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	Confederation Bridge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The bridge is a two-lane highway toll bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Highway between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick.
		Bridge components were built year-round from 1994 to summer of 1996, and placement of components began in fall 1994 until fall 1996.
		All bridge components were constructed on land, in purpose-built staging yards located on the shoreline at Amherst Head, fronting on Borden Harbour just east of the town and ferry docks, and an inland facility located at Bayfield, New Brunswick about 3 kilometres (1.8 miles) west of Cape Tormentine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confederation_Bridge (2483 words)

	Confederation Bridge: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Canadian confederation, or the confederation of canada, was the process that ultimately brought together a union among the provinces, colonies and territoryterritories...
		The confederation centre of the arts is a canadian centre dedicated to the visual and performing arts located in the city of charlottetown, prince edward island....
		The jacques cartier bridge (french: pont jacques-cartier) is a steel truss cantilever bridge crossing the saint lawrence river from montreal...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/confederation_bridge.htm (4347 words)

	Canadian Confederation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Canadian Confederation, or the Confederation of Canada, was the process by which "One Dominion under the Name of Canada" was formed as a federation, as of July 1, 1867, from the various provinces, colonies, and territories of British North America.
		Confederation was accomplished when Queen Victoria gave royal assent to the British North America Act (BNA Act) on March 29, 1867.
		The original "confederation" gathering was by delegates of the four Atlantic region colonies at Charlottetown in September 1864, with the agenda being a discussion of a Maritime Union (or Atlantic Union).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Canadian_Confederation (1513 words)

	One Deck or Three? RADARSAT SAR Image of the Confederation Bridge
		The bridge deck is typically 40 m off the water, rising to 60 m at the navigation span near the centre of the bridge.
		The course of the bridge with its approach bridges to Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are apparent from the overview.
		The middle deck reflection lies in the plane of the bridge, while the outer deck reflections are offset in the radar ground range direction by a distance given by the height of the reflecting element above the water divided by the tangent of the local angle of incidence.
	www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca /radar/ana/confed_e.php (586 words)

	Confederation Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Confederation Bridge was finished on November 19, 1996 and is located in Canada.
		The length of the bridge is eight miles long and is made primarily of reinforced concrete.
		The bridge deck rests on concrete piers that are spaced 250 meters apart, their shape is octagonal.
	www.ce.udel.edu /~casey/database/article18.html (326 words)

	Confederation Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Confederation Bridge is estimated to have cost $1 billion to build, somewhat more than the projected $840 million.
		Confederation Bridge is projected to last for 100 years.
		Pedestrians and cyclists are not permitted on the Confederation Bridge and must report to the control/transfer facilities at either end of the structure.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /island/confederationbridge.htm (457 words)

	Confederation Bridge Poster and Souvenirs at Island Flower
		The 12.9 kilometer Confederation Bridge is the longest bridge over ice-covered waters in the world.
		"Abegweit" is the story of the Confederation bridge, spanning the Northumberland Strait between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.
		The video provides a day-to-day record of the construction of the Confederation Bridge and reveals some of the innovations which made this mammoth project one of the most impressive feats in Canadian history.
	www.island-flower.com /ConfederationBridge.htm (331 words)

	Segmental Bridge Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		To design and build a bridge that should provide a service life of 100 years, withstand a ship collision of 50 MN (meganewtons) and supply a 172 meter navigation channel explains why this project was awarded the 1999 George S. Richardson Metal for single, recent outstanding achievement in bridge construction.
		Raftsundet Bridge is a balanced cantilever cast-in-place segmental with the longest span in the world for a prestressed concrete bridge.
		The new Roosevelt Bridge in Stuart Florida is a twin precast segmental bridge which was constructed by balance cantilever.
	bridgepros.com /bridgepros/projects/Segmental_bridge_projects.htm (306 words)

	High Performance Concrete (HPC) Bridge Case Study \| Portland Cement Association (PCA)
		The Confederation Bridge is an 8.1-mile (13-km) long bridge across the Northumberland Strait between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Canada.
		It was constructed under a design-build-operate-transfer contract in which the developer operates the bridge for 35 years and then transfers the bridge to the federal government.
		The aggressive environment of the Northumberland Strait includes significant amounts of annual ice that are constantly moving, high winds that result in splash and spray zones on the piers, and frequent cycles of freezing and thawing.
	www.cement.org /bridges/br_case_confederation.asp (605 words)

