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Topic: Congo Civil War

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	''Congo's International Civil War'' - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		While the causes of this civil war are complex, the other primary catalyst was the U.S. withdrawal of support for Mobuto and his eventual departure.
		The war raged for almost five years and only reached what appears to be a solid truce in April 2003, largely because of the persistence of President Joseph Kabila, adopted son of Laurent who was assassinated in 2001.
		With the ending of the civil war, that source of revenue has dried up for these two countries; both have made clear they would send their forces into DRC again using the motive of national security.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/congo/2003/0805civilwar.htm (1375 words)

	The Congo Civil War
		There have been a few important incidents in the Congo in the last few days, including a ferry accident and a small outbreak of Ebola, but those fall outside of my scope, which is Congo politics and war.
		Kofi Annan recently admitted that human rights are still a problem in the Congo, but that is something that we all already knew, and unless it leads to more active involvement of the UN in the Congo then I don't think the admission is very significant.
		Uganda and the FAPC militia of course deny all the accusations.
	congocivilwar.blogspot.com /2003_11_01_congocivilwar_archive.html (1203 words)

	CNN - Escalation of Congo civil war forecast - June 17, 1997
		BRAZZAVILLE, Republic of Congo (CNN) -- The battle for control of this capital city's airport was expected to escalate as a bloody power struggle led the United States on Tuesday to plan for the closing of its embassy and the withdrawal of personnel.
		On Tuesday, the warring parties agreed to a three-day truce that calls for a disengagement of troops around the Brazzaville airport to allow for the safe landing of commercial aircraft and aid supplies.
		The two factions in the Republic of Congo's civil war were facing each other across Brazzaville airport, now controlled by French troops who have evacuated nearly 6,000 citizens of France and other countries.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9706/17/congo (725 words)

	2001 Pulitzer Prizes-INTERNATIONAL REPORTING, Works
		Congo, a strategic country that borders nine other nations, is cursed by its riches and plagued by the circularity of its history.
		Congo's two rebel groups, the Congolese Rally for Democracy and the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo, control the river's banks across shadowy lines of control.
		This is the war in Congo's vast interior: a soldier of uncertain allegiance demanding something—anything—at gunpoint.
	www.pulitzer.org /year/2001/international-reporting/works/congo2.html (3584 words)

	Peace Talks About Congo - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		Congo’s civil war has taken place, not in front of the world's television cameras, but deep within the dense and trackless rain forest of a sparsely populated country two-thirds the size of Western Europe.
		Congo is too vast and chaotic for anyone to measure accurately the scale of its tragedy.
		Their attention, understandably, is focused on America's war against terrorism and the considerable challenge of waging this without alienating the entire Islamic world.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/congo/2001/1016congo.htm (1237 words)

	Congo
		With war stifling trade, it is lucky that the soil supports bananas and cassava and the rivers teem with fish, or the interior would starve.
		The war in Congo is in part the latest chapter of the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
		Congo has been embroiled in the conflict commonly known as Africa's first world war since August 1998, when the rebels and their foreign backers launched an armed campaign aimed at toppling Kabila's father and predecessor, Laurent Kabila.
	www.uvm.edu /~fgause/congo.htm (17490 words)

	Civil War in Africa: Congo Cries Out For International Action
		The most tragic example is the multisided civil war in the misnamed Democratic Republic of Congo.
		Such horrors are but the latest in a civil war whose death toll, in less than five years, is estimated by the International Rescue Committee at 3.3 million at least.
		The king's private colony - and, to a lesser extent, the early years of the Belgian Congo that succeeded it - was based on a draconian system of forced labor that, over a 40-year period, slashed the territory's population roughly in half, an estimated drop of about 10 million people.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views03/0609-06.htm (1033 words)

