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	Aix-La-Chapelle - LoveToKnow 1911
		Charlemagne's bones are preserved in an ornate shrine in the Hungarian Chapel, lying to the north of the octagon.
		The greatness of Aix was due to the latter, who between 777 and 786 built a magnificent palace on the site of that of his father, raised the place to the rank of the second city of the empire, and made it for a while the centre of Western culture and learning.
		By the treaty of Luneville (1801) Aix was incorporated with France as chief town of the department of the Roer.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Aix-La-Chapelle (1634 words)

	Congresses of Aix-La-Chapelle - LoveToKnow 1911
		The treaty of the 2nd of May 1668, which put an end to the War of Devolution, was the outcome of that of St Germain I. 15 signed on the 15th of April by France and the representatives of the powers of the Triple Alliance.
		The congress, of which the first session was held on the 1st of October, was attended by the emperor Alexander I.
		The congress, which broke up at the end of November, is of historical importance mainly as marking the highest point reached in the attempt to govern Europe by an international committee of the powers.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Congresses_of_Aix-La-Chapelle (812 words)

	History of Nova Scotia; Acadia, Bk.1, 1755: The Taking of Beauséjour and the Deportation of the Acadians; Part 6; Ch. ...
		One of the consequences of the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the intended one, was that a peace treaty was signed on October 18th, 1748.
		Admiral de la Motte was in charge of the fleet.
		On June 15th, 1755, just a day before the French were to surrender Beauséjour, the subject of our next following chapters, Boscawen fell in with four, French, sail of the line, which, in a gale of wind, had parted from the French fleet of 43.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part6/Ch01.htm (1542 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 272, CONGRESS: Library of Economics and Liberty
		CONGRESS (IN By congress is understood a meeting of ministers plenipotentiary or sovereigns of different states, having the power and mission to conclude a treaty of peace, determine the consequences of a treaty concluded, or settle undecided points of international law.
		Among the number are the congresses of Cambrai, 1721-5; of Soissons, 1729; of Breda, 1747; of Focsani, 1772; of Bucharest, 1793; of Lille, 1797; of Rastadt, 1799; of Ghent and Châtillon, 1814.
		The congress which was to regulate the affairs of Italy at the end of 1859, was not able, as we know, to assemble, on account of inability to reconcile opposing interests.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy272.html (1702 words)

	Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The immediate object of the conference being thus readily disposed of, the time of the congress was mainly occupied in discussing the form to be taken by the European alliance, and the "military measures," if any, to be adopted as a precaution against a fresh outburst on the part of France.
		In neither case was any decision arrived at, owing mainly to the refusal of the other powers to agree with the British proposal for a reciprocal right of search on the high seas and to the objection of Britain to international action which would have involved the presence of a Russian squadron in the Mediterranean.
		The congress, which broke up at the end of November, is of historical importance mainly as marking the highest point reached in the attempt to govern Europe by an international committee of the powers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818) (559 words)

	CHAPTER XIII. - THE PROGRESS OF REACTION.
		The design was so ambitious that Metternich had not dared to disclose it at the Congress of Vienna; it was in fact a direct violation of the Treaty of Paris, and of the resolution of the Congress, that Italy, outside the possessions of Austria, should consist of independent States.
		His conception of the government of the future was the rule of a landed aristocracy, resting, in its struggle against monarchical centralisation and against the Liberalism of the middle class, on the conservative and religious instincts of the peasantry.
		He had already become anxious and distressed when the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle met; and the events which took place in France during his absence, as well as the communications which passed between himself and the foreign Ministers, convinced him that a change of internal policy was necessary.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/Europe/00000024.htm (17022 words)

	Delegates to the Congress of Vienna
		Delegates to the Congress of Vienna of 1815
		At the Congress of Vienna, the monarchs and princes of Europe redrew their boundaries, to the advantage of Prussia (in Saxony and the Ruhr), Austria (in Illyria and Venetia), and Russia (in Poland and Finland).
		At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), which redrew the map of Europe after Napoleon's downfall, he blocked Russian plans for the annexation of the whole of Poland and Prussia's attempt to absorb Saxony.
	killeenroos.com /4/vienna/DELEGATE.htm (1837 words)

	European Institutions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Treaty of Paris 1814 and The Congress of Vienna 1815
		The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of Congresses known as the "Congress System" - essentially a gentlemen's' agreement between the major European powers to try to resolve differences which might lead to war by diplomatic negotiations such as the 1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the 1820 Congress of Troppau.
		the 1821 Congress of Laibach and the 1822 Congress of Verona.
	www.eurolegal.org /europe.shtml (675 words)

	Aachen - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online
		The precious relics obtained by Charlemagne and Otho III for the imperial chapel were the objects of great pilgrimages in the Middle Ages (the so-called "Shrine Pilgrimages") which drew countless swarms of pilgrims from Germany, Austria, Hungary, England, Sweden, and other countries.
		The Bull of Pius VII, "De Salute Animarum," dated 16 July, 1821 which regulated church matters in Prussia anew, did away with the bishopric of Aachen, and transferred most of its territory to the archdiocese of Cologne; a collegiate chapter, consisting of a provost and six canons, taking the place of the bishopric in 1825.
		The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle sat there from 30 September to 11 November, 1818, and was attended by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and by plenipotentiaries from France and England, to determine the relations between France and the Powers.
	www.catholic.org /encyclopedia/view.php?id=3 (1648 words)

