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Topic: Confederate Ireland

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Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

Irish Confederate Wars

Irish Rebellion of 1641

Siege of Drogheda

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	Confederate Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Confederate Ireland refers to a brief period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649.
		In 1643, the Confederates negotiated a "cessation of arms" (or ceasefire), with the royalists in Ireland and opened negotiations with James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, the King's representative in Ireland.
		Oliver Cromwell invaded Ireland in 1649 to crush the new alliance of Irish Confederates and royalists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confederate_Ireland (2362 words)

	The Confederate War in Ireland 1642-1653
		Confederate representatives were sent to Oxford to negotiate a permanent treaty, but this came to nothing.
		The Confederate generals Owen Roe O'Neill and Thomas Preston declared their support for the clergy and announced their readiness to march on Dublin.
		The armies of Inchiquin and the Confederates clashed at Knockanauss, County Cork, on 13 November.
	www.british-civil-wars.co.uk /military/confederate-war.htm (2594 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		John Ireland, governor and legislator, son of Patrick and Rachel (Newton) Ireland, was born near Millerstown, Kentucky, on January 21, 1827.
		Ireland, mayor of Seguin in 1858, was a delegate to the Secession Convention
		as an "impediment to Reconstruction." Ireland was elected to the House of the Thirteenth Legislature and to the Senate of the Fourteenth Legislature.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/II/fir1.html (486 words)

	History of Ireland
		The kings of Ireland effectively delegated their power over the Lordship of Ireland to the power Fitzgerald Earl of Kildare, who dominate the country by means of military force and alliances with lords and clans around Ireland.
		Ireland in 1014: a patch-work of rival kingdoms.
		Ireland played a crucial role in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, when the Catholic James II was deposed by the English Parliament and replaced by William of Orange.
	www.irishpast.com /History_of_Ireland.html (3308 words)

	History of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		English involvement in Ireland began with the arrival of the Normans in the tenth century, but England did not have full control until the whole island had been conquered in 1609.
		Ireland was never formally a part of the Roman Empire but Roman influence was often projected well beyond formal borders.
		It is a chronology of Ireland from the Flood to the twelfth century.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Ireland/History (2841 words)

	A Thin Blue Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ireland ordered the company to “refuse flank”, turning to form a line facing the rebel attack from the abandoned trenches.
		Ireland’s men executed this difficult maneuver skillfully and effectively, in the dark and under fire.
		Likewise, Confederate Gen. Allegheny Johnson’s report did not want to highlight the failure of his entire division to overrun a single brigade of New Yorkers, instead highlighting his men’s occupation of the vacant trenches on the lower hill that night.
	www.bivouacbooks.com /bbv2i3s3.htm (1672 words)

	BOOK REVIEWS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		First monographs by the likes of Aidan Clarke (The Old English in Ireland), Brendan Bradshaw (The Dissolution of the Monasteries), Nicholas Canny (The Elizabethan Conquest) immediately spring to mind but in fact Ó Siochrú's achievement is all the greater because his subject is of central importance in Ireland's constitutional and political development.
		The highlights of the narrative are the founding of the confederation, the rejection of the first Ormond peace and the concluding of the second one.
		What was conspicuous was the Confederates' unity of purpose as Irish Catholics attempting to hold on to and restore their political, religious and property rights.
	www.historyireland.com /resources/reviews/review5.html (1557 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Map of Ireland — a two pence denomination — was a stamp introduced on December 6th, 1922 was the first of a series of postage stamps of Ireland that used "Éire" - the Irish word for Ireland.
		The King in Ireland was represented by a Governor-General of the Irish Free State, The office replaced the previous Lord Lieutenant, who had headed English and British administrations in Ireland since the Middle Ages.
		The Treaty provided for an all-Ireland thirty-two county state, subject to the proviso that the six Northern Ireland counties, which had their own government under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, could formally opt out of the Free State, which they duly did.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Irish_Free_State (2410 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Wexford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Wexford (Irish: Loch Garman) is the county town of County Wexford in the Republic of Ireland.
		A fleet of Confederate privateers was based in Wexford town, consisting of sailors from Flanders and Spain as well as local men.
		As a result, the town was sacked by the English Parliamentarians during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 - many of its inhabitants were killed much of the town was burned.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Wexford (807 words)

	Claddagh Rings Wedding Bands Ireland Irish Jewelers Blacoe Ireland Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ireland during the Ice Age.What little is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from a few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and archaeology.
		The Normans consolidated their presence in Ireland by building hundreds of castles and towers such as this.By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms.
		Socially and economically Northern Ireland suffered the worst levels of unemployment in the UK and although high levels of public spending ensured a slow modernisation of public services and moves towards equality, progress was slow in the 70s and 80s, only in the 1990s when progress towards peace became tangible, did the economic situation brighten.
	www.blacoe.com /menu.asp?menu=18 (5599 words)

