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Topic: Conflict Model criminal justice

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	Rule of Law: Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice: U.S. Institute of Peace
		From 2001-2006, the model codes were drafted in consultation with over 250 leading experts from all around the world and from a variety of backgrounds, including international and national judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, police, corrections officials, human rights advocates, military lawyers and international, comparative and criminal law scholars.
		Substantive criminal law regulates what conduct is deemed to be criminal, the conditions under which a person may be held criminally responsible and the relevant penalties that apply to a person convicted of a criminal offense.
		The Model Detention Act governs the laws and procedures to be applied by the criminal justice system to persons who are detained prior to and during a criminal trial and also to persons who are convicted of a criminal offense.
	www.usip.org /ruleoflaw/projects/codes.html (1932 words)

	Criminal law Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of statutory and common law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses.
		Criminal law is intended to enforce social control by discouraging behavior that is harmful to societal well-being, as well as behavior that challenges the government's authority and legitimacy.
		Criminal law has been seen as a system of regulating the behavior of individuals and groups in relation to societal norms whereas civil law is aimed primarily at the relationship between private individuals and their rights and obligations under the law.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Criminal_law.html (1312 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Criminal justice policy is influenced by philosophies held by politicians, which may be influenced by criminological theories and research, among other factors.
		The criminal justice process begins when a crime is reported to the police, or in some instances the police may discover the crime through informants, proactive investigation, or other means.
		Criminal justice is distinct from the field of criminology, which involves the study of crime as a social phenomena, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Criminal_justice (2543 words)

	OPDV Model Policy: Criminal Justice, Legal, and Judicial
		Criminal justice and legal professionals should anticipate that, at times, legitimate survival and safety strategies employed by victims (such as unwillingness to give information, resistance to testifying, recanting all or part of previous statements) may come into conflict with the goals or needs of the legal system.
		Criminal justice agencies and courts should develop mechanisms to ensure that there will be timely issuance and expedited execution of warrants in cases where a suspect has left the scene of a domestic incident, and there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed.
		Criminal justice agencies, probation and other community corrections professionals, and courts should ensure that alleged violations of orders of protection and violations of conditions of release, probation, or parole, are prosecuted with the same vigor as other crimes.
	www.opdv.state.ny.us /coordination/model_policy/crimjust.html (4849 words)

	CJCENTRAL: Criminal Justice Brief, 5E: Glossary
		In criminal justice usage, the legal ability of a person to commit a criminal act; the mental and physical ability to act with purpose and to be aware of the certain, probable, or possible results of one's conduct.
		In criminal justice usage the name for the type of executive or legislative action where the severity of punishment of a single person or a group of persons is reduced or the punishment stopped, or a person is exempted from prosecution for certain actions.
		A federal, state, or local criminal or juvenile justice agency, under a single administrative authority of which the principal functions are the intake screening, supervision, custody, confinement, treatment, or presentencing or predisposition investigation of alleged or adjudicated adult offenders, youthful offenders, delinquents, or status offenders.
	www.prenhall.com /cjcentral/cjbrief6e/glossary/c.html (2516 words)

	General Information
		Conflict management programs have proven that young people and adults can quickly learn to use effective problem-solving concepts and skills, if they are given an opportunity to practice the new skills.
		One approach for using conflict resolution in the classroom is the "conflict resolution corner" model.
		A comprehensive approach increases the chances that conflict resolution skills will be taught to children and youth in homes, community centers, juvenile courts and juvenile correction centers by family members, friends of the family, trained peers, leaders of community youth activities, probation officers or social workers.
	disputeresolution.ohio.gov /introschoolcm.htm (2885 words)

	Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice
		Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice: The model codes are a criminal law reform tool tailored to the needs of countries emerging from conflict.
		The model codes can be used by national and international actors to create, overhaul, update, or fill gaps in the criminal laws in individual post-conflict states.
		The Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice Project was launched by the United States Institute of Peace and the Irish Centre for Human Rights in 2001, in cooperation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
	www.nuigalway.ie /human_rights/Projects/model_codes.html (2019 words)

	Undergraduate Courses - Criminal Justice - Departments - Academics - Worcester State College
		The U. Department of Justice Index Crimes will be studied along with other crimes; which will be selected on the basis of their contemporary administrative significance and their effect on the criminal justice system in particular.
		Increasingly, practitioners in the American criminal justice systems are required to interact with their counterparts, as well as citizens from other national jurisdictions.
		Specific attention will be given to the dual and often conflicting goals of community protection and positive offender change with which the practitioner is typically confronted, the types of policies and programs implemented to meet these goals, and their effectiveness.
	www.worcester.edu /academics/criminal/undergraduate_courses_criminal.htm (2698 words)

	Conflict model (criminal justice) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		System conflict theory argues that worries over fame, promotions, wages, and success cause the criminal justice system to conflict with itself.
		This perspective argues that there is no true system and points to the role of adversarial processes, in particular, which are seen to be basic to the "system", and the fact that many criminal justice organizations habitually share as little information as possible.
		The model argues that police desire to put criminals into prison whereas prison officials who are concerned about overcrowded facilities may desire to release criminals from prison.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conflict_model_(criminal_justice) (344 words)

