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Topic: Cone shell

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	NATURE. The Venom Cure. Cone Shell Cures \| PBS
		To sense food, cone shells filter water through a tubelike organ called a siphon, awaiting a whiff of the telltale chemicals emitted by their prey.
		Then, when its victim comes near, the cone shell extends a proboscis armed with a harpoonlike tip that injects venom filled with special chemicals called "conotoxins." These toxins stop nerve cells from communicating with each other, causing paralysis within seconds and, eventually, death.
		To protect cone shells, biologists are asking nations in tropical zones to take new steps to monitor the shell trade and protect reefs.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/venomcure/coneshell.html (623 words)

	Cone Shells / Karakot — Divison of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources
		Cone shells ("karakot" is the Chamoru term generally used for all shells found in the ocean, venomous or not) are distinctively shaped mollusks that have an efficient venom apparatus used to immobilize prey.
		Cone shells are gastropods, that is mollusks with a single spiral shell.
		Cone shells are an important component of the reef community as well as popular with shell collectors.
	www.guamdawr.org /learningcenter/factsheets/inverts/coneshells_html (375 words)

	Poisonous Animals: Cone shell (Conidae)
		"Cone shells are marine snails and are found in reef environments throughout the world.
		The cone shell detects prey in its environment using a "siphon" which bristles with chemoreceptors.
		The cone shell can reload further teeth from the radular sac for multiple envenomation by retracting the proboscis into the radular sac and grasping another tooth with the radular muscle.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007974/2_1con.htm (621 words)

	cone_shell
		So called because of their conical, cylindrical shape, cone shells are shellfish or marine snails which possess a toxin capable of inflicting serious injury to human beings and in some instances have caused death.
		The shell which is colourfully patterned is usually straight sided with a tapering body whorl, a low spire and a narrow aperture or opening into the first whorl of the shell.
		At least six other cone shells found in tropical waters are known to have sufficient venom to kill a man. The following shells are highly dangerous and are listed in order of their probably toxicity: the geographer cone, cloth of gold cone, tulip cone, marbled cone, court cone and pearled cone.
	www.shoalhaven.net.au /~shafc/Dangerous/cone_shell.html (689 words)

	Cone Shells (Conidae)
		Cone shells are the only members of the gastropod class that may be seriously harmful to man.
		Cone shells may be carnivorous, but their prey are exclusively smaller sea animals such as other molluscs and worms.
		A cone shell's venom apparatus is built by the same basic construction as a Roman snail's rasp tongue, the radula.
	www.weichtiere.at /Mollusks/Schnecken/meer/kegel.html (652 words)

	Method of assembling threaded insert bushing within a working material - Patent 4481702
		Upon penetration of the cone nut into the shell, the shell is radially expandable, and its outer surface is provided with a series of helically aligned barbs with respect to the longitudinal axis of the shell.
		The cone nut and shell have interconnecting keying means such that with the cone nut received within the shell, the cone nut is prevented from rotation relative to the shell.
		The shell 20 is cylindrically shaped and is provided with a longitudinal, conical bore, 22, of taper matching that of the cone nut 10 and having a small diameter d.sub.3 and a large diameter d.sub.4 such that d.sub.3
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4481702.html (2193 words)

	Cone Shell Mollusc - Multimedia - ninemsn Encarta
		Cone Shell Mollusc - Multimedia - ninemsn Encarta
		The cone shell mollusc is one of 400 to 500 cone species of mollusc that can be harmful to humans.
		Some cones are carnivores, equipped with powerful nerve poisons.
	au.encarta.msn.com /media_461529333/Cone_Shell_Mollusc.html (55 words)

	Cone snail - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cone snails or cone shells (family Conidae) are marine snails found in coral reefs.
		Because cone snails are slow-moving, they use a venomous harpoon (called a toxoglossan radula) to catch fast-moving prey such as fish.
		The cone snail's harpoon is a modification of the radula, an organ in molluscs which acts as both tongue and teeth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cone_snail (629 words)

	Science Show - 3/06/00: Cone Shells
		The cone shell is the most venomous of a species of venomous shells from the Great Barrier Reef.
		Like that guy I mentioned before was reputed to have been scraping the back of the shell with a knife, and the cone shell got aggravated about that and fired the harpoon into his palm.
		The first person to make a drug out of a cone shell was a company called Neurex in the United States who found a component of the toxin of a Magus cone which blocks calcium channels in the brain and elsewhere.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ss/stories/s132236.htm (1380 words)