	Topic B: Building with a Variety of Materials (Grade 3)
		Confederation Bridge between P.E.I. and New Brunswick is a Beam Bridge although it incorporates an arch between beams.
		Because of their strength, truss bridges are often used for railway bridges as they must be able to support the great mass and the vibrations of the trains.
		If the bridge needs to be longer, then a third beam is added between the first two and this third beam must be supported by a pair of columns or a centre pier.
	mmem.spschools.org /grade3science/3.bldg/building1.html (464 words)

	Bridge to Prince Edward Island (1997): historical context, economic impact and related links
		In June 1997, it became a reality with the opening of the Confederation Bridge linking Cape Jourimain, N.B. and Borden–Carleton, P.E.I. The Confederation Bridge is a 12.9-kilometre feat of modern engineering that cost $1 billion to construct.
		Bridge tolls are paid only when departing P.E.I. and are assessed based on the type of vehicle crossing the bridge.
		Since the bridge is open 24 hours a day (barring inclement weather), the queues, waiting times and uncertainty of arrival of goods associated with ferry service have been eliminated.
	canadianeconomy.gc.ca /english/economy/1997bridge_to_pei.html (420 words)

	Caravan Risks Fines to Promote Change : IMC Maritimes
		Confederation Bridge, NB- In a refusal to compromise their fossil fuel free journey, the Climate Change Caravan will be attempting to bike across the Confederation Bridge at 11:30 am today.
		across the bridge, the Caravan is acting upon their belief that sustainable transportation should be available to Canadians as well as completing their mission to cross Canada without using fossil fuels.
		In typical fashion, the bridge was built to allow for a one metre sea level rise due to climate change.
	maritimes.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=460 (576 words)

	Confederation Bridge \|\| PEIinfo.ca Online Travel Guide
		Some people who were against the bridge said "just improve the ferries", though the federal government did not like this idea because if they built a bridge they would not need to subsidize the ferries.
		Though many rumors speculated about how many lanes would be on the bridge and what the flow of traffic would be like, in the end there is one lane going each way with 2 breakdown lanes on each side.
		When travelling across the bridge by car you cannot see over the guard rails made of concrete, however you can see over the bridge from a bus or the shuttle service that is provided by Strait Crossing to prevent people from walking across the bridge.
	www.peiinfo.com /confedbridge.php (506 words)

	Cement Association of Canada - Plaza Bridge And Confederation Square Rehabilitation
		The Plaza Bridge and Confederation Square rehabilitation project had three goals: the structural rehabilitation of the Plaza Bridge, the upgrade of the area’s infrastructure and the rejuvenation of the landscaping.
		Cast-in-place concrete was used for the structural rehabilitation and for the wear surface of the bridge.
		Three aspects of the concrete work were deemed as exceptional: the combination of cast-in-place and precast concrete used in the bridge balustrades, the intricacy and quality of the precast concrete architectural features (over 1000 components) and the unique concrete mix for the cast-in-place bridge soffits.
	www.cement.ca /cement.nsf/searchFinal/996810B2565AA9AE05256CF5006F81FA?OpenDocument (396 words)

	Marlies' Creative Universe: Confederation Bridge
		The bridge is 12.9 km longs and at a speed limit of 80 km it takes around 10 minutes to cross it.
		The bridge is not totally level or straight.
		There is a 'hump' in the middle of the bridge and then a slight turn.
	www.mcuniverse.com /05/print.520.98.html (131 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		Vancouver's Lion's Gate Bridge is rusting away but shutting it down for the necessary repairs would cut the vital atery to the city's northern suburbs for months.
		The predicament forced the bridge's engineers to come up with a solution that would allow the traffic - between 60 to 70 thousand vehicles a day - to continue, while the bridge is replaced piece by piece.
		For spans such as PEI's Confederation Bridge, one of the key considerations in building a bridge to last is ice.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/2000/11/08/56.asp (363 words)

	Trans-Canada Highway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		New Brunswick is currently in the process of converting all of its portion of the Trans-Canada highway into four-lane freeways, with the majority of this project already completed.
		After crossing the Northumberland Strait on the 13 km-long Confederation Bridge to Borden-Carleton, the Trans-Canada Highway follows a 110 km-long route across southern Prince Edward Island, designated as Highway 1.
		The community was bypassed by the official Trans-Canada Highway in the 1950s, when government prioritized the connection of major communities in its budgets, choosing instead to connect Nanaimo with Victoria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway (1567 words)

	Project Showcase - Confederation Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The 11 kilometers of the main bridge were produced on land in the nearly 200 acres fabrication facility built on Prince Edward Island.
		The inshore bridge portion, which amounts to 2 km of the 13 km bridge, required a special process using a precast segmental method, because of the limited water depth.
		The Confederation Bridge, one of the engineering marvels of the world, was constructed on-time for the opening in May, 1997.
	www.aecon.com /amb3_18_1.html (445 words)

