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	TWINSTUFF.COM--Conjoined Twins
		Wealthy conjoined twins (hips or buttocks) who bequeathed fortune to Church; annual celebration was held in England for centuries where cakes displayed their images.
		Twins are united from the waist to the lower breastbone, probably accounting for about 34% of conjoined cases.
		Conjoined Twins International, based in Prescott, Arizona, was founded in 1987 by a grandfather of conjoined twins.
	www.twinstuff.com /conjoined.htm (1057 words)

	Conjoined twins - MayoClinic.com
		Conjoined twins may develop in as many as one in 50,000 pregnancies, but conjoined twins account for only one in about 250,000 live births.
		Female conjoined twins outnumber male conjoined twins at a rate of three to one.
		Conjoined twins are most often joined at the chest, head or pelvis.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/conjoined-twins/DS00869 (240 words)

	ScienceDaily: Conjoined twins (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, with approximately half being stillborn.
		Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in...
		Twin -- The term twin most notably refers to two individuals (or one of two individuals) who have shared the same uterus (womb) and are usually, but not necessarily, born on the same day.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Conjoined_twins (1540 words)

	American Pediatric Surgical Association :: Resources : Conjoined Twins
		Conjoined twins, which are monozygotic, occur with a frequency of approximately one in 50,000 to 100,000 live births according to various surveys.
		It is known that twinning tends to occur in families, and families with conjoined twins often have a family history of twinning.
		Conjoined twins often cause premature labor, so efforts must be made to inhibit labor to permit the fetuses to become as mature as possible for survival.
	www.eapsa.org /parents/resources/conjoined.cfm?graphics=no (3889 words)

	Conjoined Twins - MSN Encarta
		Conjoined twins may be attached only by a cord of tissue, or they may be fused at some part of the body, such as the head, chest, or leg.
		Surgical separation of conjoined twins has been successful, although if the twins share important organs, surgery may be risky for one or both twins.
		The term Siamese twins originated with a set of conjoined twins, named Chang and Eng, who were born of Chinese parents in Siam in 1811.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553281/Conjoined_Twins.html (202 words)

	General Info on Conjoined Twins
		Separation has been attempted on almost all conjoined twins born since the 1950s with varying results, although the first successful separation was performed in Basle, Switzerland in 1689 on twin girls born joined by a ligament at the sternum (xiphopagus).
		The first conjoined twins to be successfully separated in "modern" times are generally believed to be Catherine and Caroline Mouton of Louisiana, born joined at the lower back (pygopagus)and separated in 1953 at 8 days of age.
		Conjoined twins are categorized by a set of adjectives ending with the suffix "-pagus" from the Greek word for "fixed".
	www.phreeque.com /conjoined_twins.html (1524 words)

	Conjoined twins - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, with approximately half being stillborn.
		The Twins are conjoined with spines in a Y-shape.
		The English twin sisters Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, who were conjoined at the back (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 and were perhaps the best-known early example of conjoined twins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conjoined_twins (1241 words)

	General Info on Conjoined Twins
		Separation has been attempted on almost all conjoined twins born since the 1950s with varying results, although the first successful separation was performed in Basle, Switzerland in 1689 on twin girls born joined by a ligament at the sternum (xiphopagus).
		The first conjoined twins to be successfully separated in "modern" times are generally believed to be Catherine and Caroline Mouton of Louisiana, born joined at the lower back (pygopagus)and separated in 1953 at 8 days of age.
		Conjoined twins are categorized by a set of adjectives ending with the suffix "-pagus" from the Greek word for "fixed".
	phreeque.tripod.com /conjoined_twins.html (1524 words)

	TheFetus.net - Twins, conjoined -Sandra Rejane Silva, MD2, Luís Flávio de Andrade Gonçalves, MD1, Philippe Jeanty, ...
		Conjoined twins are defined as monochorionic and monoamniotic twins fused at any portion of their body as a result of an incomplete division of the embryonic disk, which occurs after the 13
		Although the diagnosis of conjoined twins is easier during the first trimester, the type and severity of the condition is better achieved during the second trimester, when a more precise evaluation of the shared organs can be done.
		Conjoined twins are classified according to the area of the bodies where the fusion takes place and the involvement of internal organs.
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=282 (1834 words)

