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Topic: Confocal microscope

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	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Confocal Microscope Objectives
		In confocal biological applications where thick sections or live cell preparations are imaged, the use of non-plan objectives may be tolerable because the section curvature produced by the objective is relatively insignificant given the uncertainty of other factors on the exact specimen shape.
		In scanning confocal techniques, evaluation of the effect of chromatic aberrations on the integrity of images for a particular objective requires consideration of all factors that determine the signal energy that passes through the pinhole and is recorded by the detector.
		Confocal fluorescence applications can be severely limited if the objective aberrations are not similarly corrected for both excitation and emission wavelengths, a requirement made more difficult to satisfy when multiple fluorophores are utilized or when the difference between excitation and emission wavelengths is large.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /theory/confocalobjectives.html (6816 words)

	Confocal Microscope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The confocal microscope was invented by Marvin Minsky.
		With the invention of the laser, confocal microscopes became practical.
		The confocal microscope is said to have a very small depth of field.
	www.cas.muohio.edu /~mbi-ws/microscopes/confocal.html (1029 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Introduction to Confocal Microscopy
		The key to the confocal approach is the use of spatial filtering to eliminate out-of-focus light or flare in specimens that are thicker than the plane of focus.
		There has been a tremendous explosion in the popularity of confocal microscopy in recent years, due in part to the relative ease with which extremely high-quality images can be obtained from specimens prepared for conventional optical microscopy, and in its great number of applications in many areas of current research interest.
		Critical Aspects of Confocal Microscopy - Quantitative three-dimensional imaging in fluorescence microscopy is often complicated by artifacts due to specimen preparation, controllable and uncontrollable experimental variables, or configuration problems with the microscope.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/confocal/index.html (1426 words)

	Confocal
		In 1986-87, a confocal microscope with the capabilities of producing very useful images could be built by combining the technologies of the laser, the computer, and microelectronics.
		The confocal microscope eliminates this out-of-focus information by means of a confocal "pinhole" situated in front of the image plane which acts as a spatial filter and allows only the in-focus portion of the light to be imaged.
		The confocal microscope at the Institute is a Carl Zeiss LSM 310 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope.
	www.gonda.ucla.edu /bri_core/confocal.htm (1160 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Confocal Microscope Scanning Systems
		The modern confocal microscope is an integrated electronic system, most commonly based on a widefield epi-fluorescence instrument, with the addition of multiple laser illumination sources, a scan head containing electronic and optical components, a computer and monitor for image display, and associated software for control of signal acquisition, processing, and image analysis.
		In order to extend the confocal point-sampling principle to allow generation of an extended specimen image field, the point focus in the specimen is scanned in a raster pattern similar to that employed to create the image on a television screen (and in other video applications; see Figure 2(a)).
		In the simplest beam-scanning confocal configuration, a scan mirror is located in the rear focal plane of a scan lens, which is conjugate with the rear focal plane of the objective.
	www.olympusconfocal.com /theory/confocalscanningsystems.html (3762 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Confocal Microscopy
		Laser scanning confocal microscopy represents one of the most significant advances in optical microscopy ever developed, primarily because the technique enables visualization deep within both living and fixed cells and tissues and affords the ability to collect sharply defined optical sections from which three-dimensional renderings can be created.
		In confocal microscopy, fluorescence emission is directed through a pinhole aperture positioned near the image plane to exclude light from fluorescent structures located away from the objective focal plane, thus reducing the amount of light available for image formation.
		In contrast, the excitation region of a laser scanning confocal microscope is similar to that of a widefield microscope.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/techniques/confocal/index.html (2577 words)

	How does a confocal microscope work? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Because the focal point of the objective lens of the microscope forms an image where the pinhole is, these two points are known as "conjugate points" (or alternatively, the sample plane and the pinhole/screen are conjugate planes).
		The confocal also includes a very large box containing electronics, which is not shown in the photographs; there is also a laser, and an SGI computer.
		The confocal microscope was invented by Marvin Minsky, who has written a nice summary about this on the web.
	www.physics.emory.edu /~weeks/confocal (1619 words)

	Confocal Imaging
		n a confocal imaging system a single point of excitation light (or sometimes a group of points or a slit) is scanned across the specimen (see animation 1).
		Confocal imaging can offer another advantage in favorable situations (small pinhole size, bright specimen): the resolution that is obtained can be better by a factor of up to 1.4 than the resolution obtained with the microscope operated conventionally.
		Multiple-beam confocal microscopes have a higher speed potential than point-scanners because their inherent parallelism avoids fluorophore saturation enabling higher levels of excitation to be used.
	www.nbr.wisc.edu /confocal/confocal.html (1192 words)