	Criminal Justice
		Conflict between retributive feelings, even virtuous ones, and sympathetic feelings (which at least initially seem virtuous) may simply reflect a real moral conflict, and to discount one side of the conflict in order to preserve theoretical coherence might well compromise theoretical accuracy.
		To seek the suffering of the offender is just one of many possible responses to crime and injury done to us, and although criminal justice has traditionally taken the imposition of retributive punishment as its primary, often sole objective, this need not remain the case.
		In our system of criminal justice, we don’t want to model and therefore implicitly endorse as means of behavior control the very conditions we know produce and reinforce manipulative egotism and pathological brutality.
	www.naturalism.org /criminal.htm (9795 words)

	Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice Project - Irish Centre for Human Rights
		From 2001-2006, the model codes were drafted in consultation with close to 300 leading experts from all around the world and from a variety of backgrounds, including international and national judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, police, corrections officials, human rights advocates, military lawyers and international, comparative and criminal law scholars.
		Where the pre-existing laws are being updated or overhauled, the model codes could be used as a “gap filler”, supplementing the substance of pre-existing laws with provisions of the codes, for example, to introduce provisions to tackle serious crimes problems in the postconflict state.
		During the model codes consultation process, for example, many practitioners poined to the potential use of the model codes in a development context or in “crisis” or “fragile” states, in addition to in postconflict states.
	www.nuig.ie /human_rights/Projects/model_codes.html (2626 words)

	Model Transitional Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice Project - Irish Centre for Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In some conflict or post conflict environments, the law in force might have been that of a former dictatorial or oppressive regime and therefore might be politically objectionable to the local authorities in power or the population at large.
		Given the fact that there is no “one size fits all” model, it is unlikely that the codes could be used in their entirety but that the provisions used would require necessary adaptation to the particular context in which they were to apply.
		A roundtable discussion centering on the possible application and use of model codes in conflict and post conflict environments was co-hosted by the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law and the Institute of Comparative and International Law at the University of Melbourne, Australia in March 2004.
	www.ucg.ie /human_rights/Projects/transistional_codes.html (2628 words)

	Theories of Deviance: Conflict Theories
		In his view, all societies are marked by the conflict of social classes, sometime overt, sometimes hidden, but always the major source of stability and change in society.
		But ultimately the growth of the criminal justice system, and its expense, becomes one of the factors precipitating a crisis in capitalism and a transition to socialism.
		The criminal justice system, by largely ignoring male violence against women in intimate relationships, helped to perpetuate a patriarchy that was at least as basic to American society as class or racial domination.
	www.d.umn.edu /~bmork/2306/Theories/BAMconflict2.htm (1294 words)

	Online MBA - Criminal Justice
		Saint Leo University's Master of Business Administration Program with a concentration in Criminal Justice is a "practical program of instruction" that enables our students to earn their degrees in the most convenient and efficient manner possible with classes offered entirely online.
		A strong commitment to a set of "core values" is the cornerstone of Saint Leo University and its mission to offer a practical, effective model for life and leadership in a challenging world, a model based on a steadfast moral consciousness that recognizes the dignity, value and gifts of all people.
		Saint Leo University's Master of Business Administration Program has been designed to yield an understanding of business and criminal justice administration principles, the ability to utilize decision processes, a working knowledge of functional operations, and the ability to work effectively in today's ever changing business and law enforcement environment.
	www.mba-degrees.org /online-programs/criminaljustice.htm (162 words)

	Colombia: In search of a new model for conflict resolution
		The Betancur/FARC model of conflict resolution was characterized by a ‘broad agenda’ of social and political structural reforms and took its most concrete form in the La Uribe Accord in 1984.
		It was based on an acceptance by the Betancur administration of the ‘objective causes’ of the conflict such as social inequity and political exclusion, and recognition of the insurgencies as legitimate interlocutors in negotiations.
		Added to a synthesis of specific aspects of the two historical models, these could be the ingredients for a future, third model for conflict resolution, building upon the lessons of the past, but adjusting to the realities of the present and the future.
	www.c-r.org /our-work/accord/colombia/new-model.php (3325 words)

	U.S. Catholic Bishops - Social Development & World Peace (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In developing these reflections, we have consulted with Catholics who are involved in every aspect of the criminal justice system: prison chaplains, police officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, probation and parole officers, wardens, correctional officers, crime victims, offenders, families of both victims and offenders, and treatment personnel.
		Too often, the criminal justice system neglects the hurt and needs of victims or seeks to exploit their anger and pain to support punitive policies.
		Criminal activity is largely a local issue and, to the extent possible, should have local solutions.
	www.nccbuscc.org /sdwp/criminal.htm (13917 words)

