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Topic: Congress of Panama

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	Congress of Panama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Congress of Panama (often referred to as the Amphictyonic Congress in remembrance of the Amphictyonic League of Ancient Greece) was a congress organized by Simón Bolívar in 1826 so that Latin American countries could become closer and develop a unified policy towards Spain.
		Held in Panama City from 22 June to 15 July of that year, the meeting proposed creating a league of American republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly.
		It was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia (comprising the modern-day nations of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela), Peru, the United Provinces of Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica), and Mexico.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congress_of_Panama (304 words)

	Panama - HISTORY
		Panama, although admitting that the clauses were vague and obscure, later held that the original concession of authority related only to the construction, operation, and defense of the canal and that rights and privileges not necessary to these functions had never been relinquished.
		Panama's request for the replacement of the "perpetuity" clause by a ninety-nine-year renewable lease was rejected, however, as was the proposal that its citizens accused of violations in the zone be tried by joint United States-Panamanian tribunals.
		Panama was particularly concerned with the open-ended presence of United States military bases and held that the emerging United States position retained the bitterly opposed "perpetuity" provision of the 1903 treaty and thus violated the spirit of the 1974 KissingerTack principles.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/panama/HISTORY.html (18288 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Much of Panama's domestic politics and international diplomacy in the 20th century were tied to the Panama Canal and the foreign policy of the United States in an effort to improve the conditions of its citizens.
		Ostensibly, the death of an unarmed U.S. soldier in plain clothes in Panama at a Panamanian Defence Forces roadblock was one of the precipitating causes for the invasion.
		Panama is a republic with three branches of government: executive and legislative branches elected by direct vote for 5-year terms, and an independently appointed judiciary.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Panama (2552 words)

	History of the Panama Railroad-Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Panama's temporary loss of its independent audiencia, from 1718 to 1722, and the country's attachment to the Viceroyalty of Peru were probably engineered by powerful Peruvian merchants.
		Panama announced its union with Gran Colombia as a "Hanseatic State," i.e., as an autonomous area with special trading privileges until the convention was held.
		The Congress of Panama, which convened in June and adjourned in July of 1826, was attended by four American states--Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Peru.
	www.trainweb.org /panama/historyc.html (2123 words)

	Panama owns canal, related headaches
		Added by the U.S. Congress after Panama had already held a referendum on the treaties, this Neutrality Treaty allows the United States to intervene unilaterally if the security of the canal is endangered.
		The drought in 1996-97, when Panama was affected by the El Niño current, nearly forced the government to ration city drinking water or reduce the draft of ships passing through the canal.
		Panama has to understand that although it’s a small country, it can take charge of its future, and we want to demonstrate this now that we are a sovereign nation.”
	www.natcath.com /NCR_Online/archives/050500/050500h.htm (2434 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Panama
		The first Jews to settle in Panama were Spanish and Portuguese Conversos who were forced to practice their Judaism in secret.
		Panama is the only country besides Israel that has had two Jewish presidents in the twentieth century; from 1964-68 Max Delvalle was the first vice president of the Republic and later President.
		In May 1980, the Panama Hall in the School of Education of the Hebrew University was dedicated, and the ambassador of Panama to Israel presented the university with fifty volumes on the literature and history of the Republic.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Panama.html (674 words)

	The Panama Canal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Congress was organized by the UICN (International Union for Nature Conservancy), a pioneer environmentalist group created 52 years ago.
		Additional participants from Panama included Elena Lombardo for the Natura Foundation, who presented a synopsis of their work in the area of sustainable development, as well as the National Authority for the Environment (ANAM), the Applied Science Study Circle (CECA), and the National Association for Nature Conservancy (ANCON).
		The World Congress of Nature themes for 2000 were concentrated on the relationship between natural resource conservation and security.
	www.pancanal.com /eng/cgi-bin/news/boletin.cgi?submit=Consulta&item=4 (388 words)

	USTR - USTR Notifies Congress of Intent to Initiate FTA Talks with Panama
		Congress, on behalf of President Bush, of the Administration's intent to initiate negotiations
		Panama is also a reliable partner in the region, working closely with us to
		Panama, with investments in sectors ranging from finance, to maritime, to energy.
	www.ustr.gov /Document_Library/Press_Releases/2003/November/USTR_Notifies_Congress_of_Intent_to_Initiate_FTA_Talks_with_Panama.html (512 words)

	Panama
		Just for Panama alone, about 80%-90% of her foreign economic transactions are with the U.S., and at least 50% of all private sector business in Panama is U.S. related.
		Panama became one of the 4 Latin American countries forming the Contadora Group in 1983 launching efforts to negotiate peace for the sovereign nations of Central America.
		One of the confusions about Panama's politics lie in the fact that Noriega was from the poorer sectors of Panama society and represented an anti-oligarchic philosophy.
	www.brianwillson.com /awolpanama.html (8506 words)

