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Topic: Congestion pricing

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	Transportation Alternatives: Sensible Transportation: Congestion Pricing
		Congestion pricing is the most powerful policy tool at the hands of City officials to improve our City's air quality, and protect our quality of life by reducing unnecessary driving, promoting environmentally sound transportation, and financing 21st Century improvements to our aging transportation infrastructure.
		Congestion pricing is the practice of charging motorists more to use a roadway, bridge or tunnel during periods of the heaviest use.
		When a congestion charge is implemented, a small but significant number of motorists alter the time of their commute to avoid the charge, or adopt a more efficient means of transportation such as walking, bicycling or mass transit.
	www.transalt.org /campaigns/sensible/congestion.html (2036 words)

	Congestion Pricing in New York?
		Congestion pricing is the focus of a nine-month study by the Partnership, a group with great influence at City Hall, and participants have provided the first rough outlines of how such a plan might work.
		In London, he said, congestion pricing led to a 20 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and a 12 percent cut in emissions of harmful particulates and nitrogen oxides, the main components in smog.
		The most extensive congestion pricing plan, in London, was pushed by an activist (and populist) mayor, Ken Livingstone, and overseen by a transport commissioner, Robert R. Kiley, who happens to be a former president of the Partnership for New York City and a former chairman of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
	www.itdp.org /PR/NY_congestion.html (1379 words)

	Road pricing -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Road pricing is a generic term for charging for the use of (An open way (generally public) for travel or transportation) roads using direct methods, charging the users of a specific section of the road network for its use.
		Proponent of pricing would counter the fairness or equity argument by stating that prices create choices, and choices are fair because people are not identical, sometimes people have high values of time (e.g when they are late for an appointment), sometimes they have lower values of time (e.g.
		An congestion neutral scheme would be designed so that growth in traffic levels would stop as a result of the new charges; the latter scheme would require significantly higher charges than the revenue neutral scheme and so would be unpopular with the UK's 30 million motorists.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/road_pricing.htm (880 words)

	Congestion Op-Ed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Traffic congestion is the bane of city dwellers and a major promoter of sprawl, as people avoid congestion by moving further and further from the cities.
		Congestion pricing can have a huge effect on rush hour traffic because nearly half the traffic during morning rush hours and more than half in afternoon rush hours is not commuter traffic.
		Congestion pricing will encourage many of the non-commuters to drive at other times of the day, thus reducing both peak demands and the cost of providing the highway system.
	www.ti.org /congestion.html (699 words)

	PUBLIC ROADS On-Line (Autumn 1996) - CONGESTION PRICING: Reducing Traffic Jams Through Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Proponents of congestion pricing claim the strategy would work in crowded traffic lanes because the peak-hour users of the transportation system would be charged directly and proportionally.
		Congestion pricing is an idea who time has come.
		Urban Roadway Congestion -- 1982 to 1992, Vol.
	www.tfhrc.gov /pubrds/fall96/p96au4.htm (958 words)

	The Oil Drum \| congestion pricing
		Update 6/22: It's official, no congestion pricing agreement was reached before the end of the Spring legislative session and none of the state legislation needed to enable and fund much of Bloomberg's sustainability plan was enacted because of disagreements between Albany's power brokers.
		Congestion pricing is often thought of as the single best way to reduce the use of automobilies and create better incentives for mass transit and other means of transport.
		Congestion pricing is an idea that has been around for over 50 years, but there it sits on the dusty shelf of unimplemented good ideas.
	www.theoildrum.com /tag/congestion_pricing (1559 words)

	The Bay Bridge Blunder
		A case in point is congestion pricing of tolls charged to commuters for the use of bridges, tunnels, turnpikes, and other travel routes that become bottlenecks during rush hours.
		Instead of responding to the facts—that prices should reflect costs, and that poor people have problems not because prices are high but rather because their incomes are low—the task force attempted to accommodate the desire for price breaks for the poor.
		But the congestion pricing and regional fuel tax ideas are "market-based" only when compared to more onerous command-and-control policies that might be used instead, such as outlawing single occupancy vehicles, enforcing odd-even rationing similar to that used during water and gasoline shortages, or other restrictions on bridge access.
	www.cato.org /pubs/regulation/reg19n4f.html (4152 words)