	SparkNotes: Europe (1815-1848): Metternich and his Congresses (1815-1822)
		The Congress of Vienna established an international system of reactionary governments dedicated to maintaining a set of European boundaries, preventing revolutions and changes in government, and stopping any one power from becoming too powerful.
		The Holy Alliance was also called the Congress System, and in general the powers involved saw revolution and change as diseases.
		Although the three councils subsequent to the Congress of Vienna all met with short-term success, the institution of a large-scale anti-liberal system never materialized, largely because of the British refusal to bind itself into possible long-term commitments.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/1848/section3.rhtml (1084 words)

	The Crisis of the modern World, the New World Order and Kali Yuga
		The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, at which the monarchs of Austria, Prussia, and Russia were personally present, devoted its attention to the adjustment of the relations of the powers to France, though Metternich also emphasized the dangers arising from demagogic agitation, and expressed his suspicions that its focus was in Germany.
		All publications of less than twenty folios were to be subject to censorship; government officers were to be placed at the universities to supervise them; in the several states the constitutions providing for diets in accordance with ancient usage were to be retained; representative constitutions were to be suppressed.
		Despite England's and Russia's resistance, Metternich at the two succeeding congresses successfully carried his proposition to intervene in behalf of the Italian states, which were threatened and hard pressed by the revolution.
	www.geocities.com /integral_tradition/metternich.html (1889 words)

	Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On the April 24, 1748 a congress assembled at Aachen (french: Aix-la-Chapelle) for the purpose of bringing to a conclusion the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession.
		Between April 30 and May 21 the preliminaries were agreed to between Great Britain, France and Holland, and to these Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia and Hungary, the kings of Sardinia and Spain, the duke of Modena, and the republic of Genoa successively gave their adhesion.
		Spain having raised objections to the Asiento clauses, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was supplemented by Treaty of Madrid (October 5, 1750), by which Great Britain surrendered her claims under those clauses in return for a sum of 100,000.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748) (370 words)

	Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) on October 1, 1818 - CoinPeople.com
		Medal of Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) on October 1, 1818.
		This Congress was called by the Allies, who still had their troops in France, to decide if the time was ripe for the soldiers to leave France.
		The congress convened in Aachen on October 1, 1818.
	www.coinpeople.com /index.php?showtopic=19881&view=getlastpost (362 words)

	History of Nova Scotia; Acadia, Bk.1, Part 5; Ch. 4, The Founding of Halifax (1749).
		In March of 1748 the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle was opened and discussion began between France on the one hand; and, England and Holland on the other.
		An officer by the name of Céloron de Bienville was dispatched by La Galissonnière to the valley of the Ohio in order to properly stake France's claim.
		Port La Have and Chebucto the former about fifty, the latter about forty leagues to the eastward of Canso, would be the properest place for such settlement, but especially Port Le Have, the soil being [the better] though both [are] fine harbours.
	www.blupete.com /Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part5/Ch04.htm (3892 words)

	Aix-la-Chapelle – FREE Aix-la-Chapelle Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Qui a provoque le scandale -- : la tactique du happening selon Beuys et Fluxus: Festival der neuen Kunst.
		Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle Read more
		At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) Czar Alexander I of Russia...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-AixlaCha.html (605 words)

	Aachen, Germany - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Traces of this hidden agenda of the city's history can be found in the 18th century guidebooks to Aachen as well as to other spas; the main indication for visiting patients, ironically, was syphilis; only by the end of the 19th century, rheuma had become the most important object of cures at Aachen and Burtscheid.
		This explains why Aachen was chosen as site of several important congresses and peace treaties: the first congress of Aachen (often referred to as Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in English) in 1668, leading to the First Treaty of Aachen in the same year which ended the War of Devolution.
		The second congress ended with the second treaty in 1748, finishing the War of the Austrian Succession.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /germany_aachen.htm (937 words)

	The Treaty of 1748
		On the 24th of April 1748 a congress assembled at Aix-la-Chapelle for the purpose of bringing to a conclusion the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession, including the American campaigns of that war, known as King George’s War.
		And although France had made some large concessions to England, the question of colonial control was still looming in the background and by no means resolved.
		In the summer of 1748, the new French governor, Charles des Herbiers de La Ralière arrived at Louisbourg and took command of Île Royale in the name of France.
	www.porttoulouse.com /html/the_treaty_of_1748.html (218 words)

	Aix-La-Chapelle@Everything2.com
		Although Aix-La-Chapelle is primarily famous for being a residence of Charlemagne, it is also known for the two pacts that were signed there and the Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle.
		Held on October 1 - November 15, 1818, this was the first of four congresses held to discuss European problems as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
		The countries attending the congress were Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France.
	everything2.com /?node_id=34799 (277 words)

