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	Propaganda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In this sense, propaganda serves as a corollary to censorship, in which the same purpose is achieved, not by filling people's heads with approved information, but by preventing people from being confronted with opposing points of view.
		Such permeating propaganda may be used for political goals: by giving to citizens a false impression of the quality or uniqueness of their country, they may be incited to reject certain proposals or certain remarks, or ignore the experience of others.
		Propaganda techniques were first codified and applied in a scientific manner by journalist Walter Lippman and psychologist Edward Bernays (nephew of Sigmund Freud) early in the 20th century.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/p/pr/propaganda.html (3286 words)

	Wikipedia: Propaganda
		In this sense, propaganda serves as a corollary to censorship, in which the same purpose is achieved, not by filling people's heads with false information, but by preventing people from knowing true information.
		The term itself originates with the Roman Catholic Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (sacra congregatio christiano nomini propagando or, briefly, propaganda fide), the department of the pontifical administration charged with the spread of Catholicism and with the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries (mission territory).
		Sacred Congregation of Propaganda from the Catholic Encylopedia.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/p/pr/propaganda.html (2565 words)

	Introduction
		Propaganda refers to any persuasive technique, whether in writing, speech, music, film, or other means that attempts to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior of a group for the benefit of the person or organization using it.
		Catholic Encyclopedia, the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide, whose official title is "sacra congregatio christiano nomini propagando," is the department of the pontifical administration charged with the spread of Catholicism and with the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries.
		Propaganda is the communication of a point of view with the ultimate goal of having the recipient of the appeal come to 'voluntarily' accept this position as if it were his or her own" (9).
	mason.gmu.edu /~amcdonal/Introduction.html (611 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Propaganda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Propaganda in wartime, suggested a World War II expert, is as old as the pyramids—and certainly the hieroglyphic inscription celebrating a victory of the pharaoh Ramses II over the Hittites indicates that a monarch of the thirteenth century b.c.
		This propaganda struggle reached a crescendo in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), as both sides mobilized presses to churn out pamphlets and broadsheets by the thousands, extolling the victories of their coreligionists and blasting their enemies.
		Of course, World War II propaganda was not limited to totalitarian states, and both Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt used radio to connect with their people; but in the Axis and Soviet regimes, propaganda was the web of life, linking everyone and everything to the politics and policies of the state.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/ml_041900_propaganda.htm (1161 words)

	Propaganda
		Propaganda can be as blatant as a swastika or as subtle as a joke.
		Roman Catholic Church a committee of cardinals, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (congregatio de propaganda fide)
		The use of political cartoons became dominant as a means of propaganda, typically in a negative way, exposing either deception or distortion.
	www.students.sbc.edu /mckinney03/gmm/propaganda.htm (981 words)

	Propaganda
		Propaganda is distinguished from education by its selectivity and manipulation.
		Propaganda must be easy to understand and remember, thus the appeal of simple catching slogans which are constantly repeated.
		Propaganda may have symbolic association with all that is near and dear: Thus the appeal of parent symbols (mother church, pioneers, faith of our fathers).
	www.guam.net /home/wresch/stories/R_Wresch/propaganda.htm (681 words)

	The Manipulation of Information - Jehovah's Witnesses Official Web Site
		Propaganda encourages this by agitating the emotions, by exploiting insecurities, by capitalizing on the ambiguity of language, and by bending rules of logic.
		Today the word "propaganda" has a negative connotation, suggesting dishonest tactics, but originally that was not the meaning intended for the term.
		This committee—called Propaganda for short—was established by Pope Gregory XV in 1622 to supervise missionaries.
	www.watchtower.org /library/g/2000/6/22/article_02.htm (1222 words)

	Description of serie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Congregatio de propaganda fide (III centenario di propaganda fide).
		In 1622 Gregor XI (1554-1623), Pope from 1621, founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, an organ of the papacy for distribution of money to support Roman Catholic mission throughout the world.
		On the top panels the words "III Centenario Di Propaganda Fide", 300th anniversary of propagation of faith, with the year 1622 and 1922 underneath.
	www.hist.uib.no /antikk/stamps/serie19.htm (238 words)

	propaganda -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		The term comes from Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith), a missionary organization established by the pope in 1622.
		Lobbying, advertising, and missionary activity are all forms of propaganda, but the term is most commonly used in the political arena.
		In wartime, propaganda directed by a country at its own civilian population and military forces can boost morale; propaganda aimed at the enemy is an element of psychological warfare.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9375985?&query=propaganda&ct=gen1 (840 words)