	Confederation Bridge on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Bridge jitters.(some bridges offer drivers to drive people who are scared across the bridge)(Brief A...
		Abdullah hails Allenby Bridge as symbol of unity with Palestinians
		Bridge to the Past - New land link gives visitors more time to enjoy the New England charm of Prince Edward Island.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/ConfedB1r.asp (249 words)

	PEI's Confederation Bridge
		However, lobbying for a bridge crossing for vehicles has been a factor for many years and finally, the technology of the 90's made the construction of almost a 13 kilometer bridge possible.
		The Confederation Bridge is indeed a tribute to the Atlantic Provinces.
		Bridge tolls are approved by the Government of Canada.
	www.tourcanada.com /cbridge.htm (437 words)

	Confederation Bridge Named Among Canada's Engineering Achievements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Joining the Confederation Bridge on the select list were the following Canadian engineering achievements: the IMAX system of motion picture photography and projection, Canadian Pacific’s Transcontinental Railway, the Pacemaker, and Canadarm – one of space engineering’s greatest advances.
		Completed in May 1997, for an estimated $840 million, the bridge is the first "build-own-operate-transfer" project of its kind in Canada and the longest bridge in the world spanning ice-covered waters.
		The Confederation Bridge has received a number of other major awards; including ones from the Association of Consulting Engineers of Canada, and Consulting Engineers.
	www.apegga.com /whatsnew/peggs/WEB04-99/confederation_bridge.htm (395 words)

	Canadian Geographic Magazine: Exploration Online - explore Canada
		Construction of the 12.9 kilometre long toll bridge began in the fall of 1993, and the bridge opened in the spring of 1997 and cost one billion dollars.
		Confederation Bridge is the longest bridge to span ice-covered waters in the world.
		The bridge, which TK 130 feet above the water, was built with specially designed conical ice shields on the pier shafts that lift the ice and force it to break under its own weight.
	www.canadiangeographic.ca /exploration/so05/eleven.asp (231 words)

	Confederation Bridge Monitoring Project
		The Confederation Bridge is one of the world’s longest continuous prestressed-concrete box-girder bridges built over sea water.
		To measure the ice forces on the instrumented bridge pier, twenty-eight ice load panels were installed on the pier’s ice shield.
		In order to measure the bridge dynamics under high wind conditions, seismic activity or from vehicular traffic on the bridge, a suite of 75 accelerometer signals are distributed throughout a 1 km section of the bridge.
	www.freqdev.com /news/bridge.html (293 words)

	American Philatelic Society's Chapter Activities Committee Internet Home Page- Stamp Articles for Reprint... tmf
		The bridge, typically, is 40 meters (131.24 feet 11stories) over the water with a navigation span (so ships can pass under the bridge) having a height of 60 meters (196.9 feet) above the water.
		The bridge is also lightly "S" shaped to reduce the hypnotic effect of straight bridges.
		Crossing the bridge is certainly a not to be missed part of the PEI experience.
	www.stamps.org /CAC/artf002.htm (764 words)

	Confederation Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Confederation Bridge is one of this century's engineering marvels.
		It is one of the worlds' largest bridges spanning a distance of approximately 14 kilometers and opened in June of 1997, thus connecting Prince Edward Island to the rest of Canada.
		The bridge is, indeed, a structural marvel, featuring some of the most advanced electrical and electronic systems currently available.
	www.isn.net /~bobsear2/portfolio/com/confb.htm (264 words)

	Sea Ice Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Helicopter-borne sensors were used to measure ice thickness and surface roughness from both sides of the bridge and also to collect video images to document changes in ice concentration and floe size.
		It was found that the piers of Confederation Bridge facilitate breakage of ice floes as they are driven back and forth by wind and tide.
		The spatial extent of the bridge’s influence depends on the strength of the tidal currents and wind forcing.
	www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /science/ocean/seaice/bridge_e.html (353 words)

	What is Civil Engineering ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Confederation Bridge was planned and designed in Calgary by Strait Crossing Inc. A large number of civil engineers including professors from The University of Calgary were closely associated with this major engineering project working on the planning, designing, constructing or monitoring of the bridge.
		It is currently the longest bridge in the world to cross ice-covered salt water.
		The Confederation Bridge is 12.9 km in length and under normal driving conditions takes around 10 minutes to cross.
	www.eng.ucalgary.ca /CSCE-Students/structural_bridges_Canada2.htm (153 words)

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