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Topic: Congener

	Congener congeniality - health - 19 March 2005 - New Scientist
		Congeners are believed to contribute to the intoxicating effects of a drink, and the subsequent hangover.
		Congeners are believed to contribute to the intoxicating effects of drinks, and hangovers
		The congener denounced as the main hangover culprit is methanol.
	www.newscientist.com /backpage.ns?id=mg18524913.200 (341 words)

	Gas Phase PCB Congener Result Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The whole lake atmospheric gas phase congener concentrations are summarized for all congeners and trans-Nonachlor in monthly mean temporal trend plots (Figures 6.1 - 6.5).
		Congener groups 8+5 and 31+28 are the highest gas phase concentration groups that peak in August 1995 at 0.1493
		Figure 6.7: Monthly congener concentration as a function of LOG dimensionless Henry's Law Constants in left-hand plots and congener concentration distributions in right-hand plots for the months of September, October, November, and December 1994.
	www.ccr.buffalo.edu /mlgreen/l2hthesis/node28.html (983 words)

	Bioaccumulation, Maternal Transfer, and Sublethal Effects of a PCB in the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus pictus \| 1997-1998 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Congener 47 was chosen for this project because it was the most toxic of three congeners to L.
		Since the present study used a congener shown to be toxic to sea urchins, we had the opportunity to improve our understanding of the relationship between PCB bioaccumulation and toxicity in adults.
		Calculations of the mass of Congener 47 in each sample were based upon the relationship between radioactivity and PCB mass in the stock solution used to spike the sediments.
	www.sccwrp.org /pubs/annrpt/97/ar07.htm (3225 words)

	Patent 6,689,373
		Fentanyl, congeners of fentanyl, and specific derivatives or analogs of fentanyl (e.g., other derivatives, particularly 4-anilidopiperidine derivatives of morphine) are contemplated for delivery, according to the invention, although variations within the scope of the invention will be readily apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan upon reading the disclosure provided herein.
		The specific fentanyl congener used can vary with a variety of factors, including the type of pain to be alleviated, the patient's tolerance and/or previous exposure to opioids, etc. the relative potency of fentanyl or the fentanyl congener may, also be considered in selection of the drug to be delivered.
		The fentanyl or fentanyl congener is soluble in the formulation, i.e., little or no fentanyl or fentanyl congener precipitates are present, and further, little or no fentanyl or fentanyl congener precipitates form when the formulation comes in contact with an aqueous environment such as a body fluid.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2004/Feb2004/021004/6689373_Pain021004.htm (6430 words)

	EPA/OPPT/PCBs/PCB ID - Definitions
		Congener Names: For any given PCB congener (except decachlorobiphenyl, with all positions chlorinated), there is always more than one possible way to number the positions of the chlorines.
		Congener Numbers: In their seminal paper published in 1980, Ballschmiter and Zell introduced a system of sequential numbers for the 209 PCB congeners, providing an elegant method of identifying a given congener simply, precisely, and accurately.
		Because the congener numbers were originally assigned sequentially according to the BZ names, some of the congeners now appear to be "out of order" based upon their IUPAC names.
	www.epa.gov /toxteam/pcbid/defs.htm (1035 words)

	Relative Toxicity of Pcb Congeners TO Sea Urchin Embryos \| 1996 Annual Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Congeners 153 and 47 have different levels of chlorination but a similar substitution pattern, and are predicted to have less biological activity than the coplanar configuration of Congener 77.
		Congener structure affects the binding affinity for this receptor and thus the ability to induce P450 enzymes and cause toxic effects.
		Acute toxicity of PCB congeners to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas.
	www.sccwrp.org /pubs/annrpt/96/ar-09.htm (3160 words)

	Assessing Human Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contamination for Epidemiologic Studies: Lessons from Patterns of Congener ...
		Congeners 138, 153, 156, 157, 170, 183, 187, 194, 199, and 203 formed a particularly tight group; each congener had at least one correlation of 0.90 or higher with another congener in the group, and all correlations among the group were at least 0.67.
		Congener 180 was sometimes more highly correlated in previous literature than we found it to be; congeners 156 and 170 sometimes had less correlation than we saw.
		However theoretically interesting these congeners may be, studies of their biologic effects will normally yield little if they are present at concentrations too low for the assay methods to reliably distinguish samples with large and small concentrations, or if only a few individuals can be clearly distinguished from those whose concentrations are unquantifiable.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2003/5858/5858.html (4658 words)

