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Topic: Confusion and diffusion

Related Topics

Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems

Strict Avalanche Criterion

Product cipher

Substitution cipher

Rijndael

Avalanche effect

Feistel network

Shannon capacity

Block cipher

SAFER

Bell System Technical Journal

SHACAL

Serpent (cipher)

Rate distortion theory

List of cryptography topics

	Confusion and diffusion - Definition, explanation
		In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher which were identified by Shannon in his paper, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" published in 1949.
		In Shannon's original definitions, confusion refers to making the relationship between the key and the ciphertext as complex and involved as possible; diffusion refers to the property that redundancy in the statistics of the plaintext is "dissipated" in the statistics of the ciphertext.
		Diffusion is associated with dependency of bits of the output on bits of the input.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/co/confusion_and_diffusion.php (223 words)

	Confusion and diffusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher which were identified by Shannon in his paper, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" published in 1949.
		In Shannon's original definitions, confusion refers to making the relationship between the key and the ciphertext as complex and involved as possible; diffusion refers to the property that redundancy in the statistics of the plaintext is "dissipated" in the statistics of the ciphertext.
		Diffusion is associated with dependency of bits of the output on bits of the input.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion (227 words)

	Rosco Canada : Technotes : Filters : Diffusion Confusion
		Diffusion, however, actually affects the quality of the light source-its texture and spread.
		Diffusions soften the edge of a light source by spreading its beam, allowing the light to more effectively wrap around 3-D objects.
		It is important to remember that diffusion is designed to enhance the quality of the light; it is not a cure-all for a badly placed light.
	www.rosco.com /canada/technotes/filters/diff_conf.asp (1370 words)

	Confusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word itself is a confusion of the prefix "con" (a variant on the Latin prefix "com", meaning "with" or "together") and the verb "fuse" (meaning "join").
		Mental confusion (such as paranoia) may be caused by drugs or mental illness.
		The Confusion is a novel by Neal Stephenson.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confusion (143 words)

	United States Patent 5,727,062
		Data path 117 carries left-going diffusion from the right-adjacent mixer; in the leftmost column this is data path 120 and is connected to the leftmost confusion element of the next confusion layer.
		That is, the diffusion carry from adjacent columns generally constrains the processing to occur by layer (or groups of layers), instead of by column.
		Diffusion is the property of an operation such that changing one bit (or byte) of the input will change adjacent or near-by bits (or bytes) after the operation.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /PATS/VSBCPAT.HTM (15792 words)

	Confusion and Diffusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The mechanism of diffusion seeks to make the statistical relationship between the plaintext and ciphertext as complex as possible in order to thwart attempts to deduce the key.
		confusion seeks to make the relationship between the statistics of the ciphertext and the value of the encryption key as complex as possible, again to thwart attempts to discover the key.
		So successful are diffusion and confusion in capturing the essence of the desired attributes of a block cipher that they have become the cornerstone of modern block cipher design.
	www.boeckman.net /ece592/www/lect4/img36.html (111 words)

	Variable Size Block Ciphers
		The remaining confusion and diffusion layers have diffusion in the opposite direction to produce the overall diffusion results expected from a block cipher.
		We are then left with a single confusion layer at the bottom of example 1, and a different sort of isolation layer in example 4.
		Although the overall diffusion signatures for the smaller blocks is certainly clear enough for testing, the diffusion signature is clearer in the larger blocks.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /VSBC.HTM (3274 words)

	bubble_activ._and_growth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Although the gas is eager to diffuse out of the supersaturated blood, it may not happen until the blood reaches the whale's lungs.
		However, when the degree of supersturation is relatively high, both rectified and static diffusion contribute to bubble growth and both types of diffusion are included in the equation for bubble growth derived by Crum and Mao (Reference 2).
		Although bubble growth by rectified diffusion would be slow for a moderately low level sound wave, it might still be great enough over a long decompression interval to cause or contribute to the bends.
	home1.gte.net /leetpley/bubble_activ._and_growth.html (5724 words)

	confusion: essayspaper.com- essays papers, term papers, book reports papers
		Spock had lost control and there was not logical or technological solution to his pain or his love and he was outside his element, culture, and identity and unable to function.
		This confusion became the symbolic pain we all feel in out ethnocentric struggles to validate our cultures, our lives, and our beings as we try and give meaning to our lives and do all that we can to manifest a balanced existence that may or may not have meaning because it...
		Confusion And Tragedy The Failure Of Millers Salesman
	www.essayspaper.com /term-papers/119222/confusion.html (314 words)