	History of Limerick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The city had supported Confederate Ireland since 1642 and was garrisoned by troops from Ulster.
		The Confederates supported the claims of Charles II to the English throne, and the besiegers fought for a parliamentary republic.
		An army officer named Captain McKenna described it as the day "Realisation dawned on Ireland that the country was surrounded by water, and that the sea was of vital importance to her".
	www.irishpast.com /History_of_Limerick.html (2497 words)

	GovMint.com - 1861 Confederate Half-Dollar
		The Confederate silver half-dollar is unique because it has the images of both North and South on one coin.
		One side has the United States design of Miss Liberty, while the other side has a Confederate States shield and the legend: “Confederate States of America.” One of the coins was given to the President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis.
		Panicked Confederate Mint officials had already loaded up all of the bullion from the New Orleans Mint and shipped it up the Mississippi to avoid plunder.
	www.govmint.com /countrylistings/northamerica/usa/1861confederate.aspx (346 words)

	Kilkenny, Ireland
		Kilkenny (Irish: Cill Chainnigh) is the county seat of County Kilkenny, Ireland, with a population (including environs) of 20,735.
		Kilkenny was the capital of Confederate Ireland between 1642 and 1649, until it surrendered during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
		The city is famous for its many mediæval buildings and is referred to as the "Marble City" for hundreds of years, but the fl stone with decorative white fossils that forms the backbone of many of Kilkenny's fine buildings is actually polished limestone which has been quarried from around the city for centuries.
	www.creekin.net /c4480-n89-kilkenny-ireland.html (575 words)

	Cromwellian conquest of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first and most pressing reason was the alliance signed in 1649 between the Irish Confederate Catholics and Charles II (the exiled son of the executed Charles I) and the English Royalists.
		By the end of the period known as Confederate Ireland in 1649, the only remaining Parliamentarian outpost in Ireland was in Dublin, under the command of Colonel Michael Jones.
		Those who participated in Confederate Ireland had all their land confiscated and thousands were transported to the West Indies as indentured workers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland (3721 words)

	Confederate Underground
		CONFEDERATE UNDERGROUND adheres to the tenets of the New Albany Declaration, which sets forth the precise definition of a Southerner and endeavors to raise the self-awareness of the Southern people.
		The Confederate flag champions who agreed to participate were Kirk Lyons of North Carolina, Charles Lunsford of Georgia, and Jim Lancuster of Alabama.
		Flanked by Confederate flags and surrounded by cameras and reporters, one Mississippi state legislator seemed to be everywhere at once during a statewide publicity marathon to alert Southerners that the South is under siege again.
	members.tripod.com /~cupub (2866 words)

	Confederate Ireland 1642-1649 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This book examines political and constitutional developments in confederate Ireland from the formation of embryonic governmental institutions in 1642, until the signing of the 'Second Ormond Peace' in 1649.
		The study of confederate Ireland (the only example of sustained self-government by the Irish on a national level before 1919) has suffered from a somewhat negative bias, due in part to the shadow cast by the Ulster massacres of 1641.
		Unlike their 18th- and 19th-century counterparts, however, the confederates actually governed the country (or at least most of it) for over six years, and, for this reason alone, their efforts warrant a more detailed scrutiny and a more sympathetic assessment than they have so far received.
	www.four-courts-press.ie /cgi/bookshow.cgi?file=confed.xml (429 words)

	Anne Maria Penn Ireland
		Anne Maria Penn Ireland closed their home in Sequin and moved to the area of the troops where she was a nurse and mentor.
		She assumed the duties of official entertainment which was expected of her, but she had no desire to become actively engaged in the Austin social scene.
		Anne Marie Penn Ireland's gown was presented to the collection by her granddaughter, Mrs.
	www.twu.edu /firstladies/amp_ireland.htm (217 words)

	Young Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Young Ireland and the 1848 Rebellion in Ireland The movement grew out of the Daniel O'Connell's campaign to repeal the 1800 Irish Act of Union with Great Britain.
		As the Irish Confederation was as pacific in tactics as John O'Connell's Repeal Association it suffered its own split in early 1848.
		Though O'Brien and other Young Irelanders later admitted that their rising in July 1848 had been a mistake, several of the participants, though not O'Brien himself, later joined the new Fenian movement.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/rz/youngire.htm (1032 words)

