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Topic: Congressional Reconstruction

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Reconstruction Conventions
		During Congressional Reconstruction, Radical Republicans in both the House and Senate seized control of the program from the executive branch and implemented much more rigid terms for bringing the former Confederate states back into the Union, as well as for the military occupation of the South.
		A constitutional convention in Georgia was held during both phases of the Reconstruction process as state leaders attempted to satisfy differing requirements by the federal government for returning to the Union.
		Congressional reports of blatant southern hostilities to Unionists and northerners in general fueled Republican efforts to design a military plan of reconstructing unrepentant southerners.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3251 (1108 words)

	Reconstruction (U.S. history) - MSN Encarta
		This period began with the onset of an intense national struggle over the shape of society and government in the postwar South; it ended with the collapse of the last Southern state governments under Republican control and the tacit acknowledgment that the federal attempt to remake the South was over.
		Reconstruction emerged as an inevitable issue early in the war, and attracted increased attention as Northern victory neared.
		The Reconstruction Act was passed in March 1867 over President Johnson's veto and was strengthened by three supplemental acts passed later the same year and in 1868.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761556642/Reconstruction_(U_S_history).html (1842 words)

	RECONSTRUCTION IN TEXAS
		The myth of Reconstruction arose from the emotional burden of defeat, the abolition of slavery, and the recognition that the North, because of population increases and industrialization, now was the strongest section of the nation.
		Congressional Reconstruction brought on the governorship of E. Davis, the first Republican governor in the history of the state and the last for over a century to come.
		Given the tremendous unpopularity and abnormality of Congressional Reconstruction, it is understandable that Texans moved to undo everything associated with Reconstruction as soon as the state was readmitted to the Union and the iron clad oath and military occupation came to an end.
	www2.austin.cc.tx.us /lpatrick/his1693/reconstr.html (3043 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Reconstruction in Georgia
		Following Governor Johnson's directive (and President Johnson's Reconstruction plan), elections were held for delegates to a constitutional convention that met in late October 1865 in the capital at Milledgeville.
		That month proved momentous in Georgia Reconstruction: the newly elected General Assembly ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, Republican governor Bullock was inaugurated to a four-year term, and Georgia was readmitted to the Union.
		By 1877, when the final remnants of Reconstruction ended elsewhere in the South as a consequence of the disputed presidential election of 1876 and the removal of federal troops, much had changed in Georgia.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2533 (3429 words)

	SparkNotes: SAT U.S. History: Reconstruction
		Andrew Johnson presented a weak plan for Reconstruction, liberally pardoning ex-Confederates and allowing reconstructed governments to be dominated by pro-slavery forces, which passed fl codes to keep the freedmen subjugated.
		Under the stringent terms of congressional Reconstruction, ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment was made a condition of readmission to the Union.
		Reconstruction died in January 1877, after the Hayes-Tilden Compromise removed troops from the last two occupied states in the South and allowed Democrats in those states to take control of the legislature.
	www.sparknotes.com /testprep/books/sat2/history/chapter11section3.rhtml (2570 words)

	Reconstruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reconstruction was a period in US history, 1863–1877, that attempted to resolve the issues of the American Civil War when both the Confederacy and its system of slavery were destroyed.
		Reconstruction began as soon as the Union armies conquered significant stretches of Confederate territory in 1862.
		Reconstruction was initially viewed as a failure by most observers North and South because of its corruption.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reconstruction (8057 words)

	HIST 129 Sample Lesson - History of the United States after the Civil War
		The shift of reconstruction control from the executive branch to the legislative branch introduced a period of more vocal Congresses and weaker presidents until the end of the nineteenth century.
		A second reconstruction act was passed by Congress that required military authorities in the defeated regions to register voters and supervise the election of delegates to constitutional conventions.
		The reconstruction acts required that state constitutions had to be passed by a majority of the registered voter turnout from the 1860 presidential election.
	www.kuce.org /isc/previews/hist/hist129_lesson.html (2532 words)

	CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
		Congress responds to Johnson’s reconstruction by refusing to seat southern representatives and senators.
		Others wanted a quick end to reconstruction based on a guarantee that fl would have the right to vote and that equal rights would be protected.
		Under these acts reconstruction was completed in all but Mississippi and Texas in time for the presidential election.
	www.uni-koeln.de /phil-fak/histsem/anglo/html_2001/vmcj7.htm (1019 words)