	Pain-killer comes out of its shell - Creative & Media - theage.com.au
		But as potentially lethal as the cone shell's paralytic toxins can be, research scientists such as Professor Livett are discovering they are also the source of powerful analgesics that can control severe types of pain.
		Cone shell protein fragments called conopeptides are arousing great scientific and commercial interest because of their potential to quell chronic, severe pain resulting from nerve injury or inflammation, post-surgical pain or "phantom limb" pain in amputees, painful leg ulcers on diabetics, or the intense pain of terminal AIDS or cancer.
		Professor Livett's passion for cone shells and novel toxins traces to the 1970s, when he and PhD student Zeinab Khalil began studying a natural "pain peptide", Substance P, released from sensory nerve endings in response to discomfort.
	www.theage.com.au /news/creative--media/painkiller-comes-out-of-its-shell/2005/07/24/1122143728598.html (1310 words)

	List of Conus Species -- Cone Shell Photos :: Phillip Colla Natural History Photography
		For many years it was one of the most sought after, and considered one of the most rare, shells in the world.
		Nevertheless, the shell's historic significance and mystique continue.
		The Glory of the Sea Cone can now be afforded by most collectors, enabling them to possess an example of what was once the most pursued shell in the world, and what is still one of the most beautiful to behold.
	www.oceanlight.com /conus.html (403 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Cone Shell Neurotoxin : Article by Don R Revis, Jr, MD
		The cone shell extends its proboscis, on the end of which is a hollow, poison-filled barbed tooth.
		The cone shell remains attached to the prey via a thread trailing from the tooth to the snail.
		The neurotoxins possessed by the cone shell are small peptides of fewer than 30 amino acids, which target different aspects of this neuronal communication sequence to achieve a common result, paralysis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1636.htm (1659 words)

	Cone Shells' (Conidae) Venom Apparatus
		About 70 of the larger cone shell species on the other hand are piscivorous, they feed on small fish.
		Cone shell venom is applied by the radula teeth.
		To avoid self-poisoning, a cone shell's venom is generated in various nonpoisonous components that are stored in a safe way.
	www.weichtiere.at /Mollusks/Schnecken/meer/conotoxin.html (1115 words)

	Cone Shell (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The venom is produced in a long tubular duct that is often several times the length of the snail itself and at one end is attached to a muscular bulb which is thought to contract to provide the necessary force of venom injection through the 'tooth'.
		Larger varieties of cone shells have adapted their siphon and by blowing out jets of water can swim rapidly through the water.
		Many scientists believe that the cone shell customizes the venom to suit the prey and that the toxicity is adjusted to the size of the victim.
	www.purplemantle.com /coneshell.htm (424 words)

	Cone Shells - Dangers on the great barrier reef
		These shells can be very attractive and because of this, may be picked up by the unwary, especially children.
		Cone Shells or Cone snails as they are sometimes called have teeth like small harpoons and can penetrate clothing.
		Cone snails are predatory gastropods that inhabit mostly mud, sand flats shallow reef waters where the low and the high tides alternate
	www.barrierreefaustralia.com /the-great-barrier-reef/coneshells.htm (215 words)

	Cone Shell Venom
		The cones are equipped, as we formerly had the chance to notice, with poisonous glands and with a buccal system fit to prey fishes, worms and other molluscs, cones of other species included.
		Many vermivorous cone – like Conus betulinus, Conus leopardus, Conus quercinus, etc. – must be considered potentially dangerous because of their great size, although their venom has not a considerable effect towards the mammalians.
		At any rate, the best thing to do is to avoid to be bitten, which means not to handle live cones bare-handed, not to carry them in a thin, and therefore pierceable, plastic bag, not to introduce bare-hands into the sand or through the coral debris.
	www.coneshell.net /Pages/pa_cones_venom.htm (634 words)

	Cone shellfish, Conus striatus
		Handling venomous cones only by the blunt end is not entirely safe, especially without heavy gloves, since the stinging apparatus may strike quickly in any direction.
		For complete information on cone shells and their potential danger to humans, visit the Cone Shell and Conotoxins Homepage.
		After much discussion of the identity of this particular cone with numerous shell collectors and conchologists from various corners of the globe, I am convinced the identity of this cone is Conus striatus.
	www.divegallery.com /cone_venomous.htm (340 words)

	Cone Shells (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cone shells (Conus sp.) are numerous, comprising about 70 species.
		About seven of these species are dangerous to man. Beautifully patterned and colorful, the cones are carnivorous gastropods that inhabit shallow intertidal waters of coral reefs and come out at night to do their hunting.
		The cone has an acute sense of smell and can extend their proboscis to envelope objects about their own size.
	www.scuba-doc.com /conshl.htm (312 words)

	Cone Shells
		There are between 400 to 500 species of known cone shells.
		Although they vary greatly in size and color, all are similar in their distinctive cone shape.
		The cone animal locates its prey using its sense of smell.
	www.seashellworld.com /seashells/Cone.html (203 words)