	Testimony on Congestion Pricing for Highways
		In that approach, congestion is considered to arise from the mispricing of a good--namely, highway capacity at a specific place and time.
		Hence, congestion pricing is premised on a basic economic concept: charge a price in order to allocate a scarce resource to its most valuable use, as evidenced by users' willingness to pay for the resource.
		Introducing congestion pricing on a crowded highway--that is, charging tolls that are higher during peak times of the day and lower during off-peak ones--has two economic effects.
	www.cbo.gov /showdoc.cfm?index=4197&sequence=0 (1530 words)

	Intelligent Transportation Systems - Congestion Pricing
		Congestion pricing charges motorists a toll for using a particular stretch of highway or bridge or for entering a particular area ("cordon tolls" for access to urban areas).
		Congestion pricing proposes to monetarize and internalize the transportation and environmental costs (delay, pollution, accidents) associated with congestion, costs that are largely unaccounted for in the current transportation system.
		Congestion pricing has been found to be most effective when people have travel alternatives, alternate routes, alternate departure times, transit, or ridesharing.
	www.calccit.org /itsdecision/serv_and_tech/Congestion_pricing/congestion_pricing_summary.html (1458 words)

	Online TDM Encyclopedia - Road Pricing
		Road pricing impacts vary depending on various factors, including the type of pricing, how it is structured, and the transportation and geographic conditions in which it is implemented.
		Road Pricing is usually implemented by public or private highway agencies or local authorities as part of transportation project funding packages, for transportation demand management, or through privatization of highway construction and operations.
		For example, congestion pricing can be implemented with Transit and Rideshare and Flextime improvements so motorists have more ways to avoid driving on the priced road.
	www.vtpi.org /tdm/tdm35.htm (1842 words)

	Congestion Pricing
		Because of the very large potential gains from congestion pricing, it is important that such experiments be designed and implemented in the near future.
		Congestion reduction and efficient resource allocation are cited as some of the main benefits of road pricing, particularly peak period pricing.
		Qualitatively, the idea behind congestion pricing is this: person R has a high value of time, person P a low value of time.
	www.coursework.info /i/8344.html (481 words)

	INTRODUCING CONGESTION PRICING ON A NEW TOLL ROAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Congestion pricing—charging a price to use highways that is high at peak hours and low at off-peak times—holds great potential for easing traffic congestion and reducing auto emissions in Southern California.
		Since price levels for other goods and services can be expected to continue rising at perhaps five percent per year, the experimental design will call for the peak-period toll to be increased by at least 10 percent each period (so that what is being tested are higher charges in real terms).
		Congestion pricing requires those choosing single-occupant vehicles to pay significantly more than those choosing any other form of transportation, and those users tend to be more affluent.
	www.rppi.org /transportation/ps150.html (5888 words)

	Public Roads: 80 Years Old, But the Best Is Yet to Come - March/April 1999 Public Roads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A critically important aspect of value pricing is that while it is reducing the economic waste associated with congestion, it is also generating revenues that can be used to provide benefits to a broad spectrum of road users.
		Value pricing is a significant departure from existing practices, and it may have far-reaching impacts and require alignment of existing institutional relationships.
		Pricing should be viewed in the context of a range of strategies for addressing congestion.
	www.tfhrc.gov /pubrds/marapr99/pricing.htm (2867 words)

	Gotham Gazette: Congestion Pricing
		Whether congestion pricing itself is ever implemented in New York, this debate may yet improve mobility in the Manhattan central business district (referred to as the CBD, and defined as from the Battery to 60th Street).
		Thus, after commenting in February that congestion charging “is certainly something that we should be looking at,” his spokesman said he was not “loosening or easing up” on the position he took last November.
		Even if New York is not ready for a full plate congestion pricing, there are plenty of other effective ways to give a little relief to pedestrians, bus and bicycle riders, and even to motorists who would rather pay than sit.
	www.gothamgazette.com /print/1788 (1124 words)