	1865–1877: Reconstruction History \| acwr_03_package.xml
		Reconstruction was the period in American history immediately after the Civil War.
		Under Congressional Reconstruction, the Southern states adopted new constitutions and formed governments that allowed the participation of fl people.
		Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, when President Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) withdrew federal troops from the South.
	www.bookrags.com /history/18651877-reconstruction-acwr-03 (453 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Reconstruction \| PBS
		The Reconstruction governments were viewed as an abyss of corruption resulting from Northern vindictiveness and the desire for political and economic domination.
		The Reconstruction experience led to an increase in sectional bitterness, an intensification of the racial issue, and the development of one-party politics in the South.
		Scholarship has suggested that the most fundamental failure of Reconstruction was in not effecting a distribution of land in the South that would have offered an economic base to support the newly won political rights of fl citizens.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/reconstruction.html (652 words)

	Lecture 15: Reconstruction
		Reconstruction is the word historians use to describe the process by which the seceded states, the southern states, were made ready to re‑enter the
		The prospect of Reconstruction set off a great political struggle between the moderates, who (including President Lincoln) would be lenient on the South, and the Radicals, who wished to punish the South.
		When the Radicals got control of Reconstruction, they instituted military occupation of the South and also instituted programs for civil rights and voting rights for fls.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/isern/103/lecture15.htm (317 words)

	[No title]
		Stevens's one major loss on reconstruction issues was on a plan to confiscate the estates of disloyal planters for the use of the freedmen.
		Mary wrote in the summer, making reference to her husband's opinion that the enemies of the country were in control and that the South would not be represented in Washington.
		Though Banks kept in the background on reconstruction issues, he was an advocate at times for female suffrage, a cause with little support among the male legislators.
	www.members.cox.net /morebanks/Pages1376-1381.html (2177 words)

	Civil War/Reconstruction in History and Memory -- Lecture Summary
		Yet this Convention doth distinctly declare that the government of the States and the Union were formed by white men to be subject to their control; and that suffrage should still be so regulated by the States, as to continue the Federal and State systems under the control and direction of the white race.
		Virginia was readmitted to the Union under the provisions of Congressional Reconstruction in 1869; within a year, the white Conservative Party had regained control of the government.
		Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, with the withdrawal of the last federal troops from the South.
	www.virginia.edu /woodson/courses/hius324/week2/civwar.html (731 words)

	Recontruction
		What is known as the reconstruction of the seceded States is a very sad epoch to recall, and no American who loves his country likes to bring back its harsh memories.
		Afterward there was a second phase of reconstruction, or "destruction," known as the congressional plan, which undid all that had been done by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson.
		This latter period was the greatest trial that the South had to bear, not excepting the terrible ordeal of war.
	www.civilwarhome.com /reconstruction.htm (755 words)

	Ch. 15 People's Rights
		Reconstruction was considered a radical plan because it included giving land and providing civil rights to freed slaves.
		The economic problems of the freed slaves were not solved by Congressional Reconstruction.
		Congressional Reconstruction ended in March, 1877 with the end of federal troops in the South, by President Hayes.
	brt.uoregon.edu /cyberschool/history/ch15/rights.html (1006 words)

	Reconstruction Period
		During the Reconstruction period, the rebuilding of the South was dominated by people who helped the Southerners.
		By the time Congress met in December, 1865, most southern states were reconstructed, slavery was being abolished, but "fl codes" to regulate the freedmen were beginning to appear.
		Congressional Reconstruction refers to when Congress reconstructed, and presidential reconstruction refers to when the president reconstructed the South.
	members.tripod.com /charlieiscool/ReconstructionPeriod/index.htm (1221 words)

	Reconstruction (1865-1877) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Reconstruction failed to alter the South's social structure or its distribution of wealth and power which disadvantaged African-Americans.
		Reconstruction left significant legacies, including the 14th and 15th amendments which would be used 100 years later to protect minority rights.
		Reconstruction left significant legacies, including the 14th and 15th amendments which remain as symbols of the democratic idealism that swept Congress in the 1860s
	www.ilstu.edu /class/hist136/lectures/reconst.html (170 words)

	Furman: Thaddeus Stevens Papers
		The massive devastation and social upheaval ushered in a brief period of governmental Reconstruction wherein the Northern politicians attempted to define the terms and ramifications of the Union victory.
		His reconstruction ideas are a step in the direction of crippling the South and changing their ways of living.
		As a radical Republican, Stevens approached the task of Reconstruction via a party platform which championed the notions of property rights for freedmen and of substantially improved pensions for loyal Union soldiers and workers [8], especially the ironworkers, manufacturers, and railroad contractors, who were devastated by the Civil War [9].
	history.furman.edu /~benson/hst41/silver/stevens5.htm (1130 words)

