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	Confuciusornis: Earliest Known Beaked Bird
		Although Archaeopteryx is still the earliest known bird, Confuciusornis sanctus ("sacred bird of Confucius"), is the earliest known bird to have a toothless beak made of the same horny material as our modern birds.
		Confuciusornis is only about 10 to 15 million years younger than Archaeopteryx, but it has many characteristics that are shared with our modern birds.
		Confuciusornis has feathers on its body, while Archaeopteryx specimens only have feathers preserved on their wings.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/paleontology/36448 (397 words)

	Confuciusornis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Confuciusornis is a genus of crow-sized prehistoric bird from the Early Cretaceous of China, approximately 120 million years ago.
		Like modern birds, Confuciusornis had a beak, but close relatives of modern birds such as Hesperornis and Ichthyornis were toothed, indicating that the beak evolved convergently in Confuciusornis and living birds.
		Confuciusornis is more advanced than Archaeopteryx in possessing a short tail with a pygostyle (a bone formed from a series of short, fused tail vertebrae), but more primitive than modern birds in retaining large claws on the forelimbs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confuciusornis (215 words)

	Albuquerque Tribune Online: Science & Tech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The 130 million-year-old, crow-sized Confuciusornis dui was discovered last year in lake sediment in China, so exquisitely preserved that impressions of its feathers are clearly visible.
		The back end of the Confuciusornis dui's skull is primitive, with two openings behind the eyes that are a throwback to dinosaurs.
		Confuciusornis dui is the smallest species found to date of the order named for the Chinese philosopher.
	abqtrib.com /archives/science/061899_dinosaur.shtml (380 words)

	Augusta Georgia: technology@ugusta: Fossil of oldest beaked bird discovered 06/17/99
		The 130 million-year-old, crow-sized Confuciusornis dui was discovered last year in ancient lake sediment in China, so exquisitely preserved that impressions of its feathers are clearly visible.
		The back end of the Confuciusornis dui's skull is primitive, with two openings behind the eyes that are a throwback to dinosaurs.
		Confuciusornis (kahn-FYOO-shus-OR-nis) dui is the smallest species found to date of the order named for the Chinese philosopher.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/061799/tec_124-3105.shtml (393 words)

	Music Forum - View Single Post - THE COLLAPSE OF EVOLUTION video download
		While evolutionists have for decades been proclaiming Archæopteryx to be the greatest evidence for their scenario concerning the evolution of birds, some recently-found fossils invalidate that scenario in other respects.
		Confuciusornis has the same skeletal structure as modern birds, but also has claws on its wings, just like Archæopteryx.
		It is true that some of these bird species, such as Archæopteryx and Confuciusornis, have become extinct, but the fact that only some of the species that once existed have been able to survive down to the present day does not in itself support the theory of evolution.
	www.radiomute.com /showpost.php?p=271108&postcount=8 (799 words)

	CWS Talk! - tell me one beneficial mutation example - if there is (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Confuciusornis exhibits certain features that make it a very good candidate to be what biblical literalists label a 'transitional fossil'.
		Further, Confuciusornis has certain features that are unique to that taxa and definitively intermediate between the Dromaeosauridae (the non-avian taxa leading to modern birds) and other, later, avian forms.
		This hypothesis is further supported by the geochronological context of Confuciusornis - placed between 120 and 150 million years ago, clearly after the conventional temporal span of Archaeopteryx, reinforcing the latter's place as the ancestor to modern birds.
	www.botcw.com /talk/showthread.php?p=127093 (1186 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		Confuciusornis has the same skeletal structure as modern birds, but also has claws on its wings, just like Archaeopteryx.
		Confuciusornis, which lived at the same time as Archaeopteryx, has many similarities to modern birds.
		It is true that some of these bird species, such as Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis, have become extinct, but the fact that only some of the species that once existed have been able to survive down to the present day does not in itself support the theory of evolution.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /natural_history_2_08.html (464 words)

	[No title]
		Pigeon-sized Confuciusornis probably perched on tree limbs, for the fossils were found in what had once been a fresh-water lake ringed by forest.
		Furthermore, Confuciusornis had the typical avian three anterior toes with re-curved claws on the long middle toe.
		Confuciusornis was not the ancestor.of modern birds for it was enantiornithine, with foot bones partially fused from the top down, and all enantiornithine birds became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.
	atropos.as.arizona.edu /aiz/teaching/a204/dino/FanSciFi96.91.1.59.txt (3508 words)

	Did Birds Evolve From Dinosaurs?
		A paper in Nature: 377:616-618 [October 19, 1995] reported on the discovery of Confuciusornis sanctus, a bird that is as "old" or "older" than Archaeopteryx, and yet is more modern in form.
		Though the stratigraphic sequence in the area is disputed, Confuciusornis is presumed to be Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous.
		Confuciusornis is about half the size of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx, but does have several features in common with this more famous fossil: both birds possess long claws on their wings, and the profile of both their skulls is roughly triangular.
	www.rae.org /birds.html (3054 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Confuciusornis sanctus is a recently discovered Jurassic species from China.
		It is the earliest known fossil of a toothless, beaked bird.
		It appears that Confuciusornis was adapted for climbing tree trunks.
	www.arctic.uoguelph.ca /cpl/organisms/birds/biology/evo/page20.htm (50 words)