	Professional Jeweler Archive: A Diffuse Description
		Four of the leading gemological laboratories in the world have agreed not to use the term “diffusion” to describe a new corundum treatment even though it appears to involve what the trade traditionally has called diffusion.
		The labs concluded the new treatment of corundum – used primarily to produce an orange component in pink sapphires from Madagascar – probably is a form of diffusion, though the effects differ from diffusion treatments previously seen.
		Some labs have used the word “diffusion” for a high temperature treatment in which an element, such as iron or titanium, was knowingly added to the surface of a gem to cause a color change.
	www.professionaljeweler.com /archives/articles/2002/apr02/0402gg.html (805 words)

	Conclusions for Chapter 1
		Generally, confusion is understood as substitution, and diffusion is understood as transposition.
		But since the terms 'confusion' and 'diffusion' are tending to be identified with the simplest forms of substitution and transposition, it seems to me that more detail might instead stimulate cipher designers to consider more options.
		the achievement of diffusion by means of confusion; the effect of performing diffusion on a finer scale than confusion.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/pp0106.htm (1035 words)

	La Grande Confusion
		Chacun sent confusÃ©ment que le politique doit intÃ©grer le complexe ; que sa mÃ©tamorphose consiste dÃ©sormais Ã abandonner ses certitudes et ses visions monolithiques, Ã envisager les limites de ce quâil peut faire et ne pas faire.
		En rester lÃ , câest contribuer assurÃ©ment Ã la confusion qui porte Ã incomprÃ©hension, dÃ©liaison et rejet du politique.
		La grande confusion, c’est la remise en question de nos plans de lecture et l’incapacité à percevoir notre situation réelle, à maîtriser notre espace-temps, à comprendre notre destin individuel et collectif, à nous situer dans notre propre histoire, à envisager notre futur, à élucider les paradoxes de nos sociétés.
	www.lagrandeconfusion.com (1611 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Diffusion is a characteristic where a minor cause produces a major result.
		Basically, diffusion should ensure that a one-bit change in the key alters the whole ciphertext, that a one-bit change in the plaintext also alters the whole ciphertext and that a one-bit change in the ciphertext alters the whole plaintext.
		We added confusion but even though it is theoritically not possible to retrieve the key, even by having access to the full message and the full ciphertext, it is still possible with a partial knowledge to retrieve the subkey and to decrypt any data that is encrypted with the original key.
	www.phrack.org /phrack/62/p62-0x0e_A_Polyalphabetic_Substitution_Cipher.txt (4277 words)

	The International Data Encryption Algorithm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The security of IDEA depends on confusion and diffusion.
		Confusion is achieved by mixing three incompatible group operations.
		Diffusion is provided by that each output sub-block depends on every input sub-block, and that the least number of operations used in each multiple-addition (MA) structure is four.
	www.pasta.cs.uit.no /thesis/html/ronnya/node16.html (556 words)

	info: CONFUSION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Confusion develops on story of rescued girl - Houston Chronicle - Tomas Munita / Associated Press Raja Waqas, 20, the only survivor of a family of 10, walks over the remains of his house in Balakot, Pakistan, today.
		Confusion develops on story of rescued girl From Chronicle wire reports.
		Confusion - Its a challenge to reach the end of this puzzle maze..
	www.digital-innovations.net /Confusion (857 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In Diffusion, having each plain text digit affect the value of many cipher text digits dissipates the statistical nature of the plain text.
		Confusion is intended to make the relationship between the key and cipher text as complex as possible.
		The first practical implementation of this idea of using repeated confusion and diffusion to encrypt was the Feistel Cipher.
	netlab.cs.iitm.ernet.in /cs650/2001/cs98178.doc (9436 words)

	Block Ciphers
		The amount of diffusion is rated by the average number of plaintext bits that each ciphertext bit is dependant on.
		Alternatively, confusion refers to the number of ciphertext bits that are dependant on a single plaintext bit.
		The goal of diffusing and confusing systems is to make the statistical properties of the plaintext more uniform, and thus maximize the cost of a probabilistic attack on the system.
	www.cs.usask.ca /~dtr467/400 (6127 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Confusion and diffusion are implemented by: Splitting the block into two halves and combining the halves as part of the encryption process; permuting parts of the blocks and keys; Changing sequences of bits by shifting them cyclically; and combining things using the logical XOR operator.
		Thus, a change in the plaintext that affects a single bit of a single character in the left hand side ends up being reflected in bits that appear in both the left hand and right hand sides of the encryption.
		Confusion also arises in the algorithm when bit patterns are substituted for one another at various points due to the combined effect of shifting, permuting, and logical XOR.
	www.math.uaa.alaska.edu /~afkas/cs413/cs413securitynotesoverheads.doc (3182 words)