	The Panama invasion revisited: lessons for the use of force in the post Cold War era.
		The 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama was the first American use of force since 1945 that was unrelated to the cold war.
		Historically, Panama was strategically important to the United States because of the Panama Canal.
		Congress was split on this issue, while President Bill Clinton made a strong statement warning the Serbians that if they did not stop the systematic shelling of cities and towns, the United States would intervene to halt the fighting.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/gilboa.htm (10118 words)

	92088: Panama-U.S. Relations: Continuing Policy Concerns
		Panama had agreed to allow up to 10,000 Cubans fleeing their island nation to be housed on the U.S. military bases for a period not to exceed six months.
		Congress has gone on record twice in previous sessions favoring negotiations to consider a continued U.S. presence in Panama beyond the end of 1999, and in the 104th Congress the Senate approved a nonbinding resolution on the issue.
		Both Panama and the United States, however, in exercising their responsibilities to maintain the regime of neutrality (keeping the Canal secure and open to all nations on equal terms) will each independently have the right to use military force to reopen the Canal or restore its operations.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/92-088.htm (7266 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		H. Expressing the sense of the Congress that the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Zone should be considered to be the sovereign territory of the United States.
		Expressing the sense of the Congress that the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Zone should be considered to be the sovereign territory of the United States.
		Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That it is the sense of the Congress that the Panama Canal is and ought to remain U.S. property, and the Panama Canal Zone should be considered to be the sovereign territory of the United States.
	www.house.gov /paul/legis/106/hcr231.htm (230 words)

	A/RES/50/12. Universal Congress on the Panama Canal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Panama of a sea-level canal or the enlargement of the present lock
		convening the Universal Congress on the Panama Canal, with the
		Emphasizes the importance of the Universal Congress on the
	www.un.org /documents/ga/res/50/ares50-12.htm (858 words)

	UNIVERSAL CONGRESS ON THE PANAMA CANAL
		WELCOMING the plans of the Panamanian Government for a Universal Congress on the Panama Canal, to be held in September 1997, with the participation of the governments, international agencies, public and private academic institutions, canal users, and international transport firms, for joint examination of the role of the Panama Canal in the 21st century;
		EMPHASIZING that a priority of the Universal Congress on the Panama Canal is to promote international cooperation in order to achieve structured and sustainable development of the uses and resources of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,
		To underscore the significance of the Universal Congress on the Panama Canal, and to express the hope that its findings will help expand world trade as well as increase sustainable economic growth worldwide.
	www.oas.org /juridico/english/ga-res96/res-1379.htm (396 words)

	PMI Global Congress 2005 - Latin America exceeds expectations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Panama City, Panama – Representing 18 countries from across the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe, with an overwhelming attendance of more than 300 registrants, Project Management Institute's (PMI) Global Congress 2005—Latin America celebrated its inaugural congress in Panama City, Panama, from 31 October to 2 November 2005.
		Balestrero welcomed the congress participants, pointing out new members and forecasting “twice as much participation for the next Latin American congress.” He then took the opportunity to recognize the recent natural disaster victims from sibling country Nicaragua with a minute of silence.
		Tarté acknowledged the Panamanian government’s satisfaction with hosting the congress, and indicated that it is of utmost importance that “knowledge reaches people.” Tarté also detailed the Panamanian government's four pillars of innovation: communication strategies, e-government, citizen access and innovation in education.
	www.pmi.org /prod/groups/public/documents/info/ap_news-lacongress.asp (334 words)

	[No title]
		The Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between the United States of America and the Republic of Panama, effective on July 27, 1939, was a definitive step in the clarification of this Government's relations with the Republic of Panama.
		Concurrent with the construction of the Panama Canal, through agreement with Panama, the United States installed water and sewerage systems in the cities of Panama and Colon, and throughout subsequent years has been responsible for the operation and maintenance of these systems and for the sanitation of the two cities.
		You will recall that the Panama Railroad Company, a corporation whose stock is now wholly owned by the United States, acquired the Island of Manzanillo (the present site of the city of Colon) through concessionary contracts with the Republic of New Granada, signed in 1850, 1856, and 1867.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/policy/1942/420813a.html (645 words)

	Pan-American Congress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term Pan-American Congress represents a movement toward commercial, social, economic, military, and political cooperation among the nations of North, Central, and South America.
		A congress arranged by James G. Blaine (possibly the same as the above)
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pan_American_Congress (121 words)

	A/RES/51/5. Universal Congress on the Panama Canal
		Universal Congress on the Panama Canal, G.A. res.
		Reiterates its firm support for the initiative of the Government of Panama, and urges it to continue to intensify its efforts to organize the Universal Congress on the Panama Canal at Panama City from 7 to 10 September 1997; 3.
		Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its fifty-second session a report on the implementation of the present resolution; 6.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/resolutions/51/5GA1996.html (184 words)