	InfoHub - Confuciusornis
		Confuciusornis sanctus was a bird-like creature that lived in China during the Upper Jurassic.
		Although Archaeopteryx is still the earliest known bird, Confuciusornis sanctus is the earliest known bird to have a toothless beak."
		Eschberger mentions that the beak of Confuciusornis is of the same horn-like material as that of modern birds.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=1902 (679 words)

	Digimorph - Confuciusornis sp. (Chinese fossil avian)
		Confuciusornis, from the early Cretaceous of China, is the oldest known beaked bird, and one of the oldest known birds -- only Archaeopteryx, from the late Jurassic of Germany, is older.
		Confuciusornis is a member of the Confuciusornithidae, the sister-group to the clade composed of Enantiornithes + Ornithurae (includes modern birds).
		This is the case for most fossil birds, because their very delicate bones, many of which are hollow, can only survive the fossilization process in environments producing particularly fine-grained stone.
	digimorph.org /specimens/Confuciusornis_sp./skull (293 words)

	Death Penalty GivenIn Bridge Collapse Case
		Hou Lianhai of the CAS Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) concludes that it is a Mesozoic bird from the same period as Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis.
		"Confuciusornis is the earliest bird known to have a certain level of flight ability,'' says ornithologist Hou Lianhai.
		That is to say, early birds were big, such as Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis, a sign of primitiveness, while modern birds are comparatively small, a reflection of advancement.
	www.china.org.cn /Beijing-Review/Beijing/BeijingReview/99Apr/bjr99-16e-16.html (1454 words)

	Vertebrate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Confuciusornis is the oldest flying dinosaur with a nearly modern flight apparatus.
		We have long wondered how dinosaurs made the transition from a grasping to a flying hand, and Confuciusornis gives us new insight into that problem.
		Confuciusornis still has fully functional raptorial claws on its thumb and middle fingers, but its index finger—the finger that supports the flight feathers—is composed of broad, flat bones and a reduced claw.
	www.indiana9fossils.com /Birds/Confuciusornis.htm (250 words)

	Liaoning - Fauna
		Confuciusornis (Confucius bird) was one of the earliest birds to have developed nearly fully modern flight apparatus, and offers new evidence for how a grasping hand evolved into a flying hand.
		Confuciusornis is one of the most abundant animals preserved in the Liaoning deposits, suggesting that it might have lived in large colonies on the shores of the lake.
		The males are thought to have been larger than the females, and they had a pair of exceptionally long, narrow tail feathers [5].
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /palaeofiles/lagerstatten/Liaoning/fauna.html (803 words)

	Chinese Discovery Shows Famous Fossil Not Ancestor Of Modern Birds
		Last year the team reported in the journal Nature discovery of complete fossilized skeletons of Confuciusornis, a close, somewhat younger relative of Archaeopteryx with clawed fingers for climbing, beaked jaw and short tail.
		In the new work, the researchers report discovery of so many specimens of Confuciusornis that they conclude that the bird lived in large colonies, which is the first evidence of social behavior in birds.
		Unlike the latter, the former had a keeled sternum, which is the earliest evidence of that distinctly bird-like structure, one that acted as a pump for air sacs in the lungs and facilitated longer flights.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1996-11/UoNC-CDSF-151196.php (714 words)

	New Bird Species Lived With Dinos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Scientists have identified a new fossil bird from China they say was already soaring among the trees while dinosaurs roamed the land, challenging the argument that dinosaurs gradually took flight and evolved into birds.
		Such a striking blend of new and old suggests that evolution is far from orderly and the idea that dinosaurs smoothly took to the air as birds may be simplistic.
		The skull of Confuciusornis dui "had a front end like the space shuttle and a rear end like a Model-T," says paleontologist Larry Martin of the University of Kansas, who co-authored the Nature paper.
	www.anomalous-images.com /news/news467.html (366 words)

	Bird Fossils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		These fossils and others show that early in their evolution, birds developed into two major lines that were widely distributed by the beginning of the Cretaceous period, suggesting that birds may have arisen much earlier than previously thought.
		The same researchers last year reported the discovery of Confuciusornis sanctus, the world's earliest known beaked bird.
		Until the discovery of Confuciusornis, the only bird thought to have existed during the Jurassic period was Archaeopteryx.
	www.oread.ku.edu /Oread96/OreadNov15/page3/fossils.html (431 words)