	Congestion pricing is inevitable
		While this type of differential toll pricing is not the classic definition of "congestion pricing" (since the discount is not time-sensitive), it did at least introduce thousands of motorists to the concept of variable toll rates, and it did reduce congestion.
		For decades, politicians who suggested congestion pricing were pilloried by hostile news reporters and editorial writers, and those reactions shaped public opinion against pricing reform.
		The "final frontier" of road pricing will be Interstate highways and other non-tolled roads such as local arterials, where the introduction of congestion pricing will require some form of gas tax rebate in order to become politically palatable.
	www.cascadepolicy.org /pdf/env/inevitable.htm (1513 words)

	Transport for London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Congestion charging is a way of ensuring that those using valuable and congested road space make a financial contribution.
		That‘s why the Mayor included proposals for a scheme to reduce congestion in his election manifesto, along with other key proposals for a properly integrated transport system for London.
		As part of the Mayor‘s Transport Strategy, congestion charging will also be accompanied by a wide range of measures designed to make public transport easier, cheaper, faster and more reliable.
	www.cclondon.com /whatis.shtml (480 words)

	MTR 59, Citizens Judge Congestion Pricing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A focus group organized by the Minneapolis "Citizens Jury," a public opinion research project, found that traffic congestion pricing could be an important part of effective transportation policies in the future, but is not a transportation policy panacea.
		Nonetheless, it split over questions of whether congestion pricing was equitable, would significantly change travel patterns and was an efficient means of generating revenue for transportation improvements.
		The jury voted strongly in favor of a pricing pilot program as a means to further evaluate pricing's efficacy, but also suggested a local or state gas tax increase for the immediate purpose of generating revenue for transit and other improvements (the group insisted that any tax revenues be constitutionally dedicated to transportation improvements).
	www.tstc.org /bulletin/19951110/mtr05915.htm (209 words)

	WA-RD 377.1 EVALUATION OF PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT CONGESTION PRICING AND TOLLS (12/95) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This summary describes the key findings of a WSDOT project that is documented more fully in the research report "Evaluation of Public Opinion about Congestion Pricing and Tolls." Policy makers and transportation agencies are investigating various forms of transportation and congestion pricing as ways to deal with both congestion and increasingly scarce transportation funding.
		To aid local governments in determining whether congestion pricing would be feasible in the Puget Sound region, this project assessed public attitude toward transportation pricing and explored ways to present information to the public that would increase their understanding.
		However, participants generally viewed congestion pricing in terms of the context of today's transportation situation, and it may be challenging for the general public to make long-term links between congestion pricing, mode shifts, and changes in land use.
	www.wsdot.wa.gov /research/onepages/wa-rd3771.htm (623 words)

	Congestion Relief Pricing Links
		Congestion Relief Pricing is seen as a logical component of real-time traffic management as well as a funding source for transportation alternatives:
		Potential financial effects on low-income drivers shall be considered as part of any value pricing program, and mitigation measures to correct potential adverse financial effects on low-income drivers may be included as part of the value pricing program.
		Singapore introduced peak pricing in 1975 and the system was updated to a fully automated electronic charging system in the spring of 1998.
	www.gocapecod.org /congpric.htm (1432 words)

	PFNYC: Press Release
		The report issued by the Partnership today concludes that existing transportation and road systems are inadequate to accommodate the region's growing population and continued economic expansion, resulting in the loss of as many as 52,000 new jobs every year.
		But the level of traffic congestion in New York City has now passed the tipping point and is causing serious damage to virtually every community and industry sector,” said Partnership President and CEO Kathryn S. Wylde.
		The primary cause for traffic congestion across the city and the region is the density of economic activity in the Manhattan Central Business Districts, which drive a $901 billion regional economy.
	www.nycp.org /pressReleases/2006/pr_120406_congestion.html (716 words)