	Propaganda
		Congregatio de propaganda fide, or Congregation for the Propagation of Faith, 1622, Catholic church
		Lasswell… Propaganda in the broadest sense is the technique of influencing human action by the manipulation of representations.
		Nazi propaganda not effective in US The research by Cantril and others led to the conclusion that Nazi propaganda could not create a Hitler type because in Germany there was little diversity of media and the military were a great part of the country
	www.nevada.edu /~drums/485files/propaganda.htm (558 words)

	Merriam-Webster Online
		Propaganda is widely understood as "the ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause"; it also names the public action that has such an effect.
		Back in the early 1600s, Pope Gregory the 15th established the "Congregatio de Propaganda Fide" (Congregation for propagating the faith) and charged it with organizing missionary work for Roman Catholicism.
		That crowd of cardinals came to be called a propaganda, a movement organized to spread a particular doctrine.
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/wftwarch.pl?102903 (249 words)

	[No title]
		History and definitions of propaganda A. The term propaganda comes from "Congregatio de propaganda fide" or "Congregation for the Propagation of Faith" in the Catholic Church's 1622 Counter-Reformation.
		B. Harold Lasswell's 1937 definition: "Propaganda in the broadest sense is the technique of influencing human action by the manipulation of representations.
		Wartime propaganda and propaganda education A. Wartime propaganda is traced back to The Art of War by Sun Tsu.
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~burkebr/spch3710ch6.txt (348 words)

	Kimball Young: Social Psychology: Chapter 27: Propoganda: Positive Control of Public Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Propaganda then is the propagation of ideas, opinions and attitudes, the real purpose of which is not made clear to the hearer or reader.
		Propaganda is merely the conscious creation of this same sort of material in the interests of group survival and social control.
		Propaganda is thus a positive rather than a negative device in the control of public opinion and of our subsequent conduct.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Young/1930/1930_27.html (7716 words)

	Connotations of the term propaganda (from propaganda) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The word propaganda itself, as used in recent centuries, apparently derives from the title and work of the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for Propagation of the Faith), an organization of Roman Catholic cardinals founded in 1622 to carry on missionary work.
		More results on "Connotations of the term propaganda (from propaganda)" when you join.
		A message that is intended primarily to serve the interests of the messenger—this is the basic definition of propaganda.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-23823?tocId=23823 (871 words)

	Body
		"Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist." (p.
		"Propaganda began to emerge as a modern force in the 19th century; it became an integral part of the social, political, and economic life of the 20th century." (p.
		propaganda of the deed = nonsymbolic act is presented for a symbolic reason - eg, public hangings, foreign aid that's too limited to really accomplish anything.
	www.wiu.edu /users/mfdjh/Syllabus/Jowett.htm (5915 words)

	How 'propaganda' lost its good name \| csmonitor.com
		He was head of the Vatican organization long known as the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide.
		Later on, "propaganda" (the actual word, that is, not its phantom singular) evolved into something closer to its contemporary meaning.
		During the cold war, people were warned against "communist propaganda," which in some of the kookier corners of the country was understood to include such phenomena as Elvis Presley and the Beatles.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0603/p18s03-hfes.htm (608 words)

	Propaganda: Thoughts/Quotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The word propaganda refers to any technique that attempts to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior of a group, in order to benefit the sponsor.
		The techniques of propaganda are used in the military, in the media, in advertising, in politics, and in all sorts of human relationships.
		Propaganda often has particular importance in that it speaks to the emotions rather than to pure understanding.
	members.aol.com /emercityxl/propagan.html (805 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The word propaganda comes from the Latin verb propagare which means 'to reproduce (a plant) by cuttings; spread for sprouting; propagate; enlarge'.
		In 1622, Pope Gregory XV established the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide 'the congregation for propagating the faith' in order to centralize all of the Roman Catholic Church's missionary activity under the control of the Holy See.
		Referred to informally as "Propaganda," the group of cardinals was charged with the direction of ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries.
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=20000322 (303 words)

