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	Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The congress convened in Aachen on October 1, 1818.
		The immediate object of the conference being thus readily disposed of, the time of the congress was mainly occupied in discussing the form to be taken by the European alliance, and the "military measures," if any, to be adopted as a precaution against a fresh outburst on the part of France.
		The congress, which broke up at the end of November, is of historical importance mainly as marking the highest point reached in the attempt to govern Europe by an international committee of the powers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818) (539 words)

	Congress
		Congress of Guatemala The Congress of the Republic (Republic of Guatemala.
		Congress of the CPSU The Congress of the CPSU was the gathering of the delegates of the Communist Party of the Soviet Un...
		Congress of the Philippines The Congress of the Philippines is the primary House of Representatives.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/congress.html (3429 words)

	Congress system - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Congress system is a diplomatic process adhered to between 1815 and 1822, under which all matters of international importance were discussed at meeting of all European powers in order to ensure uniform action on the part of all concerned.
		The system was established in the Congress of Vienna and led to the subsequent Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, Congress at Troppau in 1820, Congress at Laibach in 1821, and the Congress of Verona in 1822.
		This allowed the congresses to be the most sparkling social events in European History, with brilliantly uniformed emperors, kings, princes, ministers and ambassadors attending to the lighter pursuits of dancing and love-making between the more serious bussiness of discussion, intrigue and spying.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Congress_system (249 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 272, CONGRESS: Library of Economics and Liberty
		CONGRESS (IN By congress is understood a meeting of ministers plenipotentiary or sovereigns of different states, having the power and mission to conclude a treaty of peace, determine the consequences of a treaty concluded, or settle undecided points of international law.
		Among the number are the congresses of Cambrai, 1721-5; of Soissons, 1729; of Breda, 1747; of Focsani, 1772; of Bucharest, 1793; of Lille, 1797; of Rastadt, 1799; of Ghent and Châtillon, 1814.
		The method pursued by congresses in their work is not uniform, and depends upon the more or less general character of the meeting, the number of states represented, and their reciprocal relations.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy272.html (1702 words)

	AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Charlemagne's bones are preserved in an ornate shrine in the Hungarian Chapel, lying to the north of the octagon.
		From the Lousberg and the Salvator-berg to the north, the latter crowned by a chapel, magnificent views of the city are obtained; while covering the hills 2 m.
		The greatness of Aix was due to the latter, who between 777 and 786 built a magnificent palace on the site of that of his father, raised the place to the rank of the second city of the empire, and made it for a while the centre of Western culture and learning.
	arne.zimmermann.zakto.com /AIX.htm (1181 words)

	Aachen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The magnificent chapel of the palace, constructed in 796, later became Aachen Cathedral.
		However, the city became the site of several important congresses and peace treaties: the first congress of Aachen (often referred to as congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in English) in 1668, leading to the First Treaty of Aachen in the same year which ended the War of Devolution.
		The second congress ended with the second treaty in 1748, finishing the War of the Austrian Succession.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aachen (937 words)

	Delegates to the Congress of Vienna
		Delegates to the Congress of Vienna of 1815
		At the Congress of Vienna, the monarchs and princes of Europe redrew their boundaries, to the advantage of Prussia (in Saxony and the Ruhr), Austria (in Illyria and Venetia), and Russia (in Poland and Finland).
		At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), which redrew the map of Europe after Napoleon's downfall, he blocked Russian plans for the annexation of the whole of Poland and Prussia's attempt to absorb Saxony.
	killeenroos.com /4/vienna/DELEGATE.htm (1837 words)

	Aix La Chapelle Treaty Of: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1748 the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle attempted to establish once again an "Indian territory," declaring the islands of St. Vincent, Dominica...
		At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, Lord Castlereagh had argued...the slave trade being a violation of the law of nations, the prohibition...argument and the issue was resolved by treaty.
		...aviator, dies October 18th, 1748 The Treaty of Aix la Chapelle is signed, ending the War of the Austrian...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101228112 (1289 words)

	Quintuple Alliance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Quintuple Alliance came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, when France joined the Quadruple Alliance created by Russia, Austria, Prussia and the United Kingdom to uphold the European peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
		After Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen), the Alliance powers met three more times: in 1820 at the Congress of Troppau (Opava), in 1821 at the Congress of Laibach (Ljubljana); and in 1822 at the Congress of Verona.
		While the UK stood largely aloof from the Alliance's illiberal actions, the four Continental monarchies were successful in authorising Austrian military action in Italy in 1821 and French intervention in Spain in 1823 to suppress constitutionalist movements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quintuple_Alliance (171 words)

	Congress of Vienna
		The Congress of Vienna, widely considered the precursor to today’s United Nations, was the international conference called by the victorious allied nations for the purpose of redrawing the map of Europe and restoring disenfranchised monarchies after their defeat of Napoleon.
		The goal of the congress was to reestablish a balance of power amongst the countries of Europe and have peace between the nations.
		The Congress was highly successful in achieving its goal, for the peace in Europe was left undisturbed for almost 40 years.
	firstempire.0catch.com /Politics___Diplomacy/Congress_of_Vienna/congress_of_vienna.html (2229 words)

