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Topic: Congressional Apportionment Amendment

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	Congressional Apportionment--Historical Perspective
		APPORTIONMENT OF THE U.S. The primary reason for the establishment of the decennial census of population is set forth in Article 1, Section 2, of the Constitution.
		Calculation of a Congressional apportionment requires three factors--the apportionment population of each state, the number of representatives to be allocated among the states, and a method to use for the calculation.
		For the 1850 census and later apportionments, the number of seats was determined prior to the final apportionment ("fixed house size"); and thus, the ratio of persons each was to represent was the result of the calculations.
	www.census.gov /population/www/censusdata/apportionment/history.html (1271 words)

	Constitution of the United States - Hear The Issues - Political Articles and Commentary
		Proposed amendments, whether submitted by a convention or by Congress, must be ratified by three-fourths of the states to take effect; the Article gives Congress the option of requiring ratification by state legislatures or by conventions called in each state.
		Congressional legislation, passed to implement provisions of the Constitution or to adapt those implementations to changing conditions, also broadens and, in subtle ways, changes the meanings given to the words of the Constitution.
		Of the thirty-three amendments that have been proposed by Congress, six have failed ratification by the required three-quarters of the state legislatures—and four of those six are still technically pending before state lawmakers.
	www.heartheissues.com /usgovt-usconstitution.html (4563 words)

	The Ultimate United States Constitution - American History Information Guide and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The second of the twelve proposed amendments, regarding the compensation of members of Congress, remained unratified until 1992, when the legislatures of enough states finally approved it and, as a result, it became the Twenty-seventh Amendment despite more than two centuries of pendency.
		The Congressional Apportionment Amendment proposed by the 1st Congress on September 25, 1789 defined a formula for how many members there would be in the United States House of Representatives after each decennial census.
		An amendment proposed by the 95th Congress on August 22, 1978 giving Washington, DC two Senators and at least one Representative as though it were a state.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/United_States_Constitution (4435 words)

	Archives - Proposed Constitutional Amendment #1: Apportionment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The proposed amendment restates the practice under the present Constitution and makes it clear that the redrawn districts will not be used until the November general election held immediately before the end of the terms being served in the year of the redistricting.
		The proposed amendment therefore states that the members in office when a decennial redistricting law is enacted shall complete their terms of office and continue to represent the districts from which they were elected for the duration of those terms of office.
		The proposed amendment instead requires that the vacancy must be filled from the district as it existed when the member who has died or resigned was elected.
	loper.org /~george/archives/2004/Sep/868.html (693 words)

	IMPLEMENTATION of Plan and Ratification of Amendment
		Support for the Amendment will come from the many congresspersons who are embarrassed by congressional unwillingness to resolve the wealthy special interests problem, and others who are concerned about the People's opinion of Government and wish to improve respect and trust.
		A key implication of the Amendment is that the States will be able to better protect their state rights by proposing Initiatives to the Assembly, which will be expedited by the Assembly.
		The Amendment conclusively resolves the supposed legal issue that the States may be in contravention of the Guarantee Clause.
	www.cusdi.org /action.htm (3544 words)

	Congressional Apportionment Amendment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Congressional Apportionment Amendment was, and remains, a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution.
		It was the first of twelve amendments offered by the 1st Congress on September 25, 1789, to the state legislatures for ratification pursuant to Article V of the Constitution.
		The Amendment seeks to make certain that seats in the House of Representatives are reapportioned according to population every ten years, but given the current population of the United States, the algorithm that it sets forth would now place very few restrictions on the size of the House.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment (599 words)

	Congressional stagnation in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Congressional stagnation is an American political theory that attempts to explain the high rate of incumbency re-election to the United States House of Representatives.
		Congressional elections are stagnant, and because of the nigh invincibility of House incumbents, very few districts are truly competitive, and elections shift very few seats from one party to another.
		The Congressional Apportionment Amendment was originally proposed as the first of twelve amendments to the Constitution and received 10 of the necessary 13 ratifications in 1789-91.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Congressional_stagnation_in_the_United_States (2645 words)

	14th Amendment - Fact or Fiction [Body]
		In order for the Thirteenth Amendment to become a part of the Constitution, it was necessary that the proposed Amendment be ratified by 27 of the 36 States.
		The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution for the United States was questioned before the Courts of the United States in the case of Gordon Epperly et.
		Where a proposed Amendment to the Federal Constitution has been rejected by more than one-forth of the States, and rejections have been duly certified, a State which has rejected the proposed Amendment may not change its position, even if it might change its position while the Amendment is still before the people.
	www.constitution.org /14ll/14th_amendment_dyett.htm (7403 words)

	Bill of Rights and Later Amendments
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
		The article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
	www.ushistory.org /documents/amendments.htm (1509 words)

	Sauntering
		Amendment, an amendment which floated around for 200 years before finally being ratified in the 1990's, each of these amendments has the potential of becoming law.
		No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.
		Although this amendment was ultimately ratified by Ohio and Maryland, neither legislature ratified it before the start of Civil War hostilities with the Battle of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.
	sauntering.blogspot.com (2993 words)

	Constitutional Nonsense
		The second claim is grounded on the fact that the Amendment was included in a state compilation of law, the publication of which was authorized by the Virginia legislature on March 12, 1819.
		A second response is that the publication of an amendment as part of the Constitution in a compilation of state law cannot serve as a ratification.
		Constitutional amendments may be ratified by a vote of the state legislature or by convention as Congress may specify under Article V of the Constitution, and by no other method, such as a referendum.
	www.civil-liberties.com /13/page2.html (1515 words)