	MediaChannel.org - NEWS DISSECTOR \| Synergy As Propaganda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Etymology: New Latin, from Congregatio de propaganda fide.
		"Propaganda" is one of those words that is often too narrowly defined by most of us, as a fascinating Web site from the University of Washington makes clear.
		In an "age of propaganda" that is also a media age — where the latter is interlaced with the former — it is important to track how propaganda works, including how it works its way into our psyches without us always being aware of its techniques or effects.
	www.mediachannel.org /views/dissector/synergy.shtml (1721 words)

	roman curia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In this sense, the Roman Curia has grown little by little in the history of Catholic Church, its importance reaching an apogee during the later times of Papacy's temporal power, de facto ended in 19th century (with the unification of Italy) and later formally too concluded in 1929 with the Lateran Treaties, or Concordato.
		The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments [1]
		The Congregation for the Clergy [1] (originated in the wake of the Council of Trent as Sacra Congregatio Cardinalium Concilii Tridentini Interpretum)
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /roman_curia.html (609 words)

	The Power of Propaganda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Since warfare's beginning, military philosophers and strategists have recognized the necessity of "psychological operations" (a subset of propaganda, since PSYOP is generally directed at the enemy, while propaganda is additionally used on one's own).
		As Taylor writes, the word "propaganda" actually comes to us from the Vatican, which established the "Congregatio de Propaganda Fide" (The Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith) intended to defend Catholicism against the heretics of the Protestant Reformation.
		But their inventions allowed for the dissemination of propaganda through the more sophisticated means of printed materials and radio broadcasts.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3c2230c42480.htm (1886 words)

	Wildcat International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ignorance of what propaganda is, and how it works, is dangerous in a country where the feds say openly that public health is a matter of national security.
		As in the anti-Communist and anti-fascist wars of the past, today's public health propaganda is an attempt to unite Americans behind flag-waving policies.
		Propaganda keeps taxpayers fearful and suspicious of minority groups like fls, gays, or drug-users, whose behavior is said to be "responsible for AIDS."
	wildcatintl.com /partners/pnw/editorials/archive/ed_55.html (960 words)

	The PC Guide Discussion Forums - View Single Post - Imagine His Surprise...
		I believe it was a Pope who popularised the word "Propaganda" to describe the propagation of the Catholic faith.
		19th Cent.Italian (Spanish, Portugese)"propaganda", extracted from the modern Latin title "congregatio de propaganda fide" = congregation for the propagation of the faith; feminine gerundive of Latin "propagare" = propagate.
		But propaganda is that form of information which is intended to PROPAGATE quite specific ideas and beliefs.
	www.pcguide.com /vb/showpost.php?p=99207&postcount=7 (460 words)

	TruthAddict.com Forums - Solution: Propaganda for eliminating racism
		Propaganda often has a negative connotation in our society.
		However, as witnessed by the definition about (gleaned from Webster's dictionary) propaganda need not be negative as it could be "the spreading of ideas for the purpose of helping a cause".
		Racism was selected as one of the ten forums on this board because it is a fairly universal problem.
	www.truthaddict.com /forum/showthread.php?t=112 (1150 words)

	Understanding the New World Order
		Propaganda is the systematic attempt to manipulate the attitudes, beliefs, and actions of people through the use of symbols such as words, gestures, slogans, flags, and uniforms.
		The word propaganda was derived from the title of the Congregation for Propagating the Faith (Congregatio de propaganda fide), established by Pope Gregory XV in 1622, which had jurisdiction over missionary work conducted by the Roman Catholic church.
		The larger the propaganda enterprise, the more important are such mass media as television, newspapers, and the radio for reaching the widest audience in the most effective way.
	www.flex.com /~jai/articles/nwo1.html (7785 words)

	Alibris: Propaganda
		Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda, and Boelcke, Willi A., and Goebbels, Joseph
		Iuris pontificii de propaganda fide : pars prima complectens bullas brevia acta s.s.
		Propaganda and promotional activities : an annotated bibliography prepared under the direction of the Advisory Committee on Pressure Groups and Propaganda, the Social Science Research Council
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Propaganda (411 words)

	The Propagander! (The Art Of Propaganda)
		This site has over 600 graphics (some pages may take a while to load so please be patient), including many propaganda posters, propaganda comics and other various types of propaganda: All of them are copyrighted by their owners and are used here under the 'Fair Use' guidelines for the purpose of historical study.
		The life of Adolf Hitler is explored in some selective detail as his mastery of ALL forms of propaganda was unsurpassed in modern times.
		New Latin, from 'Congregatio de propaganda fide Congregation for propagating the faith', an organization established by Pope Gregory.
	members.tripod.com /~Propagander (358 words)

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