	Heart of Sadness: Congo by Adam Hochschild
		Eastern Congo has more than half the world's supply of coltan, which is used in computer chips and cellphones, and has occasionally sold for as much, per ounce, as gold.
		The multi-sided war is driven by greed, not ideology; the worst fighting sometimes shifts location with the rise and fall of commodity prices.
		The other problem is that Congo's immense blood-letting does not seriously threaten Western interests because it is unlikely to spill over into other parts of the world or to stop the export of strategic minerals.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Africa/Heart_Sadness_Congo.html (2185 words)

	875 Congo on David T. Nicholson's Wednesday-Night.com
		Africa's bloodiest war nears end The leaders of the main rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo have been sworn in as vice-presidents in a new power-sharing government aimed at ending nearly five years of war.
		Fleeing DR Congo with tales of horror Allegations of cannibalism and mass murder are coming from Congolese civilians of the Hema ethnic group who have fled across the border into western Uganda.
		Congo (previously known as Belgian Congo, Congo/Léopoldville, Congo/Kinshasa, Zaire) is a vast and incredibly resource-rich country which has suffered from the consequences of the carving up of the African continent by the European powers at the end of the 19th century.
	www.geocities.com /davidnicholson_99/Wed875Congo.htm (3389 words)

	USATODAY.com - Peace agreement reached in Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		PRETORIA, South Africa (AP) — Congo's government, rebels and opposition parties signed a peace agreement Tuesday to end four years of civil war and set up a transitional government to lead Africa's third-largest nation to its first democratic elections since independence in 1960.
		Congo's civil war has left an estimated 2.5 million people dead, mainly from war-induced hunger and disease.
		Civil society representatives will choose the head of the 120-member senate, Joseph Mudumbi, foreign affairs chief of the Rwandan-backed Congolese Rally for Democracy, said.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002-12-17-congo-peace_x.htm (691 words)

	Crisis of government, ethnic schisms, civil war, and regional destabilization of the Democratic Republic of Congo World ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		In this article, I examine the internal and external factors that precipitated the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
		Congo's civil war centers squarely on the perceptions of ethnic marginalization, citizenship, land, regional security, democratization, and the quest for good governance.
		Power-sharing, federalism, restoration of civil society, and demilitarization of the body politic are crucial for a lasting peace and the return to political stability in the DRC.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2393/is_1_165/ai_90307666 (986 words)

	Congo Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		the First Congo War (1996-97), which led to the overthrow of Mobutu by Laurent Kabila
		the Second Congo War (1998-2002) involved nine nations and led to ongoing low-level warfare despite an official peace
		the Ituri Conflict, an ongoing subconflict of the Second Congo War
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congo_Civil_War (149 words)

	congo-coltan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Congo received its independence from Belgium in 1960, leaving a politically and economically poor country with civil war breaking out soon after.
		Ethnic tensions, economic deprivation and interests, and foreign involvement are elements in the complexity of the Congo's civil war.
		War broke out in August 1998 and has raged ever since with a brief time of peace in 1999 with the Lusaka peace agreement.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/congo-coltan.htm (2056 words)

	monuc.org: Fears grow of Congo civil war ::: 21/06/2004
		Loyalist forces in the Democratic Republic of Congo are preparing for a showdown with renegade soldiers and militia in the east of the country, prompting fears that the civil war is about to reignite.
		Diplomats and Congolese officials describe this as the biggest build-up of government forces in the volatile east of Congo - where two previous wars began in 1996 and 1998 - since a power-sharing transitional administration was sworn in a year ago.
		With the backing of a UN mission, and a 10,800-strong international peacekeeping force, a series of peace accords brought an official end last year to the five-year war, in which seven African armies fought in support of local factions and more than 3m Congolese are thought to have died.
	www.monuc.org /news.aspx?newsID=3038 (459 words)