	HowStuffWorks "European History Glossary"
		A colony is a subject territory under the sovereignty (complete control) of the outside country, which may or may not allow some measure of local self-government.
		Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of (1818), a meeting of the members of the Quadruple Alliance—Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
		Berlin, Congress of, a meeting of European powers held in Berlin during June and July, 1878, following the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–78.
	history.howstuffworks.com /european-history/glossary-european-history.htm?page=1 (455 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Aachen
		The precious relics obtained by Charlemagne and Otho III for the imperial chapel were the objects of great pilgrimages in the Middle Ages (the so-called "Shrine Pilgrimages") which drew countless swarms of
		The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle sat there from 30 September to 11 November, 1818, and was attended by the sovereigns of
		, and the crown, or ring, of chapels, the octagon forming the central portion.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01001a.htm (1310 words)

	GOCPS 2008 - 8th German Open Conference on Probability and Statistics
		The sole surviving remnant of the palace, its magnificent chapel constructed in 796, later became Aachen Cathedral.
		However, the city became the site of several important congresses and peace treaties: the first congress of Aachen (often referred to as congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in English) in 1668, leading to the First Treaty of Aachen in the same year which ended the War of Devolution.
		The third congress took place in 1818 to decide the fate of occupied France.
	gocps2008.rwth-aachen.de /aachen_history.html (560 words)

	The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814- 8 June 1815
		The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 — 8 June 1815
		As agreed at the first Treaty of Paris in 1814, a congress of the Great Powers of Europe met at Vienna to settle the future boundaries of the continent.
		The Congress of Vienna was seen as the first of a series of Congresses which have been labelled as the "Congress System" although it was never a system.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/forpol/vienna.html (1046 words)

	Pore sheet 6 study tools.
		Foreshadowed in the treaty of Chaumont 1815, when the principal allies in the last coalition resolved to remain united to safeguard the peace settlements.
		The allied army of occupation in France was to be withdrawn and France admitted to the union.
		The congress system broke down because divergent aims of its members, the eastern powers wishing to use it to ‘police’ Europe, Britain insisting that it was intended only to secure the peac
	www.studystack.com /menu-18589 (360 words)

	European diplomacy and the Congress System, 1815-56
		Some of the terms were soon to cause trouble, especially as nationalism spread through Europe and people sought independence, e.g.
		The Congress System was an attempt to maintain peace and order through the combined influence and actions of the major states.
		Others see the congresses as a significant attempt to resolve tensions.
	www.thecorner.org /hist/europe/congress.htm (819 words)

	Internet Archive Search: aix
		A complete history of England : from the descent of Julius Caesar, to the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, 1748.
		The period of congresses - Ward, Adolphus William, Sir, 1837-1924
		A continuaciÃ³n, las noticias mÃ¡s importantes ocurridas en Aguascalientes en las Ãºltimas horas...
	www.archive.org /search.php?query=aix (2298 words)

	Wilhelm von Humboldt
		He soon, however, retired to his estate at Tegel, near Berlin, but was recalled and sent as ambassador to Vienna in 1812 during the exciting period which witnessed the closing struggles of the French empire.
		The next year he was at Frankfurt settling the future condition of Germany, but was summoned to London in the midst of his work, and in 1818 had to attend the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle.
		The reactionary policy of the Prussian government made him resign his office of privy councillor and give up political life in 1819; and from that time forward he devoted himself solely to literature and study.
	www.nndb.com /people/302/000094020 (604 words)

	DHM: Library - Life Of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (Document)
		My prayer -- and indeed I am thankful to say, my hope is that they may be sanctified and made subservient to His glory.
		I have, of late, been much occupied with the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle.
		I have strong hopes that something effectual may be done, before the sovereigns separate, for that cause.
	www.disabilitymuseum.org /lib/docs/1739.htm?page=15 (740 words)

	Book 14, The Year 1819
		The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, in the fall of 1818, was the first in a continuing series called in the first instance to consider the various revolutions in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, which were making a mock of the Congress of Vienna.
		Many miscellaneous subjects were also discussed which had been left unsettled by the Congress of Vienna or had arisen since, and among them was the treatment of Napoleon.
		Sir Hudson Lowe, to whom I repeated word for word this conversation with Montholon, was immensely surprised and believes it either entirely a figment of the fertile imagination of Longwood, or the beginning of some new intrigue, or an attempt to lay a snare for me. I am not of his opinion.
	www.napoleonic-literature.com /Book_14/1819.htm (4840 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - Features
		This document recognized unrestrained sovereignty of states and effectively consolidated the concept of world unity through sovereign states.
		The next significant step was the Concert of Europe - a haphazard system of consultation between the great countries of Europe - which was established by the Settlement of Vienna in 1815 and followed by the Congress of Aix-la Chapelle in 1818.
		The Concert emerged as a corollary to the Napoleonic Wars and provided a forum which maintained and balanced power between the European nations for a century.
	www.dailynews.lk /2002/08/15/fea01.html (1313 words)

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