	Slavery Timeline
		In early 1864 the governments of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee are reconstructed under Lincoln’s "Ten Percent Plan." Radical Republicans are shocked at the policy’s leniency, so Congress refuses to recognize the governments or seat their elected federal representatives.
		The president is forced to implement Congressional reconstruction, but the Johnson administration interprets it as narrowly as possible.
		The majority of white Southern voters replace the biracial Republican state governments, created under Congressional reconstruction, with white-only Democratic state governments, which are sympathetic to the former Confederate cause and opposed to racial equality.
	blackhistory.harpweek.com /4Reconstruction/ReconTimeline.htm (1617 words)

	Reconstruction Historiography: A Source of Teaching Ideas
		A congressional committee reported that one of the leading carpetbag governors made over $100,000 during his first year though his salary was $8,000, while one of his appointees received fees exceeding $60,000 a year.
		The traditional "Dunning school" of Reconstruction historians (historians writing in the earlier part of this century), emphasizing what they felt were the base and immoral motives of its Radical architects, described the period as unfortunate in every way.
		The Negro after Reconstruction, and in large degree because of it, continued and continues to be a source of division between the North and South.
	www.alaskool.org /resources/teaching/socialstudies/Reconstruct_historiography.htm (3414 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Totally opposed to congressional Reconstruction, the president found himself hampered by the radical secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton, who refused to resign; in August 1867 the president dismissed him, appointing Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in his place.
		Grant was nominated by the Republicans in 1868, and at the Democratic convention Johnson was defeated by Horatio Seymour of New York.
		Because of his hostility to congressional Reconstruction and his lack of sympathy for the problems of the freed slaves, however, he contributed materially to the failure of the postwar effort to reach an equitable solution of the country’s racial problems.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/presidents/johnson_andrew.html (1036 words)

	RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD
		Reconstruction was a period in U.S. history during and after the American Civil War in which attempts were made to solve the political, social, and economic problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 Confederate states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war.
		Under that legislation, the 10 remaining Southern states (Tennessee had been readmitted to the Union in 1866) were divided into five military districts; and, under supervision of the U.S. Army, all were readmitted between 1868 and 1870.
		The Republican governments of the former Confederate states were seen by most Southern whites as artificial creations imposed from without, and the conservative element in the region remained hostile to them.
	history-world.org /reconstruction_period.htm (377 words)

	49th Parallel Spring Issue 2005
		Then and now, reconstruction theorists have divided into separate camps, unyielding in their conviction that their advocacy of the respective restoration plans, presidential versus congressional, occupies the ideological and moral and high-ground.
		While the president was not anxious to grant the South increased legislative representation (which would have jeopardized his own political future and rewarded the secessionists for their part in the war) in all likelihood, he still would have favored the Fourteenth Amendment.
		Many of Johnson's actions as president concerning reconstruction were plainly motivated by his earnest belief that he possessed the legal authority and a moral obligation to protect and defend his constitutional principles.
	www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk /back/issue15/tinerella.htm (3717 words)

	Wade-Davis Bill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although federally imposed conditions of reconstruction retrospectively seem logical, there was a widespread belief that southern Unionism would return the seceded states to the Union after the South's military power was broken.
		Lincoln feared the bill would sabotage his own reconstruction activities in states like Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, all of which had seceded but were under the control of a loyal minority.
		He marginalized the Radicals in terms of shaping Reconstruction policy; after Lincoln's death and the failures of Andrew Johnson, the Radicals took control of reconstruction policy in 1866.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wade_Davis_Bill (786 words)

	Congressional Reconstruction Part III
		In March, a "civil rights" bill was passed, making all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power "citizens of the United States," and affixing penalties to cover the execution of the law.
		Each measure bore severely on the white people of the South and enlarged the rights and political conditions of the negroes lately enfranchised, and both showed a determination to override the president and make Congress the sole authority in all matters relating to the reconstruction of the lately seceded States.
		The State of Tennessee was admitted to congressional representation July 24, 1866, having ratified both the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments to the Constitution.
	www.civilwarhome.com /congressionalreconstructionPartIII.htm (579 words)

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