	The Wild Geese Today -- Patrick Cleburne's Proposal
		Cleburne's notion was revolutionary, explosive, and one of the greatest ironies to emerge from the four-year struggle to vouchsafe the Confederate States of America.
		At the moment Cleburne, a major general, put forth this proposal, the war was in its fourth year, and he was at the zenith of his career after his stunning victory at Ringgold, Georgia, a victory that he himself engineered and commanded.
		In the end, Cleburne's judgment was vindicated, and we are all left to wonder what might have been if, in January 1864, Jeff Davis and the rest of the politicians of the Confederacy had possessed his foresight, as well as his courage to act on it.
	www.thewildgeese.com /pages/clebprop.html (1337 words)

	Ireland Old News
		Brethren of the Third Lodge of Ireland assembled for banquet on Wednesday evening, the 24th inst., at the Queen's Hotel, Queenstown, to celebrate the festival of St. John.
		The report of the invasion was exaggerated, the only Confederate force in Pennsylvania being 3,500 men under General Jenkins and Rhodes at Harrisburg and Greencastle, and they retreated on the afternoon of the 17th inst.—it is supposed to Hagerstown.
		It appears that Spain would be now completely tranquilised on this head as the Confederates are prepared to guarantee the possession of this rich colony, either by treaty with her or by joining in a treaty with other powers in return for certain not unreasonable advantages.
	www.irelandoldnews.com /Cork/1863/JUL.html (5591 words)

	Wexford Health -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This was an unusual decision as Ireland does not have a strong opera tradition.
		Wexford (''Loch Garman'' in Irish) is a maritime county in the southeast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster.
		As a result, the town was sacked by the English Parliamentarians during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/171/wexford-health.html (956 words)

	Irish poetry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A 1907 engraving of William Butler Yeats, one of Ireland's best-known poets.
		Following the defeat of the Irish Catholics in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1649-53, and the destruction of the old Irish landed classes, many poets wrote mourning the fallen order or lamenting the destruction and repression of the Cromwellian conquest.
		These opportunities for employment have tended to lead to the professionalisation of poetry in Ireland and this is probably most clearly demonstrated by the establishment in recent years of M.A. courses in Creative Writing at National University of Ireland, Galway, and Trinity College Dublin.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Irish_poet.htm (4691 words)

	Amazon.com: Confederate Catholics at War, 1642 - 1649 (Studies in Irish History (Cork, Ireland).): Books: Padraig ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This book evaluates the Confederate Catholic war effort from the preceeding phase of localized insurgency, through the formation of a national self-government in 1642, until the Confederate Catholic regime was finally subsumed in a broad pan-Royalist alliance in 1649.
		The influence of the contemporaneous "military revolution" on the European mainland was mediated by the cadre of returned mercenary officers.
		THE OBJECT OF this study is to evaluate the war effort of the Confederate Catholics.
	www.amazon.com /Confederate-Catholics-War-1642-History/dp/1859182445 (873 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 94016542
		Ireland independent: confederate foreign policy and international relations Jane Ohlmeyer 5.
		Strafford's ghost: the British context of Viscount Lisle's lieutenancy in Ireland John Adamson 7.
		The seventeenth-century land settlement in Ireland: towards a statistical interpretation Kevin McKenny 9.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/cam021/94016542.html (160 words)

	The Irish Parliament of James II
		It next grants the king £20,000 a month, to be raised by a land-tax, and this sum it distributes on the different counties and counties of towns, according to their abilities.
		Ireland to be and to have always been a distinct kingdom’’
		in Ireland be applied to the relief of the Irish Protestants fled into this realm; and also to declare all the proceedings of the pretended parliament and courts of justice, now held in Ireland, to be null and void;’’
	www.ucc.ie /celt/online/E800002-045.html (15134 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Military History \| Irish Confederate Wars: Cromwellian Conquest of Ireland
		In 1645, however, with Parliament in control of England, Ormonde took control of the rebellion and led the Confederacy, an alliance of all Royalists in Ireland.
		Cromwell's greatest obstacles were not Irish or Confederate troops but the nature of Ireland itself, where conditions were terrible and the climate is even wetter than in England.
		He arrived in Dublin on the 15th and was greeted by the roar of cannons from the walls and a great, enthusiastic crowd.
	historynet.com /mh/blcromwellianconquest (871 words)

	The Book of Common Prayer in the Confederate States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		During the Civil War, the Episcopal Church in the Confederate States was temporarily separated from the rest of the Episcopal Church.
		There were three printings of a Confederate Prayer Book, all done in London, and none apparently formallly authorized.
		I have never seen a copy of a Confederate BCP, but my understanding is that they were completely identical to the 1789 BCP, with the exception of the necessary changes in prayers for the President and Congress.
	justus.anglican.org /resources/bcp/1789/csa.htm (449 words)

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