	The Congress System of Metternich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Congress of Vienna was the European conference called to reestablish the territorial divisions of Europe at the end of the Napoleonic Wars after the downfall of Napoleon.
		Metternich, the mediator at the Congress of Vienna, was an insightful man. He knew that for the meeting to be a success, he would have to modify his conservative ideals for a new Europe.
		was a Prussian statesman and the Prussian delegate in attendance at the Congress of Vienna.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /schools/churchillhs/academics/social_studies/apeuro/romance/grossman/euroreal.html (1637 words)

	AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The treaty of the 2nd of May 1668, which put an end to the War of Devolution, was the outcome of that of St Germain signed on the 15th of April by France and the representatives of the powers of the Triple Alliance.
		Between the 30th of April and the 21st of May the preliminaries were agreed to between Great Britain, France and Holland, and to these Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia and Hungary, the kings of Sardinia and Spain, the duke of Modena, and the republic of Genoa successively gave their adhesion.
		The congress, of which the first session was held on the 1st of October, was attended by the emperor Alexander I. of Russia, the emperor Francis I. of Austria, and Frederick William III.
	simplestartpage.com /2301_AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.HTML (839 words)

	Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		This congress (held at Aix-la-Chapelle—now Aachen, Ger.) was attended by Alexander I of Russia, Francis I of Austria, Frederick William III of Prussia, and their...
		At the congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), of Troppau (1820), of Laibach (1821), and of Verona (1822) his international reputation was at its zenith, but the disruption of the forum of great powers became evident when Great...
		After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna was convened in 1814 to set new boundaries and re-create the balance of European power.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9354813 (792 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - ALEXANDER I., PAVLOVICH, Emperor of Russia: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Alexander issued a ukase (1818) directing the election of three deputies from among the Jews, who should reside in St. Petersburg, and be empowered to bring all Jewish affairs before the government.
		At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) Alexander brought forward the question of the condition of the Jews; being perhaps influenced in this by the enthusiastic and prophetic appeal of the English philanthropist
		After the Congress Alexander altogether abandoned his former liberal ideas and adopted a reactionary policy.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1130&letter=A (773 words)

	WHKMLA : Restauration - Vienna Congress
		The treatment of France at the Vienna Congress had been a matter of dispute; Russia and Prussia had demanded France to be forced to cede territory and to pay reparations; Austria and the United Kingdom favoured a lenient treatment of France, in order to prevent Russia's position in Europe becoming too strong; Metternich prevailed.
		At the Vienna Congress, Europe's dynasties were represented, which desired, with modifications, the RESTAURATION of the ANCIEN REGIMES; however, in popular revolts and during the WARS OF LIBERATION, the bourgeoisie had made significant sacrifices, and they desired written Constitutions.
		The Vienna Congress stipulated that individual sovereigns were to grant constitutions, a promise some rulers broke, while others promulgated conservative constitutions and only a few fulfilled expectations by promulgating liberal constitutions.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/restauration/viennacongr.html (619 words)

	vienna congress 1815 and other vienna related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Congress of Vienna Following the exile of Napoleon Bonaparte to Elba, the victorious Allied...
		The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 -- 8 June 1815 Marjie Bloy, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, National University of Singapore As agreed at the first Treaty of Paris in 1814, a congress of the...
		The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon.
	www.nethorde.com /vienna/vienna-congress--1815.html (374 words)

	CHRISTIAN GUNTHER, COUNT VON BERNSTORFF - LoveToKnow Article on CHRISTIAN GUNTHER, COUNT VON BERNSTORFF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With his brother Joachim, he represented Denmark at the congress of Vienna and, as a member for the commission for the regulation of the affairs of Germany, was responsible for some of that confusion of Danish and German interests which was to bear bitter fruit later in the Schlcswig-Holstein question (q.v.).
		It was, therefore, as a Prussian diplomat that Bernstorff attended the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (October 1818), at the close of which he returned to Berlin as minister of state and head of the department for foreign affairs.
		On the other hand, he took a considerable share in laying the foundations of the customs union (Zollvcrcin), which was destined to be the foundation of the Prussian hegemony in Germany.
	1911encyclopedia.org /B/BE/BERNSTORFF_CHRISTIAN_GUNTHER_COUNT_VON.htm (749 words)