	Confocal Microscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Confocal microscopes use specific wavelengths of light to excite fluorescent molecules within a sample.
		They are using the confocal microscope to study the expression of certain proteins within developing invertebrates and insects.
		A less traditional use for confocal microscopes, but one that is gaining popularity, is the imaging of non-transparent surfaces and objects.
	research.amnh.org /mif/confocal/confocal.html (442 words)

	IBB - Confocal Lab - Zeiss Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Laser scanning confocal microscopy provides researchers with the ability to optically section whole specimens of cells and small organisms, such as developing embryos, or very thick sections from bone, brain, and other organ tissues that have been tagged with fluorescent or reflective probes.
		A confocal aperture (pinhole) is placed in front of the photodetector, so that the fluorescent light (not the reflected light!) from points on the specimen that are not within the focal plane (the out-of-focus light) where the laser beam was focused will be largely obstructed by the pinhole.
		The IBB Flow Cytometer and Confocal Microscopy Laboratory is equipped with the Zeiss LSM510 Confocal Microscope and has the software package for image analysis, processing and 3D image reconstruction of these confocal images.
	www.ibb.gatech.edu /confocal_lab/zeiss (462 words)

	Marvin Minsky,
		The fact is that Minsky invented such a microscope identical with the concept later developed extensively by Egger and Davidovits at Yale and by Shepherd and Wilson in Oxford and Brakenhoff and colleagues in Amsterdam etc. The circumstances are also remarkable in that Minsky only published his invention as a patent.
		Yet he not only built a microscope and made it work and it was the kind of prototype of which we would be proud but he showed it to a number of people who went away impressed but nevertheless failed to adopt the concept.
		This is why a confocal microscope must scan the specimen, point by point and that can take a long time because we must add all the time intervals it takes to collect enough light to measure each image point.
	web.media.mit.edu /~minsky/papers/ConfocalMemoir.html (3007 words)

	Confocal microscope image of a chick embryo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Confocal image of the head of a 21-day chicken embryo.
		The photograph shows the projection of a stack of confocal images of the head of a 21 day chicken embryo stained with the monoclonal antibody NK-1.
		The immunoreactive cells are migratory neural crest cells that are leaving the hindbrain and migrating to the 3 and 4th branchial arches.
	web.uvic.ca /sciweb/photos-confocal-microscope.html (68 words)

	Confocal microscope for optical measurement of complex surfaces
		The instrument is based on white light confocal microscopy, which is a powerful alternative to white light interferometers.
		The NanoSurf confocal microscope is the only non-destructive optical measurement system that provides this high level of correlation for non contact characterization of complex surface structures.
		The NanoSurf confocal microscope is controlled by software working under MS Windows® NT; the surface topography data can be presented and analyzed in various ways.
	www.solarius-inc.com /html/nanosurf.html (275 words)

	Confocal » Confocal Microscopy Center » Laboratory of Signal Transduction » NIEHS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A confocal microscope significantly improves resolution over a conventional microscope by removing out-of-focus blur from the image as it is formed.
		The only requirement to a microscope being "confocal" is that, in the image plane, there is an aperture-- or a grid of apertures placed apart from each other-- that serves to remove the out-of-focus light coming from the sample.
		Confocal microscopes, as they are currently implemented, are a type of light microscope.
	dir.niehs.nih.gov /cmc/confocal.htm (328 words)

	Confocal Microscopy (Cellular Imaging Core, SWEHSC)
		Marvin Minsky's recollections on the invention and patenting of the principles of the confocal microscope.
		Many confocal microscopes are able to image cells and tissues with DIC as a compliment to the fluorescence imaging.
		While not a confocal technique, cytometry is a useful compliment to the confocal microscope.
	swehsc.pharmacy.arizona.edu /exppath/micro/confocal.html (962 words)

	FAQ, VayTek, Deconvolution, Digital Microscopy, Digital Imaging Systems, VayTek, confocal microscopy, algorithms
		A confocal microscope consists of a standard microscope with a number of complex attachments to direct and process the beam of light.
		When using a laser scanning confocal microscope, the amount of haze removed is set by the aperture size and thus cannot be adjusted after the image is captured.
		On the other hand, a microscope with a monomchrome camera and a filter wheel captures color images that are more accurate because they use a filter wheel with the glass filters designed specifically for the wavelengths of your specimen dyes.
	www.vaytek.com /FAQ.html (5463 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In a confocal microscope out-of-focus light from a specimen being observed reaches a focal point at a different level relative to the focal point of the in-focus light (also see the figure on confocal microscopy).
		This allows a confocal microscope to produce a highly magnified image with exceptional contrast and often with striking details that would be blurred in an image from a classical light microscope.
		In addition, since a confocal microscope effectively sees only one plane of focus for any given image, it is possible to collect a series of optical sections by scanning a series of focal planes at different depths within the specimen (e.g.
	www.auburn.edu /research/vpr/aurif/amil/confocal.html (8186 words)

	Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Facility
		The Boston University School of Medicine's Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Facility is home to a Zeiss LSM 510 system; featuring an Axiovert 100M inverted microscope, a Windows NT based computer, and ethernet connections to the University.
		The microscope is equipped with one argon and two helium-neon lasers for fluorescence excitation of 458/488, 543 and 633 nm.
		Advice and assistance in operating the confocal microscope is available from members of the use committee.
	www.bumc.bu.edu /Dept/Content.aspx?DepartmentID=284&PageID=188 (181 words)

	Facilities: Laser Confocal Microscope
		In these confocal microscopes, a laser beam scans the sample and three-dimensional reconstruction of objects can be accomplished using image-rendering software.
		By labeling cellular components or entire groups of cells with flourescent molecules, it is possible to follow their distribution and eventual fate, with a high level of resolution not available with any other microscope.
		Confocal microscopy is useful in living or fixed cells and tissues.
	www.ucihs.uci.edu /anatomy/confocal.html (111 words)

	Confocal Microscope
		Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM or LSCM) is a valuable tool for obtaining high resolution images and 3-D reconstructions.
		The key feature of confocal microscopy is its ability to produce blur-free images of thick specimens at various depths.
		The principle for this special kind of microscopy was developed by Marvin Minsky in 1953, but it took another thirty years and the development of lasers as near-ideal point light sources for confocal microscopy to become a standard technique toward the end of the 1980s.
	www.shcc.org /confocal.htm (316 words)

	TelePresence Microscopy - Confocal Microscopy
		The confocal microscope uses lasers as light source to scan samples that have been stained with fluorescent dyes.
		Our confocal microscope is equipped with an argon laser and a krypton laser.
		When acquiring images, the confocal microscope can take single, 2-dimensional images as well as 'stacks,' or a series of images taken at incremental z-steps.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /bioimage/tpm/confocal.html (165 words)

	Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope
		The Zeiss laser scanning confocal microscope (LSM 210) allows users to perform three-dimensional microscopy of fluorescently labeled specimens or reflective surfaces.
		This is accomplished by imaging objects through a small pinhole aperture, thereby preventing detection of all light except for that originating from a thin optical section.
		Confocal microscopy is particularly well suited to the examination of thick specimens for which out-of-focus light, using conventional microscopy, would obscure structural details.
	www.itg.uiuc.edu /ms/equipment/microscopes/lscm.htm (235 words)

	SVI-wiki: Confocal Microscope
		A Confocal microscope is one type of 3D Fluorescence Microscope in which resolution is increased by rejecting out-of-focus light.
		This is done by using pinholes with special Pinhole Radius, and makes it to be an intrinsic Three Dee Microscope: due to the focusing nature of the confocal microscope, it is specially suitable for obtaining Three Dee Images as a collection of intensities at different points of the space.
		In confocal microscopes, the →Nyquist Rate is about one half of that in Wide Field Microscopes.
	support.svi.nl /wiki/index.php?ConfocalMicroscope (185 words)

	FluoView 1000 Confocal Microscope
		The Olympus FluoView FV1000 is a next-generation imaging system designed for high-resolution, confocal observation of both fixed and living cells.
		The FV1000 offers advances in confocal system performance while providing the speed and sensitivity required for live cell imaging with minimal risk of damage to living specimens.
		The main scanner is used for high-resolution confocal imaging, while the second scanner is used for simultaneous laser stimulation.
	www.olympusamerica.com /seg_section/seg_product.asp?p=5&sc=1&product=962 (911 words)

	Confocal Microscope & Imaging Facility UNC Physiology Neuroscience
		Confocal Microscope and Imaging Facility UNC Physiology Neuroscience
		U.N.C. LeicaTCS-NT Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope is available for use by members of the neuroscience research community at the University of North Carolina.
		Image file storage and transfer on the confocal system.
	confocal.med.unc.edu (70 words)

	Scanning Confocal Microscope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The scanning confocal microscope records fluorescence (or Raman) images with a diffraction limited resolution of about 300 nm.
		In addition, the microscope is capable of being used for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) of diffusing fluorescent molecules.
		The scanning confocal microscope is a home-built system consisting of easy-to-use commercial components.
	www.cnm.utexas.edu /ScanningConfocal.htm (582 words)

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