	The Metaphor is the Key -- Notes Appendices
		Confusion is nothing more than some form of substitution--letters or, more commonly, sets of information bits representing other letters or information bits in some fashion.
		Diffusion means mixing up the pieces of the message so that they no longer form recognizable patterns.
		Because modern ciphers usually operate at the bit level, many modern cryptographic systems produce confusion and diffusion which depends on every bit of the plaintext.
	www-swiss.ai.mit.edu /6095/articles/froomkin-metaphor/notes-appendices.html (1940 words)

	SPECIFICATION OF THE ALGORITHM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The confusion and diffusion process is fast and after only 3 iterations any statistical redundancies in the plaintext are obscured.
		The first characteristic produces efficiency and design transparency; the second produces strength, because in the absence of a mathematical model, the attacker can only search for statistical weaknesses in the algorithm which in the case of FROG are believed to be absent.
		Most internal transformations, including the substitution tables and the tables that guide the diffusion process depend on the internal key and are therefore unknown.
	www.tecapro.com /aesfrog.html (5773 words)

	Rosco US : Technotes : Filters : Diffusion Confusion
		Light diffusers can take the edge off a light without affecting its directional crispness.
		This weave can be used to create a subtle cucoloris effect, as if the light is passing through a curtain.
		Tough Frost is a good, all-around diffusion material either attached to the light or set at a distance in a frame.
	www.rosco.com /us/technotes/filters/diff_conf.asp (1370 words)

	PathFinder Insight : Diffusion or Communication Confusion?
		Is it because we do not understand the principles involved in the transfer and adoption of new ideas, products and practices?
		Diffusion communication practices have two key elements that differentiate them from general communication practices:
		Here are some interesting generalisations about the Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers E.M., Shoemaker F.F (1971 2
	www.strategicpathfinder.com /diffusion.html (967 words)

	CITA: 1998 Workshop: The Diffusion Confusion and What the University Can Do About It
		CITA: 1998 Workshop: The Diffusion Confusion and What the University Can Do About It Cita Home
		Throughout the 1980s, a dramatic wave of lay-offs and plant closing among western Massachusetts' largest metalworking manufacturers led to rapid industrial decline and massive dislocation for several thousand of the region worker's.
		In this manner the university can play an important role in cultivating a new industrial dynamic for the regional economy.
	www.uml.edu /com/cita/97_work/forrant.htm (277 words)

	Thaigem.com \| Information Center \| Press Releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In a January press release regarding the Orange-Pink Sapphire controversy, C.R. “Cap” Beesley, President of the American Gem Laboratories, dubbed the term “bulk diffusion” as “bulk confusion”, claiming the nomenclature doesn’t help consumers.
		Summing up the controversy, Beesley feels the Thais object to any description including the term “diffusion”, while the AGTA is pushing for “bulk diffusion” citing scientific accuracy.
		The publication follows a December press release from Themelis, which criticized the current “bulk diffusion” moniker applied to such gems.
	www.thaigem.com /press_chanthaburi_gemreport_january_2003.asp (1529 words)

	01net. - Le podcasting : de la diffusion et non du téléchargement
		Le podcasting : de la diffusion et non du téléchargement Isabelle Pottier*
		Le podcasting : de la diffusion et non du téléchargement
		dont l'utilisation en français est source de confusion.
	www.01net.com /article/344064.html (721 words)

	symmetrical cryptography
		A block to be enciphered is subjected to an initial permutation IP, then to a complex key-dependent computation and finally to a permutation which is the inverse of the initial permutation IP At its simplest level, the algorithm is nothing more than a combination of two basic techniques of encryption: confusion and diffusion.
		As the previos ones IDEA is a block cipher operatingon 64-bit plaintext blocks with 128 bits long symmetric key.
		Although it also uses both confusion and diffusion there are significant differences in comparison to previous algorithms.
	www.pafis.shh.fi /~marhad02/sym.html (779 words)

	Cryptography Module
		This module describes the mechanics of the DES (Data Encryption Standard) using serveral Java applets.
		The first version of the cryptography module will include history, standards and evolution, an overview of the DES algorithm, keysize issues, confusion and diffusion, block size, key size, number of rounds, subkey generation algorithm, the avalanche effect, cryptanalysis, Feistel structures, round functions, S-boxes, and harware encryption vs. software encryption.
		As is, the module may be used by an instructor familiar with the concepts of cryptography needing some interactive demonstrations for classroom or laboratory work.
	nsfsecurity.pr.erau.edu /crypto (209 words)

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