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Topic: Conference on the Human Environment

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	CIESIN Dataset Guide - UNCED Collection
		Historically, UNCED is a descendant of the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.
		The United Nations Environment Programme Register of International Treaties and Other Agreements in the Field of the Environment includes summaries of 152 multilateral treaties, their objectives, provisions, important dates, and countries for which the treaty is in force.
		The report of the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment includes the Stockholm Declaration, recommendations for action, an action plan, a set of resolutions on follow-up to the conference, and a list of acronyms used.
	www.ciesin.org /datasets/unced/unced.html (776 words)

	Human Rights – © by Encyclopedia Britannica
		Fifth and finally, human rights are commonly assumed to refer, in some vague sense, to "fundamental" as distinct from "nonessential" claims or "goods." In fact, some theorists go so far as to limit human rights to a single core right or two--for example, the right to life or the right to equal freedom of opportunity.
		Therefore, to understand better the debate over the content and legitimate scope of human rights and the priorities claimed among them, it is useful to note the dominant schools of thought and action that have informed the human rights tradition since the beginning of modern times.
		The implementation of international human rights law depends for the most part on the voluntary consent of nations; the mechanisms for the observance or enforcement of human rights are yet in their infancy.
	www.stoessel.ch /hei/dip/human_rights_encyclopedia_britannica.htm (6960 words)

	A Human Environment Ombudsman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A further aspect of the human environment problem is the increasing alienation of the individual in the urban environment, who is faced with the maze of « faceless » organizations perceived as increasingly invading his privacy.
		The Human Environment Conference will be counterproductive to the extent that human environment programmes are, in their turn, narrowly conceived as the panacea, which, it is hoped, would give a new lease on life to economic development programmes.
		Human environment problems need to be seen as intimately related to social development, which itself needs to be preconception as distinct from its current definition as the development of human resources for the benefit of economic development.
	www.laetusinpraesens.org /docs70s/72ombuds.php (1176 words)

	Stockholm 1972 - Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment - United Nations Environment ...
		The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.
		To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development.
		Demographic policies which are without prejudice to basic human rights and which are deemed appropriate by Governments concerned should be applied in those regions where the rate of population growth or excessive population concentrations are likely to have adverse effects on the environment of the human environment and impede development.
	www.unep.org /Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503 (1880 words)

	Encyclopedia: Conference on the Human Environment
		The Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972, was the first of a series of world environmental conferences.
		One of the key issues addressed was the use of CFCs, which seemed to be responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
		Some argue, however, that this conference, and more importantly the scientific conferences preceding it, had a real impact on the environmental policies of the European Union.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Conference-on-the-Human-Environment (202 words)

	[No title]
		Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights--even the right to life itself.
		To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind--a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development.
		Principle 16 Demographic policies which are without prejudice to basic human rights and which are deemed appropriate by Governments concerned should be applied in those regions where the rate of population growth or excessive population concentrations are likely to have adverse effects on the environment of the human environment and impede development.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/STOCKHOLM-DECL.txt (1788 words)

	Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme
		This discussion began at Stockholm in 1972 at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, and was the first conference to draw world-wide attention to the Earth's environmental problems.
		The objectives of the conference were to build upon the hopes and achievements of the Brundtland Report, in order to respond to pressing global environmental problems and to agree major treaties on bio-diversity, climate change and forest management.
		The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development defines the rights of the people to be involved in the development of their economies, and the responsibilities of human beings to safeguard the common environment.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /Resources/Teaching_Packs/Key_Stage_4/Sustainable_Development/03b.html (2125 words)

	Ecobeetle's Eco-Features - The Stockholm Conference 1972
		It was a large conference and was perceived to symbolize the growing awareness and significance of environmental issues.
		It was from the Stockholm conference that UNEP and CITES were spawned, and the conference promoted the importance of environmental issues at a national scale and encouraged the development of national policies.
		As one of the productive consequences of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides an integrative and interactive mechanism through which a large number of separate efforts by intergovernmental, non-governmental, national and regional bodies in the service of the environment are reinforced and interrelated.
	www.ecobeetle.com /stockholm.htm (349 words)