	Johns Hopkins Children's Center
		Conjoined or Siamese twins, named after the first well-known pair from Siam (now Thailand), are twins that share parts of the body.
		Because the twins are joined at the tops of their heads, they would not have the ability to be independently mobile.
		Immediately after surgery, the twins will be moved to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), where they will rest on special air-fluidized beds that will keep pressure off their heads, allowing blood to flow freely through their scalps (see "Technological Tools").
	www.hopkinschildrens.org /pages/news/twins_factsheet_9_04.html (1423 words)

	Conjoined twins Summary
		Twins born with their bodies fused or joined together, known as Siamese twins, are a form of naturally occurring parabiosis.
		The English twin sisters Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, who were conjoined at the back (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 and were perhaps the best-known early example of conjoined twins.
		Occasionally one of the twins will fail to develop properly, effectively acting as a parasite upon the normally developed twin: this condition is known as parasitic twinning or asymmetric conjoined twins.
	www.bookrags.com /Conjoined_twins (2299 words)

	'siamese' twins and surgeries
		Twins joined in this manner are most likely to be successfully separated, for it is likely no major organs are shared.
		Few conjoined twins are separated safely, with both twins leading an average life span after the operation.
		Luckily, before the birth of the Eng twins, over 100 cases of conjoined twins were on record.
	tx.essortment.com /siamesetwinssu_rmab.htm (846 words)

	Types of Conjoined Twins
		Once called "monstrosities", conjoined twins are increasingly accepted into our everyday lives as we grow to understand their unusual physical and emotional bonds and learn more about the science behind their development.
		Conjoined twins can be artificially generated in amphibians by constricting the embryo so that two embryos form, one on each side of the constriction.
		Conjoined twins are usually classified by the point at which they are joined (the Greek word pagos, meaning "that which is fixed.") There have been as many as three dozen separate types identified in the last century.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /cleave4a.html (448 words)

	conjoined twins
		Conjoined twins (or Siamese twins) are often in the news, for example in Feburary 2004 when Rebecca Martinez was born with a second parasitic, half-formed head attached to her own.
		The parents of the conjoined twins refused an operation, and the case was heard in court.
		Conjoined twins are formed from a single egg which develops into two almost separate balls of cells.
	www.globalchange.com /conjoinedtwins.htm (1789 words)

	CNN.com - Factfile: Conjoined twins - September 22, 2000
		Conjoined twins have existed for centuries, with the first recorded pair being born in Armenia in 945.
		The overall survival rate of conjoined twins is between five percent and 25 percent with about 75 percent of the surgical operations since 1950 resulting in one or both of the twins surviving.
		Conjoined twins originate from a single fertilised egg dictating that they are always the same sex and race.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/UK/09/15/siamese.facts (352 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Conjoined Twins Separated
		These three-dimensional, life-size plastic models helped the surgeons to familiarize themselves with the twins' unique anatomy: veins and arteries, shape of skull, relative placement of structures, etc. From the model, surgeons noted that the twins' heads and face were flattened on the left side and their ears were not aligned.
		On the day of surgery, the twins were positioned so that one was facing up and one was facing down, her head cradled in a donut-shaped pillow.
		Conjoined twins joined at the head are the rarest of all -- only 2% of conjoined twins are joined at the head.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/ctwins.html (1389 words)