	BUBL LINK: Panama
		A catalogue of all the languages and dialects spoken in Panama, with details of the numbers of speakers of each language.
		Detailed handbook describing the history of Panama and analysing its political, economic, social, and national security systems and institutions, the interrelationships of those systems and the ways they are shaped by cultural factors.
		Particular attention is given to the people who make up the society, their origins, dominant beliefs and values, common interests and the issues on which they are divided, and their attitudes toward each other and toward their social system and political order.
	bubl.ac.uk /link/p/panama.htm (391 words)

	Klayman, Congress Concerns About Panama Canal Turnover to China: Clinton Ignores Requests [Free Republic]
		Congress approved the treaty, and any congressional action is unlikely despite a crescendo of criticism as the 20-year-anticipated date nears.
		Notifying the Government of Panama of the nullity of the Carter-Torrijos treaties and recognizing the validity of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with respect to control of the Panama Canal Zone.
		Whereas in their respective instruments of ratification, the United States and Panama did not agree to the same text of the treaties, and, in fact, each party stipulated to conditions that are in fundamental conflict with, and mutually exclusive of, the demands of the other;
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a384f25db438e.htm (2218 words)

	Panama : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Panama : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Relations with the United States: The Panama Canal
		Appendix B. Texts of the Panama Canal Treaties with United States Senate Modifications
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/patoc.html (132 words)

	LAPAHIE.com 3.4 \ Navajo Timeline - Mexican Era (1821 - 1847)
		Congress rejected a proposal by John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, that the U.S. convert to the metric system.
		Congress of Laibach among European powers authorized the use of Austrian troops to suppress revolts in Naples and Piedmont.
		Congress passed legislation ending direct payments to Indian tribes for lands they had ceded or sold to the U.S. Instead, proceeds were to be held by the Treasury “in trust” and used for the benefit of the Indians, a provision still in force.
	www.lapahie.com /Timeline_Mexican_1821_1847.cfm (16781 words)

	1826 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		June 14-15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.
		June 22 - the Pan-American Congress of Panama tries (unsuccessfully) to unify American republics.
		Early July - Ludwig van Beethoven put the finishing touches on the String Quartet in C sharp Minor, Opus 131, the jewel in the crown of his late string quartets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1826 (486 words)

	Panama
		OF PANAMA, ON THE ISTHMUS, TO THE FRONTIERS OF CHILE.
		PROGRESS ON THE PANAMA CANAL, BY G.H.G. [Washington, 1905].
		Panama, Printed and published at the office of the Star and Herald, 1867.
	www.brown.edu /Facilities/University_Library/libs/hay/collections/panama.html (749 words)

	GUIDE TO LAW ONLINE: Panama
		Panama: Constitutions / Constituciones (Georgetown University Political Database of the Americas) Includes the 1972 Constitution with 1994 reforms; in Spanish
		Panama: Executive Institutions / Instituciones Ejecutivas (Georgetown University Political Database of the Americas)
		Country Study: Panama (Library of Congress) December 1987
	www.loc.gov /law/guide/panama.html (244 words)

	Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Panama: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2002 (31 March 2003)
		Panama: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2001 (04 March 2002)
		Panama: International Religious Freedom Report for 2004 (15 September 2004)
	uscis.gov /text/services/asylum/ric/Panama.htm (157 words)

	A/RES/50/12. Universal Congress on the Panama Canal
		Supports the initiative of the Government of Panama in convening the Universal Congress on the Panama Canal, with the participation of Governments, international bodies, public and private academic institutions, maritime users and international shipping companies, to examine jointly the role which the Panama Canal should play in the twenty-first century; 2.
		Emphasizes the importance of the Universal Congress on the Panama Canal and expresses the hope that its results will contribute to the growth of world trade and to sustained economic growth and sustainable development throughout the world; 5.
		Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its fifty-first session a report on the implementation of the present resolution; 6.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/res/50/a50r012.htm (203 words)

	Panama from go2wo
		Patronato Panamá Viejo (Old Panama Patronage) - non-profit interdisciplinary organization dedicated to the maintenance, conservation, protection and restoration of Centro Monumental Historico (CMH), a group of historical monuments in the city of Panama
		National Library Foundation of Panama (Fundación Biblioteca Nacional de Panamá) - public non-profit association which aims to modernize the National Library and public libraries assigned to the Ministry of Education
		Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Balboa) - traces its 90 year history in Panama from the construction of the Panama Canal, and the scientific interest in surveying the flora and fauna of the area for the purpose of controlling insect-borne diseases such as yellow fever and malaria
	www.go2wo.com /panama (1057 words)

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