	Congestion Pricing Advocates Take New Tacks To Drum Up Interest - February 8, 2006 - The New York Sun
		No mention of congestion pricing is to be found in Mayor Bloomberg's second-term agenda, which has led several advocates of the approach to abandon what is considered one of the most radical traffic reforms possible for the city.
		Congestion pricing, successfully implemented in London since 2003, works by charging drivers in congested zones during peak hours.
		Bloomberg has said congestion pricing won't work in New York City because of the way the city is structured.
	www.nysun.com /article/27203 (403 words)

	A Proposal: Selling The Idea Of Congestion Pricing To Cities \| Planetizen
		A soon-to-be released journal article explains how congestion pricing might work in the US: Revenue would be distributed to cities through which the freeways pass.
		In Los Angeles, where potential congestion toll revenues are estimated to be almost $5 billion a year, distributing toll revenues to cities with freeways could be politically effective and highly progressive.
		For this reason the path to congestion pricing does not go through transit agencies or highway bureaucracies, and it does not involve efforts to buy off motorists.
	www.planetizen.com /node/23119 (447 words)

	Northwest Environment Watch - Congestion Pricing
		The keys to public acceptance of congestion pricing are creating pilot projects for drivers to experience and first making toll lanes available where there are also free lanes.
		Congestion pricing is inching closer to reality in the Northwest.
		In Washington, the Puget Sound Regional Council received a US Department of Transportation grant for a pilot project to apply congestion pricing in transportation planning.
	www.northwestwatch.org /reforms/congestion_pricing.asp (348 words)

	Value Pricing Pilot Program
		Value pricing, also known as congestion pricing and peak-period pricing, is a way of harnessing the power of the market and reducing the waste associated with congestion.
		This concept of assessing relatively higher prices for travel during peak periods is the same as that used in many other sectors of the economy to respond to peak-use demands.
		Pricing project planning guidelines are summarized in an FHWA report, Congestion Pricing: Guidelines for Project Development, Revised Interim Report, FHWA, August 1996.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /policy/vppp.htm (1646 words)

	Reports Give Conflicting Views of Congestion Pricing in City, New York Times, March 2, 2006
		For an idea that barely exists on paper and has the support of neither the mayor nor the City Council, congestion pricing — charging a fee for driving into the busiest areas of the city at the busiest times — has attracted a striking amount of controversy.
		That rankled opponents of congestion pricing, who released their own report yesterday saying it would hurt retailers and other businesses.
		Supporters of congestion pricing said the report relied on unsound assumptions because it did not consider the lost productivity and wasted time caused by slow-moving buses and cars.
	www.transalt.org /press/media/2006/318.html (796 words)

	Congestion Pricing Pro and Con, Gotham Gazette, November 20, 2005
		Since the reelection of Mayor Bloomberg, interest around congestion pricing — where cars are charged to drive in an area, for instance, Manhattan below 59th Street.
		By implementing congestion pricing while improving public transportation, he adds, London has reduced traffic in its city center without a problem.
		Congestion pricing will hurt the city’s hospitals, cultural institutions, and communities underserved by mass transit, he added.
	www.transalt.org /press/media/2005/201.html (375 words)

	Event Transcript \| Congestion Pricing for NYC by Samuel I. Schwartz, P.E.
		Congestion indicators published by the Texas Transportation Institute found that congestion had worsened in just about every major metropolitan area and projected it would continue to worsen for the next 10-20 years.
		No wonder more and more people are willing to tolerate worsening congestion; the car is probably their most relaxing and fulfilling space and time.
		Brooklyn and Queens motorists have suffered unbelievable congestion, and associated costs, as every single East River bridge has had structural emergency shutdowns of lanes and roadways and even an extended closing, from lack of maintenance of the entire Williamsburg Bridge in 1988.
	www.manhattan-institute.org /html/cci02-14-02.htm (1816 words)

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