost by a Educational Insitution, beware of who you trust your fossils too, a reward is offered for its capture apply the manager of the webpage.
		Condylarths a relative much similar to a small horse type animal, the above ribs fit alometrically to the peat preserved vertabrate which has a todays horse vertabrate below it.
		The teeth are similar to many of todays hoofed animals but to be so peat preserved or embalmed this would have taken not only a long time but the conditions today are more destructive and the peat is now only layered in thin amounts if any as tidal movements move the objects around..
	groups.msn.com /QldPrehistory (488 words)

	Fossil Record of Placental Mammals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Since the end of the Mesozoic, eutherian mammals have been the largest and most common land vertebrates, except in Australia where marsupials have been dominant.
		Primates, insectivores, and condylarths are recognized by the beginning of the Cenozoic, and by the start of the Eocene, most modern groups had become established.
		Follow UCMP's summer 2005 excavation, in text and photos, of a partial mammoth skeleton discovered in San Jose.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/eutheria/eutheriafr.html (247 words)

	Fossil Record of the Artiodactyla
		The earliest artiodactyls appeared in the early Eocene, probably evolving from ancestors in a group of Cretaceous and Paleocene mammals collectively known as condylarths.
		The oldest known true artiodactyl, Diacodexis, was about the size of a rabbit.
		Check out our "Case of the Irish Elk" page to find out.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/artio/artiofr.html (242 words)

	New fossils suggest whales and hippos are close kin
		But paleontologists, who piece together evolutionary stories from fossils, found the artiodactyl explanation hard to accept.
		Based on similarities in teeth, they maintained that whales probably evolved from mesonychid condylarths, meat-eating animals that resembled hyenas with hooves.
		Gingerich has been searching since the late 1970s for evidence that would clear up the confusion.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-09/uom-nfs091401.php (863 words)

	Jennifer Dearolf's Cetacean Systematics Page
		(1) are cetaceans the product of a mesonychid condylarth, and thus, the closest extant relative (CER)
		Although the fossil record is not complete, it does suggest that cetaceans are the progeny of a
		mesonychid condylarth, and that artiodactyls and cetaceans share a common ancestor.
	www2.hendrix.edu /biology/dearolf/systematics.html (506 words)

	The Geologic History of Fossil Butte National Monument and Fossil Basin (Paleoecology and Taphonomy)
		The large mammals such as uintatheres, pantodonts, and tapiroids may have been stream-side or marsh dwellers.
		Probably inhabiting the forest floor and feeding on low bushes and undergrowth were such forms as the condylarths, horses, artiodactyls, and some of the rodents.
		Feeding on the rodents and other smaller mammals were the creodonts and miacids.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/fobu/sec5.htm (2511 words)

	Is it true that birds are "obviously" not dinosaurs?
		Any child can see that birds are not dinosaurs.
		Likewise, any child can see that whales are not condylarths, although they are members of the same clade.
		We have always discussed evolutionary lineages, and the dinosaur-bird connection has been discussed since the late 1800's.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/archie/poll.htm (2492 words)

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