	Cone Shell: A Dangerous Ocean Organism of Hawaii
		The cone shell or cone snail is actually any of several marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda) that comprise the genus Conus and family Conidae.
		The shell is 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 centimeters) long.
		Cone shell's inject a highly poisonous paralyzing toxin by means of a dartlike mechanism near the tip; a few of the larger species have fatally stung human beings.
	www.aloha.com /~lifeguards/coneshel.html (367 words)

	Puka shell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the name implies, the shell of the Cone Snail is cone-shaped, being closed at the larger end.
		While the abandoned shell is tossed in the surf and coral rubble, the pointed end is ground into sand.
		Puka shell jewelry used to be fairly expensive due to the labor involved in collecting enough naturally formed "shells" for a suitable string.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Puka_shell (239 words)

	Wilderness: Cone Snail Sting
		A cone snail has a cone-shaped shell, a fleshy foot, a head, and tentacles.
		Cone snail shells range in size from less than an inch to 9 inches long.
		A few varieties of cone snails eat fish, and these are the most harmful to humans.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /wilderness_cone_snail_sting/article_em.htm (227 words)

	"The harpooning cone shells" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is especially the case with large cone shells much prized by collectors.
		Most cones are reef-dwellers and lie at least partly buried in the sand.
		With patterns ranging from dots and stripes to zigzags, cone shells are second only to cowries in popularity among many collectors.
	www.museums.org.za /bio/articles/pank/the_harpooning_cone_shells.htm (543 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Venomous snails aid medical science
		Every week, he milks lethal marine molluscs called cone shells for their venom, using a condom, barbecue tongs and a fish.
		The shells themselves are sometimes two to three inches long, often with striking patterns which make them collectable.
		Cone shells research appears to be advancing much more quickly than your average snail.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4846504.stm (742 words)

	RIGZONE - Shell Prepares to Grow with Southern Cone Gas Market
		Anglo-Dutch oil company Shell is looking for commercial opportunities to take advantage of rising natural gas consumption in the Southern Cone, Shell's Southern Cone gas and power president Atonio Assunção told BNamericas.
		Among projects Shell believes are feasible are natural gas liquefaction and re-gasification plants to allow the region to import LNG from overseas or export it to the US.
		Shell's gas and power presence in the region currently ranges from participation in the gas transport company Transredes in Bolivia, an interest in the Brazil-Bolivia gas pipeline TBG, a stake in the 480MW Cuiabá gas-fired power plant and a minority stake in Brazil's largest gas distribution company Comgás, which sells about 12Mm3/d.
	www.rigzone.com /news/article.asp?a_id=26398 (421 words)

	A.D.A.M. Outdoor Health (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cone shells are beautiful, yet potentially lethal, cone-shaped mollusks that carry a highly developed venom apparatus, consisting of a rapid-acting poison that is injected by means of a dartlike, barbed tooth.
		The venom causes a mild sting (puncture wound) that initially is characterized by bee-sting-like pain or, rarely, numbness and blanching.
		While many first-aid remedies (such as hot-water immersion, surgical excision of the sting site, and injection of a local anesthetic) have been recommended, the one that makes the most sense is the pressure immobilization technique to contain the venom until the victim can be brought to advanced medical attention.
	www.humed.com /humc_ency/outdoor_health/cone_shells.htm (288 words)

	Recommended books on Cone Shells
		Cone shells are one of the most popular families among shell-collectors, and the Abbas Cone (Conus abbas Hwass) is among the much-sought-after species coming from the Indian and southwest Pacific Oceans.
		In life, this common, reef-dwelling cone is covered with a thin layer of "epidermis" referred to as the periostracum.
		There are over 600 kinds of cone shells, nearly all of which live in warm tropical waters.
	members.tripod.com /~blivett/conebook.htm (1239 words)

	sea shell ocean jewelry
		Sunray Venus that has a sunburst-like markings that cover a shell that may be up to 6 inches long.
		Many of these shells started life as a genuine shell and were later found and used as the mold to create the waxes!
		Abalone shell family, small 1.7gms; medium 3.0gms; and large 5.7gms cast from an actual abalone.
	www.seawear.com /jewelry/shells.html (711 words)

	coneShell.nb (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Answer: The upper image is a from a photograph I took of a cone shell in the UN-L museum collection.
		Their work is described in the book "The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells," and they also have articles available on the Web.
		Geometrically speaking, the sea shell is a two-dimensional surface that grows along an edge.
	www.unl.edu /tcweb/fowler/coneShellProblem (190 words)

	spiralShells.nb
		The cone shell is constructed around the mathematical curve known as a logarithmic spiral.
		The cone shells are a good example of logarithmic spiral growth.
		However, these “cone” shells are not strict mathematical cones.
	www.unl.edu /tcweb/fowler/analysesHTML/spiralSeaShell (221 words)

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