	[No title]
		Congeners that contain the same number of chlorine atoms form a congener class and are called homologs.
		The purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of the tetra- through octa- dioxin and furan congeners in the Willamette and Sandy River Basins (hereafter, the Willamette Basin), Oregon.
		Congener patterns in tissue and sediment were not generally similar.
	or.water.usgs.gov /pubs_dir/Online/Html/WRIR97-4082D (4024 words)

	PCB Congener Profile in the Serum of Humans Consuming Great Lakes Fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		PCB congeners were eluted from the Florisil column with 20 mL 6% diethyl ether in hexane, concentrated to a final volume of 1.0 mL under nitrogen at 35°C, and applied to a Silica Gel 60 column (9 mm i.d.; Merck and Company, Rahway NY) containing 5.0 g Silica Gel 60 prerinsed with 10 mL hexane.
		Congeners 138, 180, and 153 are the most consistently detected and quantitatively dominant congeners in human tissue worldwide, and frequently account for 40-60% of the total PCBs (15).
		In conclusion, identification of the PCB congener profile in fish-eaters and nonfish-eaters reveals the presence of several congeners that have the potential to affect biologic or health outcomes, indicates some health outcomes that should be evaluated in exposed populations, and highlights the need for toxicologic evaluation of additional PCB congeners in animal models.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2000/108p167-172humphrey/humphrey-full.html (4575 words)

	Tittabawassee River Dioxin Fingerprints
		The amount of a color on a multi-color bar directly relates to the amount of the corresponding dioxin congener that is present in the sample.
		It is the intent of the DEQ that presenting congener profiles based on both soil concentration and TEQ will assist in understanding the similarities and differences among the sample locations.
		Patterns observed in these congener profile charts may be used to help direct this ongoing effort and to help formulate a more rigorous quantitative analysis of the patterns.
	www.trwnews.net /fingerpr.htm (1096 words)

	congener - OneLook Dictionary Search
		congener : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Congener : Eric Weisstein's World of Chemistry [home, info]
		Words similar to congener: congenator, congeneric, congenerous, relative, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=congener (224 words)

	Congener-specific Analysis of Polychloriated Biphenyls by GC/ECD and GC/MS: Characterization of an Arochlor Mixture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Congener 81 was also included for its toxicity, although its contribution to the composition of the Aroclor mixture was minimal.
		(Congener 69 had a significantly higher RRF than other congeners in the same isomer group, which may have been due to errors in preparation of standard solutions.) The discrepancy between the average RRFs and individual RRFs could be as much as 243% (congener 16), excluding congener 69.
		Multi-component peaks were quantified using the PCB congener with the greatest relative response factor determined from the measurement of individual PCB congeners.
	www.sccwrp.org /pubs/annrpt/92-93/ar-03.htm (3452 words)

	Distribution and Transport of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Associated Particulates in the Hayton Millpond, South ...
		PCB congener composites in the operationally defined dissolved phase were higher in the less chlorinated congeners in keeping with their lower hydrophobicity and higher predicted solubility relative to the more chlorinated congeners.
		PCB congeners in the operationally defined dissolved and particulate phases of water column and sediment core samples collected at Charlesburg Road, Quarry Road, and the millpond are presented as a percentage of the sum of all detected congeners (fig.
		In addition, the suspended-particle-associated PCB congener pattern appears to be nearly identical to that in the millpond surficial bed sediment; this similarly indicates interaction between the two media.
	wi.water.usgs.gov /pubs/WRIR-99-4101 (4802 words)

	NBS Information Bulletin
		Generalities in the predominance of some PCB congeners in eggs of wild birds have been pointed out; however, assessments of differences or similarities among species in the contribution by various congeners to total PCBs are still few.
		Congener 153 was the most abundant in Caspian terns and great blue herons, and congener 138 was the most abundant in snowy egrets and tricolored herons.
		Congeners 153, 138, and 180 contributed from 26% (snowy egrets) to 42% (great blue herons and Caspian terns) of total PCB concentrations in eggs.
	biology.usgs.gov /news/96-16.htm (693 words)