	Kofi Ankomah reviews Global Environment Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future Perspectives by the United Nations ...
		The global environment report reveals that the global environment is under siege: there is pressure on land, forest, biodiversity, freshwater, costal and marine areas, the atmosphere, and on urban areas.
		Global Environment Outlook 3: Past present and future perspectives traces major global developments and their impact from the Stockholm United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 till the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.
		Chapters 2 ‘State of the Environment and Policy Retrospective: 1972-2003’ and 3 ‘Human Vulnerability to Environment Change’ discuss the current state of the environment and the frightening pace of degradation through human made as well as natural disasters, which for the database of the strategic plan constitute the strategic analysis.
	human-nature.com /nibbs/03/globenv.html (815 words)

	UN-HABITAT.:. Our Mission \| Declarations \| Vancouver Declaration On Human Settlements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Since a genuine human settlement policy requires the effective participation of the entire population, recourse must therefore be made at all times to technical arrangements permitting the use of all human resources, both skilled and unskilled.
		The design of human settlements should aim at providing a ilving environment in which identities of individuals, families and societies are preserved and adequate means for maintaining privacy, the possibility of face-to-face interactions and public participation in the decision-making process are provided.
		Diversity in the characteristics of human settlements reflecting cultural and aesthetic values must be respected and encouraged and areas of historical, religious of archaeological importance and nature areas of special interest preserved for posterity.
	www.unchs.org /content.asp?ID=924&catid=10&typeid=25&subMenuId=0 (3070 words)

	A/RES/44/228 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
		Decides to convene the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which shall be of two weeks' duration and shall have the highest possible level of participation, to coincide with World Environment Day, on 5 June 1992; 2.
		Decides to establish the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which shall be open to all States Members of the United Nations or members of the specialized agencies, with the participation of observers, in accordance with the established practice of the General Assembly; 2.
		Stresses the importance of holding regional conferences on environment and development with the full co-operation of the regional commissions, and recommends that the results of such regional conferences be introduced into the preparatory process for the Conference, bearing in mind that regional conferences should make important substantive contributions to the Conference; 14.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/res/44/ares44-228.htm (890 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		All persons have the right to an environment adequate to meet equitably the needs of present generations and that does not impair the rights of future generations to meet equitably their needs.
		All persons have the right not to be evicted from their homes or land for the purpose of, or as a consequence of, decisions or actions affecting the environment, except in emergencies or due to a compelling purpose benefiting society as a whole and not attainable by other means.
		States and all other parties shall avoid using the environment as a means of war or inflicting significant, long-term or widespread harm on the environment, and shall respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/instree/1994-dec.htm (1424 words)

	Rio + 10 Series: A Brief History of the Earth Summits--From Stockholm to Rio
		The conference produced several concrete results, including the 26 principles outlined in the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, as well as an Action Plan for the Human Environment and an Environment Fund.
		The conference also revealed a rift between developing and developed countries over the latter's exploitation of natural resources in ways that both damaged the environment and perpetuated the unequal distribution of wealth.
		The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, or the Rio Summit, institutionalized the theory and practice of sustainable development, as well as the continuing convergence of environmental, economic, and social considerations.
	www.socialfunds.com /news/print.cgi?sfArticleId=858 (762 words)

	Rio Declaration - Rio Declaration on Environment and Development - United Nations Environment Programme
		Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development.
		In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities.
		Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.
	www.unep.org /Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163 (1146 words)

	A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
		At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes.
		Principle 15 In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities.
		Principle 17 Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm (1157 words)

	Environment
		The three environmental principles of the Global Compact are drawn from a Declaration of Principles and an International Action Plan (Agenda 21) that emerged from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) held in Rio de Janerio in 1992.
		The Rio Declaration built on the previous Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which was adopted in Stockholm in 1972.
		The Stockholm conference was the first global environmental meeting of governments, which stated that long-term economic progress needs to be linked with environmental protection.
	www.unglobalcompact.org /AboutTheGC/TheTenPrinciples/environment.html (687 words)

	Africa Environment Outlook - Chapter 1
		At the national level, the Stockholm Conference influenced the establishment of the first environment ministry in 1975 in what was then Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo).
		At the global level, the Stockholm Conference led to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), with its headquarters in Nairobi.
		The 1972 Stockholm Conference rekindled the African spirit of living in harmony with each other and with the environment, as was stated by Professor Mostafa K. Tolba (who later became the second UNEP executive director) at that conference (see Box 1.2).
	www.grida.no /aeo/013.htm (797 words)