	Representative Turner
		That legislation, which I am excited to co-sponsor, proposes an amendment to the Constitution of the United States so that Representatives shall be apportioned among the States based on the number of persons in each State who are U.S. citizens.
		Apportionment is critically important for several reasons: It determines the number of Members in a state’s Congressional delegation.
		Most people, even Congressional representatives in Washington, are surprised to learn that the number of representatives is based on a count that includes illegal immigrants.
	www.house.gov /miketurner/news/columns/3.27.06.shtml (746 words)

	Arizona - The United States Constitution - Law Docs
		Amendment 7 - Common law and trial by jury in civil cases...
		Amendment 23 - Appointment of electors for the District of Columbia...
		Amendment 24 - Elimination of poll tax or other taxes as a requirement for voting...
	www.lawforkids.org /LawDocs/amendments.cfm (314 words)

	Legislative Intent of the Sixteenth Amendment
		Had this amendment passed, it would have provided authority for a species of income tax that was inherently a direct tax to be levied without apportionment, and it would have changed the original wording of the Constitution to forever do away with the prohibition against direct taxes.
		Amendment did not grant to Congress an exception to the apportionment rule for direct taxes required by the Constitution.
		Amendment was not conveying a new power to Congress, but in fact was adding a limitation on the power of Congress.
	famguardian.org /Subjects/Taxes/16Amend/LegIntent16thAmend.htm (3559 words)

	MISSING 13th AMENDMENT [Free Republic]
		The meaning of the Amendment is seen in its intent to prohibit persons having titles of nobility and loyalties to foreign governments from voting, holding public office, or using their skills to subvert the government.
		But even before the ratification of the Twenty-seventh Amendment gave the other amendments to the Constitution that were submitted to the states but not ratified(20) their fifteen Warhollian minutes of fame, TONA also had received attention from a different--and disturbing--source.
		The House of Representatives then approved the amendment on May 1, 1810 by a vote of 87 to 3,(36) and TONA was submitted to the states for ratification.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b0ec18e7be5.htm (12990 words)

	Titles of Nobility Amendment Claims are Bullshit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Child Labor Amendment, which stated that "Congress shall have the power to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under 18 years of age," was proposed in 1924 and ratified by 28 states.
		The Equal Rights Amendment, which stated that "[e]quality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex," was proposed in 1972 and ratified by 35 states, and, according to the deadline set by Congress, is no longer open to ratification.
		The amendment was submitted to the states on July 12, 1909; New Mexico joined the Union on January 6, 1912 and ratified on February 3, 1913; Arizona joined the Union on February 14, 1912 and ratified on April 3, 1912.
	www.iowatelecom.net /~sharkhaus/tona_explanation.html (10581 words)

	Constitutional Amendment Factoids
		Twelve amendments were proposed to Congress on September 25, 1789.
		Numbers 3-12 were approved, and became the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights.
		Here are some “proposed” amendments that never made it out of committee or were never given much credence.
	www.lexisnexis.com /constitution/amendments_factoids.asp (418 words)

	Reconstruction Amendments
		Whereas the Constitution originally provided for three-fifths representation of the South's slave population in Congressional apportionment (Article I, Section 2), the Thirteenth Amendment had effectively nullified this provision and the Fourteenth Amendment further stated that denying anyone [by implication, freedmen] the right to vote would result in a reduction in the state's apportionment.
		President Johnson had encouraged Southern states to vote against the Fourteenth Amendment and he was not about to enforce the Reconstruction Act of 1867 which extended voting rights to freedmen in the former Confederate states.
		Absent from the Fifteenth Amendment were explicit prohibitions of restrictions on suffrage such as literacy tests, property ownership, residency requirements (e.g., the infamous "grandfather clause"), or poll taxes.
	www.vw.vccs.edu /vwhansd/HIS269/Documents/Amendments.html (713 words)

	Congressional Apportionment Amendment Summary
		The Articles served as the basis of government for the new country until the Federal Constitution was adopted in 1788.
		Were this amendment to be ratified today, it would allow anywhere between 200 and nearly 6,000 Representatives.
		The Congressional Apportionment Amendment was rejected by lawmakers in Delaware on January 28, 1790.
	www.bookrags.com /Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment (1593 words)

	Kids in the House - Learn About Congress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The legislatures in each state are responsible for defining the boundaries of their congressional and other election districts -- a process known as redistricting.
		A congressional district is a geographic area whose residents are represented in the House of Representatives by the same Member.
		The number of the congressional district is often shown after the Member's name and the state abbreviation in official Member lists (e.g., J. Dennis Hastert, IL-14).
	clerkkids.house.gov /congress/members/index.html (1108 words)

	American Constitution Society :: Columbia Law School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A number of states proposed amendments to their state constitutions to ban
		A number of states proposed amendments to their state constitutions to ban same-sex marriage, though most of them already have statutes doing such.
		Unfortunately, the timing of the recent New Jersey decision didn't particularly help in this area- though there really wasn't any danger that the courts in these states were going to rule that their particular marriage regimes were unlawful.
	columbiaacs.blogspot.com (4074 words)

	Congressional Apportionment--Why It's Done (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Drafted by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the states, the U.S. Constitution includes this passage from Article I, Section 2:
		Ratified in 1865, Amendment XIV, Section 2, to the Constitution gave additional guidance on conducting the census.
		The census link to tax collection from the states was rescinded by Amendment XVI (1913).
	www.census.gov /population/www/censusdata/apportionment/why.html (108 words)

	FindLaw Constitutional Law Center: U.S. Constitution: Fourteenth Amendment
		Use the Thomson Legal Record to access a lawyer's litigation record!
		Fourteenth Amendment - Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection
		All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
	supreme.lp.findlaw.com /constitution/amendment14 (622 words)

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