	Volume 2, Chapter 2
		Congeners with higher vapor pressures are found to a greater extent in the vapor phase.
		The higher brominated congeners, as their chlorinated counterparts, may be present primarily in a particle-bound rather than gaseous phase.
		Hawker, D.W.; Connell, D.W. (1988) Octanol-water partition coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners.
	www.cqs.com /epa/exposure/v2chap2.htm (14028 words)

	Glossary: Congener
		Congener is a term in chemistry that refers to one of many variants or configurations of a common chemical structure.
		For example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) occur in 209 different forms, or congeners.
		Each congener has two or chlorine atoms located at specific sites on the PCB molecule.
	www.greenfacts.org /glossary/abc/congener.htm (77 words)

	Congener and trans-Nonachlor Modeling Results and Discussion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The temporal variability of gas phase PCB congener groups and trans-Nonachlor show small scale (on the order of days) as well as large scale (on the order of months) variation.
		The daily variability in most cases is due to the influence of wind direction on the gas phase contaminant concentration near large urban centers, in more rural areas the difference in land-based and water-based domain gas phase contaminant concentrations is much less evident.
		This is highly dependent on the specific congener or contaminant investigated and the geographic setting in which the data is obtained.
	www.ccr.buffalo.edu /mlgreen/l2hthesis/node27.html (546 words)

	Breast Cancer May Be Caused by PCBs - Studies2
		The utility of a framework was based on the mechanism of biologic actions within each framework, lack of collinearity among congener groups, and frequency of detection of PCB congener groups in measured serum levels of 192 healthy postmenopausal women.
		Grouping these congeners with respect to P450 enzyme induction activity, and the previously proposed framework based on enzyme induction and occurrence, did not fit these data as well, because only a small proportion of participants had detectable levels for the congener groups with the greatest toxicological potential.
		Congener specific analysis of the PCBs showed that some individual congeners were preferentially excluded from or concentrated in the cyst fluid.
	www.foxriverwatch.com /breast_cancer_pcbs_pcb_dioxin_studies2.html (15617 words)

	Environmental Health Perspectives: Differential effects of two lots of Aroclor 125... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Among all congeners, the percentages of non-ortho congeners (PCBs 77, 81, 126, and 169) were higher in lot 6024 (2.9% of total) than in lot 124-191 (0.02% of total).
		Although all 209 congeners can be synthesized, the reaction conditions in the commercial processes favor certain substitution reactions leading to particular composition of the technical mixtures, which are identified by the weight percentage of chlorine content.
		These effects also could not be attributed to the interactions among the congeners and contaminants because our previous studies indicated that inactive congeners did not interfere with the activity of active congeners, and the interactions between two active congeners seem to follow additivity (52).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:82288609&refid=holomed_1 (4599 words)

	EPA/OPPT/PCBs/PCB ID - Table of Congeners
		NOTE: If you cannot find the congener you are looking for in the table below, you may be using an equivalent name rather than the one assigned according to IUPAC rules.
		These 68 "Co-Planar" congeners include 20 with chlorine substitution at none (CP0, non-ortho) and 48 with chlorine substitution at only one (CP1, mono-ortho) of the 2, 2', 6, or 6' positions.
		In the complete dataset (pcbcong8.dbf) available on the Download page, these congener numbers are found in column (field) BZ_1992.
	www.epa.gov /toxteam/pcbid/table.htm (434 words)

	Environmental Health Perspectives: Differential effects of two lots of Aroclor 125... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When PCB congeners were grouped based on the number of chlorines (mono- to nona-; Table 5), both lots had similar percentages of PCB congeners except the heptachlorinated ones, where lot 124-191 had higher levels (5.9%) than did lot 6024 (3.5%).
		In the present study, we report a thorough PCB congener analysis along with the contaminants such as PCDFs, PCNs, and any dioxins in two different lots of Aroclor 1254 mixtures and their effects on selected neurochemical end points that were previously reported to be sensitive to PCBs in neuronal preparations (21-23).
		Differential effects of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on phosphoinositide hydrolysis and protein kinase C translocation in rat cerebellar granule cells.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:82288609&refid=holomed_1 (4599 words)