	The Minnesota Restorative Justice Initiative
		The purpose of the DOC Restorative Justice Initiative is to promote and support the use of practices, policies, and programs chat focus on repairing the harm of crime and strengthening communities in all jurisdictions around the state.
		Several of the models arising from the exploration of more restorative responses to crime involve community members in the process of supporting victims and deciding the terms of accountability for those who have violated the community norms.
		In the case of criminal events the powerless might be either the offender or the victim, or both.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /nij/publications/rest-just/ch1/mnrjmodel.htm (2170 words)

	SSRN-Model Codes for Criminal Justice and Peace Operations: Some Legal Issues by Bruce Oswald
		He argues that any changes to the domestic criminal law and procedure of a host state introduced by peacekeepers should only occur where it is necessary and reasonable to achieve an appropriate balance between maintaining security and ensuring that the administration of the local population takes account of local and accepted international standards.
		If there is a need to change the criminal justice system in a host state it is necessary to identify the legal basis for doing so.
		The author concludes that the most appropriate manner in which to implement changes to the domestic criminal law and procedure of a host state is to seek the consent of that state.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=915664 (360 words)

	U.S. Catholic Bishops - Social Development & World Peace (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In developing these reflections, we have consulted with Catholics who are involved in every aspect of the criminal justice system: prison chaplains, police officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, probation and parole officers, wardens, correctional officers, crime victims, offenders, families of both victims and offenders, and treatment personnel.
		Too often, the criminal justice system neglects the hurt and needs of victims or seeks to exploit their anger and pain to support punitive policies.
		Criminal activity is largely a local issue and, to the extent possible, should have local solutions.
	www.usccb.org /sdwp/criminal.htm (13917 words)

	Melville W. Fuller: A Model Chief Justice [Mackinac Center for Public Policy]
		The Fuller court, encompassing a parade of justices who came and went during Fuller’s 22 years as chief, was not perfectly consistent on all counts.
		When the justices found law to be in conflict with the Constitution, they usually sided with the latter, because liberty under the rule of law was their highest priority.
		The last Jacksonian Democrat to hold the highest office, Cleveland wanted a chief justice with an unblemished record of integrity who not only shared his limited-government philosophy, but also was a good business manager who could fix the backlog of cases at the high court, which was a full three years behind in its work.
	www.mackinac.org /7642 (1549 words)

	Criminal Justice Course Descriptions
		Examination of the conflicting and converging needs and skills of social roles necessary for sound criminal justice system in society.
		Objectives, activities and skills of citizen, criminal justice professional, and social scientist identified and analyzed.
		Credit for individual study or selected classes in subjects such as role of women in the criminal justice system, poverty and crime, or police civil liability.
	www.stchas.edu /coursedesc/criminaljustice.shtml (574 words)

	USAID - Conflict Management and Mitigation: Conflict in the Latin America / Caribbean Region
		High levels of criminal violence, often tied to political parties, continues to be a destabilizing force in Jamaica.
		DCHA/CMM and the mission have jointly funded the Restorative Justice, Coexistence, and Peace Project, which helps establish networks of public and private organizations that address underlying causes of conflict, rebuild social ties, and restore public safety in areas affected by violence.
		To facilitate this process, CMM conducted an assessment of Columbia’s reparations program and sponsored a restorative justice workshop with the Global Development Alliance in Cali to enable the Mission to develop consensus among Columbian government leaders and civil society members on issues fundamental to the development of the peace process.
	www.usaid.gov /our_work/cross-cutting_programs/conflict/support/lac.html (669 words)

	International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia - International Justice - Global Policy Forum
		The tribunal seeks to bring justice to the victims of the conflict and deter future leaders from committing similar atrocities.
		The WCC represents the “latest model of an international justice mechanism” which is established in the domestic legal system.
		In an article criticizing the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Edward S. Herman states that NATO countries, spearheaded by the US, set up the tribunal to cover up their own war crimes during the period of fighting in the Balkans.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/yugoindx.htm (2320 words)

	References - Criminal Profiling
		Borchard, E. Convicting the innocent: Errors of criminal justice.
		Hare, R.D. A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations.
		Hare, R.D. & McPherson, L.M. Violent and aggressive behaviour by criminal psychopaths.
	www.criminalprofiling.com /References_c45.html (4061 words)

	ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
		The principle purpose of this course is to introduce students to the study of the criminal justice process.
		We will be especially concerned with theories of criminal justice and the process of theorizing about criminal justice.
		As such, we shall discuss why criminal justice thinking has rarely been considered theoretical in nature and what one might do to alter these perceptions in the future.
	pegasus.cc.ucf.edu /~smyers/adminoutline.htm (989 words)

	USIP Books: MODEL CODES FOR POST-CONFLICT CRIMINAL JUSTICE: Volume I: Model Criminal Code
		Of unparalleled breadth, depth, and authority, the Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice is a criminal law reform tool tailored to the needs of countries emerging from conflict.
		The Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice is the culmination of a six-year project spearheaded by the United States Institute of Peace and the Irish Centre for Human Rights, in collaboration with the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime.
		This enormous breadth of expertise has allowed the Model Codes to draw on lessons learned in a variety of post-conflict states and from the laws of a remarkable variety of the world’s legal systems and traditions.
	bookstore.usip.org /books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=164377 (600 words)

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