	United Nations Environment Programme Summary
		Held in Stockholm in 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was the first global environmental conference and the precursor to the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
		Twenty years after the Stockholm conference UNEP continued to explore the relationship of the environment and development at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
		Conference on the Human Environment: 1972, Stockholm, Sweden
	www.bookrags.com /United_Nations_Environment_Programme (3126 words)

	AAAS - Human Rights and Environment Project
		The Stockholm Declaration recognized the human role in shaping the environment and the importance of protecting and improving the human environment for the well-being of peoples and economic development.
		The mid-1980s was a period of increased concern with the human impact on global climate.
		Agenda 21 was drafted at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (the Earth Summit).
	shr.aaas.org /hrenv/docs/calamita2_02.htm (8903 words)

	UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
		Human settlements and development (a) There are fundamental relationships among the distribution of population, environment, economic activities, and the pattern of human settlements.
		The background of stark poverty and human degradation to which the majority of mankind was subjected, in a world of glaring disparities in economic and social opporunity, was constantly emphasized....in preparing strategies for the transformation of human settlements, it was essential that all other basic needs--food, water, work, health and education -- were provided.
		...human settlement invovled all the elements of a techical infrastrucutre and of all necessary functions and services of the economic and soical system if it was to be effective and successful.
	www.womensgroup.org /HUMANSET.html (4134 words)

	Ministério das Relações Exteriores
		At Brazil's invitation, the city of Rio de Janeiro was the venue for the UN Conference on Development and the Environment held from June 3-14, 1992.
		Since the Rio Conference, relations between rich and poor nations have been conducted according to a new set of innovative principles, such as those of "common responsibilities, differentiated according to the country", and "the polluter pays" and "sustainable patterns of production and consumption".
		As well as this, with the adoption of Agenda 21, the Conference established for the future specific objectives for sustainable development in different areas, explaining the need to seek new and additional financial resources to complement sustainable development at global level.
	www.mre.gov.br /ingles/politica_externa/temas_agenda/environment/environment.asp?imprime=on (595 words)

	WTO \| Environment - history 1
		In 1972, the UN held a Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.
		The 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio “Earth Summit”, drew attention to the role of international trade in poverty alleviation and in combating environmental degradation.
		The environment and trade were to be linked more explicitly in the new constitution of the multilateral trading system that was to be signed in 1994.
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/envir_e/hist1_e.htm (1329 words)

	Global Development and the Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Twenty years after the landmark Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the United Nations has convened a Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.
		But a probing of the question of sustainability of development inspires less confidence that potential problems and conflicts in the pursuit of these goals are fully appreciated in the international community, much less that the consensus needed to easily achieve the goals will be forthcoming.
		In Global Development and the Environment: Perspectives on Sustainability, researchers at Resources for the Future examine some of the enduring issues, whether or not officially under consideration at the conference or raised there informally, that cannot be ignored in any attempt to pursue aspirations concerning the environment and development.
	www.rff.org /rff/rff_press/bookdetail.cfm?outputID=2962 (338 words)

	325. Classified Report on the Vice-Chairman of the UN Conference on the Human Environment from Delegation (Herter) to ...
		The PRC was primarily interested in eliminating in the Declaration any reference to nuclear weapons and their effect on the environment, a principle which the rust of the world insisted on retaining.
		Even the United States was able to agree on the language which was finally approved, and at the end of the Conference, when the Declaration was adopted by acclamation, the PRC insisted it be recorded as not voting.
		Maurice Strong, the Secretary General of the Conference and his small staff, in cooperation with United Nations personnel and personnel from Sweden, performed in a magnificent manner and were successful in carrying out a major conference with success.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e1/46514.htm (2207 words)

	Division for Sustainable Development- WSSD Political Declaration
		The deep fault line that divides human society between the rich and the poor and the ever-increasing gap between the developed and developing worlds pose a major threat to global prosperity, security and stability.
		Loss of biodiversity continues, fish stocks continue to be depleted, desertification claims more and more fertile land, the adverse effects of climate change are already evident, natural disasters are more frequent and more devastating, and developing countries more vulnerable, and air, water and marine pollution continue to rob millions of a decent life.
		We welcome the focus of the Johannesburg Summit on the indivisibility of human dignity and are resolved, through decisions on targets, timetables and partnerships, to speedily increase access to such basic requirements as clean water, sanitation, adequate shelter, energy, health care, food security and the protection of biodiversity.
	www.un.org /esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/POI_PD.htm (1506 words)

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