	Christian Gunther von Bernstorff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With his brother Joachim, he represented Denmark at the Congress of Vienna and, as a member for the commission for the regulation of the affairs of Germany, was responsible for some of that confusion of Danish and German interests which was to bear bitter fruit later in the Schleswig-Holstein question.
		It is true that Bernstorff supported the Carlsbad Decrees, and the Vienna Final Act; he was also the faithful henchman of Metternich at the congresses of Laibach, Troppau and Verona.
		On the other hand, he took a considerable share in laying the foundations of the customs union (Zollverein), which was destined to be the foundation of the Prussian hegemony in Germany.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/christian_gunther_von_bernstorff (781 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Aachen
		The precious relics obtained by Charlemagne and Otho III for the imperial chapel were the objects of great pilgrimages in the Middle Ages (the so-called "Shrine Pilgrimages") which drew countless swarms of pilgrims from Germany, Austria, Hungary, England, Sweden, and other countries.
		The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle sat there from 30 September to 11 November, 1818, and was attended by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and by plenipotentiaries from France and England, to determine the relations between France and the Powers.
		This last is the most important monument of Carolingian architecture, it was built between 796 and 804, in the reign of Charlemagne, by Master Odo of Metz, and modelled after the Italian circular church of San Vitale at Ravenna.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01001a.htm (1496 words)

	CLARENCE KING - LoveToKnow Article on CLARENCE KING
		Since 1814 the title of king has been assumed or bestowed by a consensus of the Powers; e.g.
		the elector of Hanover was made king by the congress of Vienna (1814), and per contra the title of king was refused to the elector of Hesse by the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818).
		In general the title of king is now taken to imply a sovereign and independent international position.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KI/KING_CLARENCE.htm (1123 words)

	Aix-la-Chapelle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In French-speaking areas of the former Empire the word aquas was turned into aix, hence Aix-en-Provence is an old Roman spa in Provence.
		The magnificent chapel of the palace later became the Aachen Cathedral.
		Though, the city became the site of several important congresses and peace treaties: the first congress of Aachen (often referred to as congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in english) in 1668, leading to the First Treaty of Aachen in the same year which ended the War of Devolution.
	www.comicscomics.com /search.php?title=Aix-la-Chapelle (795 words)

	SparkNotes: Europe (1815-1848): Summary
		At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Era, Europe's leaders worked to reorganize Europe and create a stable balance of power.
		After that Congress, The Austrian diplomat Metternich would call several more congresses to try and preserve European stability: the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), the Congress of Troppau (1820), and the Congress of Verona (1822).
		The Congress System that Metternich established was Reactionary, that is, its goal was to preserve the power of the old, monarchical regimes in Europe.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/1848/summary.html (772 words)

	Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, duke French nobleman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He succeeded Talleyrand as prime minister with control of foreign affairs in September 1815.
		His friendship with the Tsar helped him to mitigate the demands of the Allies on France, and at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) he obtained the withdrawal of the Allied occupying army and the inclusion of France into the Quadruple Alliance.
		He resigned in 1818, became prime minister again in 1820, but was forced by political opponents to resign again in 1821.
	www.odessit.com /namegal/english/duke.htm (297 words)

	Lucien Wolf - Note on the Diplomatis History of the Jewish Question
		La jouissance de ces droits pourra être étendue aux autres cultes par les dispositions législatives.
		When the Congress of Berlin met in 1878, to reconsider the Eastern Question, the situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and more particularly in the Balkans, took its place in the front rank of the preoccupations of the Powers.
		The point was not ignored by the Congress, but no attempt was made to satisfy it as the intentions of the Congress were clear enough and reliance was placed on the good faith of Rumania.
	uk.geocities.com /imjhsourcebook2/Wolf.htm (8004 words)

	All words on Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu
		It was mainly due to his efforts that France was so early relieved of the burden of the allied army of occupation.
		It was for this purpose mainly that he attended the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818.
		After the murder of the duc de Berry and the enforced retirement of Decazes, he again became president of the council (February 21, 1821); but his position was untenable owing to the attacks of the Ultras on the one side and the Liberals on the other, and on December 12 he again resigned.
	www.allwords.org /ar/armand-emmanuel-du-plessis,-duc-de-richelieu.html (1051 words)

	Viscount Castlereagh
		The practice of holding such meetings became known as the "congress system" although Castlereagh's aim was to make diplomacy by conference possible, rather than to establish any system of international regulation or interference in the internal affairs of other states.
		The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818 readmitted France to European diplomacy.
		His State Paper of May 1820 emphasized the difference between the despotic states of eastern Europe and the constitutional structures of Britain and France and made it clear that the British government could only act on the expediency of any given issue and within the limits of its parliamentary system.
	www.historyhome.co.uk /c-eight/people/castlerea.htm (1430 words)

	Quadruple Alliance -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen, 1818) France was admitted to full participation in the proceedings, creating in effect the Quintuple Alliance.
		Although the old alliance was secretly renewed on Nov. 1, 1818, because of some continued fear of France, there was never an occasion for the alliance to oppose France, and it remained inactive.
		Held at Verona, the congress was also the last effective manifestation of the Holy Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia).
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9062142?tocId=9062142 (876 words)

	cv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It called for an international congress to solve the problems Napoleon had caused.
		The Congress of Vienna was held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1814 to June 1815.
		Was the "stud" of the Congress of Vienna.
	whs.westside66.org /WHS/66/academics/Departments/Socialstudies/bh/0203/APEuro/cv.htm (827 words)

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