	THE CONFUCIUSORNIS SANCTUS: AN EXAMINATION OF CHINESE CULTURAL PROPERTY LAW AND POLICY IN ACTION - Notes
		A Confuciusornis also appeared in New York in 1993 in the hands of a Chinese businessman who tried to sell it to Phillips Fine Art Auctioneers.
		According to the Civil Law, this property is not freely traded: it cannot be exported privately, it cannot be sold privately to foreigners, and it cannot be sold at a profit; therefore, it does not have the same characteristics generally attributed to the English term “property.” Professor Jones uses the term “cultural object.
		If the Confuciusornis sanctus had been in a private collection, its movement would have been sharply curtailed: cultural relics in private collections can only be purchased by units designated by the cultural administration.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bciclr/23_2/02_FTN.htm (7358 words)

	The New Chinese Revolution!
		Beipiaosaurus inexpectus harassed by a band of indeterminate dromaeosaurs, with Caudipteryx, Sinosauropteryx and Confuciusornis in the foreground.
		Confuciusornis was beaked and toothless and had rather typical small bird body with an avian pygostile (males had two long feathers attached to it) but powerful arm-wings that show fully functional three clawed fingers with little sign of becoming a fully digit-fused modern avian wing.
		But recently, new specimens of birds -like the recently described Jeholornis that were contemporaries of Confuciusornis- show that other groups were instead still toothed and with long bony tails, but the forelimbs and hand bones started showing signs of fusion on a trend to become a more advanced, typical bird wing,.
	www.luisrey.ndtilda.co.uk /html/chin1to4.htm (1951 words)

	Origin of Birds
		Confuciusornis had three functional fingers in the hand: the thumb, index and middle fingers.
		Confuciusornis still has fully functional raptorial claws on its thumb and middle fingers, but its index finger — the finger that supports the flight feathers — is composed of broad, flat bones and a reduced claw.
		It joins Protarchaeopteryx and Confuciusornis — a creature with relatively short, clawed wings that was probably one of the first birds to fly well — and Sinosauropteryx, one of the most important dinosaur finds of the 20th century.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /paleontology/OriBir.html (3676 words)

	"Feathered Dinosaur" Claim Apparently a Fake [Free Republic]
		The researchers have named the new species Confuciusornis dui in honor of Wenya Du, the man who collected the specimen near the edge of a lake in northeast China1s Liaoning Province and donated it to the Beijing institute.
		It is a smaller but close relative of Confuciusornis sanctus, another crow-like bird of the same age the researchers found and reported in Nature in 1995.
		Dui, the new specimen, also shows that the half-moon shaped bone in the wrist that1s been used to support a dinosaurian ancestry for birds is the same in Confusciusornis and Archaeopteryx as in modern birds, but is a different bone in dinosaurs, Martin said.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a388487fe0e8c.htm (8101 words)

	UCMP Mystery Fossil Number 34 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The exact age of Confuciusornis is still hotly debated but it may be about as old as the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx.
		It is the oldest known toothless bird and one of the most numerous in the fossil record—over a hundred specimens have been found.
		Confuciusornis exhibits sexual dimorphism—the males had the long tail feathers (left) while the females (above) did not.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /historyoflife/mysteries/mystery34/mystery34.html (72 words)

	InfoHub - View Single Post - Confuciusornis
		Beverly Eschberger discusses some very good information on Confuciusornis in her article titled Paleontology - Confuciusornis: Earliest Known Beaked Bird.
		Archaeopteryx specimens do not have a keel (although I have heard that a recently discovered specimen may have one, which would change how we think about Archaeoperyx), indicating that it was probably not a strong flyer.
		Despite these characteristics that it shares with modern birds, Confuciusornis still shares some characteristics with dinosaurs.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showpost.php?p=5891&postcount=1 (388 words)

	China's Fossil Marvels, Jewels in the Ash, field notes - National Geographic Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Among the finds to grab worldwide attention was the magpie-size Confuciusornis, or "sacred Confucius bird," the earliest known bird with a toothless beak.
		Since Confuciusornis was found, more than a thousand specimens have come to light, many of them exquisitely preserved.
		About 80 percent of Confuciusornis specimens are smuggled out of China or sold illegally within the country, according to paleontologist Zhou Zhonghe of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in Beijing.
	www7.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0508/feature5/learn.html (600 words)

	DinoData Dinosaurs Sinosauropteryx prima S083 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		With the search for a more primitive bird as the primary motivation, it was fortuitous that in August of 1996, the authors of this text recovered an extremely valuable specimen in the basal limestones of the lower Yixian Fm.
		The characters on this specimen indicates that it is the most primitive bird known in the world to date and represents the genuine earliest ancestor of birds.
		Sinosauropteryx, Archaeopteryx, and Confuciusornis lie in the early evolutionary transitional phase of avian evolution, whereas true birds including Sinornis santensis and Cathayornis yandica possess numerous extremely derived characters, and represent a new phase of avian evolution.
	www.dinodata.net /Dd/Namelist/Tabs/S083.htm (1811 words)

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