	Civil War cannot stop Bible Translation in Congo
		ORANGE, CA (April 4, 2000) - Wycliffe Bible translator Paul Schmidt says that not even a civil war in what is now called the Democratic Republic of Congo -- formerly Zaire -- can stop the translation of the Scriptures for the Tembo people.
		The Schmidt family said that during the first war in 1996, which began a few months after they returned to the United States with their four daughters for a furlough, they lost their home, their vehicle, and all their belongings, which were stolen in three waves of looting.
		Two years ago, they returned to Africa to continue with their translation project, but they had to stay in Nairobi, capital of Kenya, when the second civil war broke out in the Congo in 1998.
	www.worthynews.com /news-features/congo-war-cant-stop-translation.html (1014 words)

	CTV.ca \| Congo civil war kills 3.3 M, says relief group
		The International Rescue Committee said in a report that at least 85 percent of the 3.3 million deaths were from easily treatable diseases and malnutrition.
		The IRC said the humanitarian disaster has been caused in part by the forced displacement of people fleeing fighting and the collapse of the country's health system.
		The Congo war began in August 1998 and at one point drew in armies from six other African nations.
	www.ctv.ca /servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20030408/congo_war_030408 (279 words)

	Congo Brazzaville, the Reasons Behind the Civil War
		On October 16, the troops of the former president of Congo Brazzaville, M. Sassou Nguesso, took control of the capital Brazzaville, thus ousting the current president Pascal Lissouba, after a five month long civil war.
		Thus, it is not difficult to see that when last June the civil war started Elf sided although not openly with Sassou Nguesso.
		First of all Elf is also the main company exploiting the oil resources of Angola, but most important of all Angola's intervention in Congo allowed it to smash a great deal of the remaining UNITA forces still operating from this country againts the Angolan regime.
	www.marxist.com /congo-civil-war271097-2.htm (632 words)

	ABC News: Congo Civil War Fuels AIDS Spread
		Officially, the AIDS rate in the Democratic Republic of Congo is 5 percent, but health workers say the figure is easily 10 times higher.
		The situation is especially severe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which also is grappling with a vicious civil war.
		And war is literally spreading the disease, because the soldiers use rape as a weapon.
	abcnews.go.com /WNT/story?id=129599 (442 words)

	CNN.com - Rebel offensive, allies' fatigue threaten Congo's president - October 3, 2000
		GEMENA, Congo (AP) -- Despite a U.N.-brokered peace accord, Congo's civil war appears set to begin a bloody new chapter as rebels prepare for another offensive and Congolese President Laurent Kabila's allies enter talks with his enemies.
		Rebels in northwestern Congo, backed by the Ugandan army, are threatening to take a key government stronghold that would give them a base for striking at the capital, Kinshasa.
		The businessman-turned-rebel said Sunday that the movement's 20,000 fighters were closing in on Mbandaka, a Congo River port 370 miles upstream from Kinshasa that has been a base for recent government attacks on rebels in northwestern Congo.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/africa/10/03/congo.advancingrebels.ap (857 words)

	Sex-Assault Continues Unchecked in Congo
		In the jungles and border towns of eastern Congo, a civil war staggers on, largely ignored.
		Worse, those sent to protect the people of Congo by the international community have not only failed to protect the country's women, but have contributed to their exploitation.
		The civil war officially ended in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a vast nation about the size of Western Europe, almost two years ago.
	www.womensenews.org /article.cfm/dyn/aid/2218/context/cover (1381 words)

	Conflict in Congo has killed 4.7 million people, charity says (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		A total of 4.7 million people have died as a direct result of the Democratic Republic of Congo's civil war in the past four and a half years, according to a report released today by the International Rescue Committee, a leading aid agency.
		Only about 10% of the war's victims have died violently, according to IRC: the majority succumbed to starvation or disease as a multitude of armed groups sprang up and marauded their way through the villages and fields after Rwanda's invasion in 1998 drew seven other national armies into the conflict on Congolese soil.
		For the past three weeks in eastern Congo, from Ugandan-occupied Bunia in the north to Rwandan-controlled Bukavu, via half-a-dozen warlords' fiefdoms in between, the Guardian has followed a trail of devastation.
	www.worldrevolution.org /article/763 (1528 words)