	Volume 3, Chapter 3a
		The final results for this model simulation are vapor and particle phase concentrations, and particulate deposition amounts of the specific dioxin-like congeners, which are then used for the demonstration of the stack emission source category in Chapter 5 of this Volume.
		As a final step, the average emission factor of each congener is derived by summing the emission factors and dividing by the number of data points used.
		Collect and review stack test reports which have measured the emissions of specific dioxin-like congeners from facilities that are most similar in technology, design, operation, capacity, fuel, waste feed composition, and pollution control as the facility under consideration.
	www.cqs.com /epa/exposure/v3chap3a.htm (2083 words)

	The Ibogaine Dossier. 18-Methoxycoronaridine. Synthetic iboga alkaloid congener
		We now await the testing of ibogaine and other iboga alkaloids and congeners to determine if they may also have such broad spectrum activity and to what degree.
		Anti-addictive actions of an iboga alkaloid congener: a novel mechanism for a novel treatment.
		18-Methoxycoronaridine, a non-toxic iboga alkaloid congener: effects on morphine and cocaine self-administration and on mesolimbic dopamine release in rats.
	www.ibogaine.org /18-mc (393 words)

	Environmental Health Perspectives: Differential effects of two lots of Aroclor 125... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Because many of the non-dioxin-like PCB congeners act in a phenobarbital-like manner (8) and induce CYP2B, the pentoxyresorufin O-deethylase (PROD) assay was used to measure this induction (24).
		Some congeners, especially the non-ortho substituted congeners such as PCB 126, are particularly potent at reducing circulating [T.sub.4] levels, but they do not become concentrated in brain tissue.
		In contrast, some ortho-substituted congeners such as PCB 153 appear to concentrate in brain tissues and may bind to the thyroid receptor but are not as potent at reducing circulating [T.sub.4] levels (9).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:82288610&refid=holomed_1 (5413 words)

	Defintion of congener - Chemistry Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A congener is a substance literally con- (with) generated or synthesized by essentially the same synthetic chemical reactions and the same procedures.
		Clearly congeners may be analogs or vice versa but not necessarily.
		The term congener, while most often a synonym for homologue, has become somewhat more diffuse in meaning so that the terms congener and analog are frequently used interchangeably in the literature.
	www.chemicool.com /definition/congener.html (96 words)

	EHP 105(1) Correspondence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Epidemiologic studies have tended to report health effects expressed as the total of individual PCB congener levels or as the concentration relative to a commericial PCB mixture (e.g., Aroclor 1248, 1254, or 1260).
		One approach to interpreting PCBs in environmental materials is to group the dioxinlike PCB congeners together.
		With this method, a single index is computed as the sum of the congener concentrations weighted by their toxic equivalents relative to TCDD (4,6).
	ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov /docs/1997/105-1/correspondence.html (4689 words)

	Gas exchange characteristics of the invasive species Mikania micrantha and its indigenous congener M. cordata ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Comparison of closely related invasive and non-invasive congeners that share morphological and life-history traits is an effective approach to identifying mechanisms of invasive plant success (Schierenbeck and Marshall, 1993; Mack, 1996).
		They appear to be similar species, as they share similar morphologies and life histories, and their identities have been confused in some documents (Holm et al., 1977; Kong et al., 2000).
		SLA is a plant trait that appears to be extremely important in the regulation and control of plant functions such as carbon assimilation and carbon allocation (Baruch and Goldstein, 1999).
	ejournal.sinica.edu.tw /bbas/content/2004/3/Bot453-05.html (3798 words)

	Simulation Study of the Structure and Dynamics of the Alzheimer's Amyloid Peptide Congener in Solution -- Massi et al. ...
		congener is found to be inactive in deposition.
		In the case of the F19T congener, the CHC and hydrophobic
		The WT peptide congener is depicted in Fig.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/80/1/31 (6501 words)

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