	RNW: Civil War in Congo: 2.5 Million Deaths
		A new study has found that some 2.5 million people have been killed in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, since the outbreak of fighting in August 1998.
		The conflict in Congo started in 1998 and has since drawn in armies of five African countries.
		Ethnic Hema and Lendu are currently at war in eastern Congo.
	www.radionetherlands.nl /currentaffairs/region/africa/congo010504.html (602 words)

	Report: U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War - World Policy Institute - Research Project
		Throughout the Cold War (1950-1989), the U.S. delivered over $1.5 billion worth of weaponry to Africa.[3] Military aid and training, covert weapons shipments, and political and financial backing poured in, as the war against communism was played out on African soil.
		In the early months of the war, the U.S. led intense diplomatic efforts to help contain the conflict, shuttling Deputy Secretary of State for African Affairs Susan Rice from one end of the continent to the other to urge a withdrawal of foreign troops and an immediate cease-fire.
		The war in the Congo and the countries involved in it are a case in point."[39]
	www.worldpolicy.org /projects/arms/reports/congo.htm (7420 words)

	Despite moves toward peace, Congo's civil war rages \| csmonitor.com
		Over the weekend, Congo's two main rebel groups, the RCD and the Ugandan-backed Movement for Congolese Liberation (MLC), met in South Africa with the Congolese government to negotiate a postwar power-sharing government.
		Although the country continues to be effectively divided among the three main parties, this has long ceased being a war between organized rebel factions and the government.
		Even if the UN Security Council were to increase the troops' mandate – a move few here think is likely – one humanitarian worker estimates that the Congo would require 150,000 peacekeepers to give it a presence similar to one that brought peace to Sierra Leone over the past two years.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/1028/p07s02-woaf.html (1044 words)

	Dutch company financing Congo civil war — Milieudefensie
		Civil war has been waged in the DRC since 1998.
		The war has so far killed 21/2 million people and caused 2 million people to evacuate the area.
		Part of the income earned from mining coltan goes to military groups and thus finances the civil war.
	www.milieudefensie.nl /globalisering/doemee/earthalarm/eng79congo.htm (446 words)

	Congo: Massacres in Ugandan-Controlled Areas (Human Rights Watch Press release, New York, January 22, 2001)
		Uganda is one of six foreign governments that have intervened in the civil war in the Congo (DRC) where its troops now control a sizable portion of the northeast.
		The outbreak of violence does not appear to be connected to the recent death of Congolese President Laurent Kabila and the transition of power to his son, Joseph Kabila.
		Militia of the Lendu and affiliated Ngiti people attacked near the Bunia airport at dawn, carrying to the provincial capital the violence which has taken scores of lives in villages to the south of Bunia in the last three weeks.
	www.hrw.org /press/2001/01/hema0122.htm (503 words)

	Catholic World News : Congo civil war is world's bloodiest in 50 years
		Jan. 10 (FIDES/CWNews.com) - Over 120,000 people have been displaced by fighting in Congo's Katanga region, and the civil war in that country is now the world's bloodiest conflict in the past 60 years, the Fides news service reports.
		A report by the US humanitarian organisation International Rescue Committee says the crisis in Congo is the world’s bloodiest in 60 years and that since the conflict started in 1998 more people have been killed in Congo than in Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, or Darfur.
		International Rescue Committee says the death rate in Congo is 40 times higher than other sub-Saharan countries, with an average of about 1,200 people killed every day.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=41739 (315 words)

	Amnesty Magazine
		The Congo's first—and last—territory-wide free election that year brought the brilliant, mercurial Patrice Lumumba to power as prime minister.
		Eastern Congo has more than half the world's supply of coltan, which is used in computer chips and cellphones, and has occassionally sold for as much, per ounce, as gold.
		There is a risk that the guards may end up robbing, or running, the bank—whether at the level of a sergeant dealing diamonds or a major power contributing troops but demanding favored treatment for a particular mining company.
	www.amnestyusa.org /amnestynow/congo.html (2267 words)

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