	Oddities
		Conjoined Twins: Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications by Rowena Spencer, M.D. - This honest-to-goodness medical text could have been titled Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Siamese Twins but Were Afraid to Ask.
		Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological, and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia by Christine Quigley - We begin our investigation into the phenomenon of conjoined twins with this reference book from McFarland Publishing.
		CONJOINED launches a multi-part exploration of so-called "Siamese twins" as depicted in biographies, novels and films.
	www.scifidimensions.com /oddities.htm (499 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - Conjoined Twins
		Conjoined twins are among the rarest of human beings.
		Separating conjoined twins is not only technically challenging; it can involves life and death decisions about whether one twin should be sacrificed in the hope of saving the other.
		When one twin dies, the heart of the other twin keeps pumping until he or she is drained of blood.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/horizon/2000/conjoined_twins.shtml (634 words)

	uhrad.com - Pediatric Imaging Teaching Files (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most conjoined twins are fused ventrally and face each other leading to the backward flexion of the cervical spine.
		Polyhydramnios occurs in 50% of conjoined twin pregnancies compared to 10% of normal twin and 2% of normal singleton pregnancies.
		Conjoined livers are very common and there is an increased incidence of congenital heart disease not obviously linked to the conjoined abdomen.
	www.uhrad.com /pedsarc/peds034.htm (340 words)

	Conjoined twins Information on Healthline
		Conjoined twins are commonly referred to as Siamese twins, although this is now considered a derogatory term.
		Most omphalopagus conjoined twins are born by cesarean section to increase their odds of survival.
		Conjoined twins can be born with a complication called hydrops, which causes excessive fluid to build up in an infant's body and can be life-threatening.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/conjoined-twins (854 words)

	Scotsman.com News - Conjoined twins
		Utah: Twin four-year-old girls who were born fused at the mid-torso have been released from a US hospital, six weeks after separation surgery lasting 26 hours.
		POLISH conjoined twins were recovering in intensive care yesterday after being separated by a team...
		CONJOINED twins, separated in a 34-hour operation in Dallas by a team of neurosurgeons, are...
	news.scotsman.com /topics.cfm?tid=922 (439 words)

	Surgery completed on conjoined twins - Breaking News - World - Breaking News
		The Herrins' separation is believed to be the first performed on conjoined twins with a shared kidney, said the hospital's chief of paediatric surgery, Dr Rebecka Meyers.
		The twins are expected to remain in intensive care for about a week and recover in the hospital for at least a month before doctors can consider sending them home, Meyers said.
		The couple, who also have a six-year-old daughter and twin 14-month-old boys, said they were eager to tell the girls how brave they had been and how proud they have made the family.
	www.smh.com.au /news/World/Surgery-completed-on-conjoined-twins/2006/08/09/1154802920905.html (587 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Americas \| Doctors separate conjoined twins
		The scene in the operating theatre was described as orderly calm, as one of the twins was moved to an adjacent room after separation.
		Conjoined twins originate from a single fertilised egg, so they are always identical and of the same sex.
		The overall survival rate of conjoined twins is somewhere between 5% and 25%.
	news.bbc.co.uk /go/rss/-/2/hi/americas/5081646.stm (411 words)

	Shared Lives: From the types of joining to separation surgeries, the issues around conjoined twins are varied and ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conjoined twins are rare – they occur approximately once every 50,000 to 100,000 births, and approximately 75% of conjoined twins are stillborn or die within 24 hours.
		Conjoined twins are usually defined by where they are joined, using the suffix "pagus" (from Greek, pagos, which means "that which is fixed").
		The twins have ventral (frontal) union at the pelvis and usually share internal organs in the lower abdomen and of the genitourinary tract.
	www.medhunters.com /articles/sharedLives.html (1914 words)

	Surgeons separate conjoined twins - Boston.com
		Earlier in the day, the surgeons successfully separated the twins' spinal cords but kept their shared tailbone intact temporarily because of the stability it provided to surgeons as they repositioned the boys.
		The twins were born May 10 joined at the lower back with conjoined spinal cords.
		Conjoined twins occur about once in every 50,000 to 100,000 births.
	www.boston.com /yourlife/health/other/articles/2006/09/06/surgeons_separate_conjoined_twins?mode=PF (530 words)

	Carlsen Twins information, including conjoined twin photos, at Mayo Clinic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The twins are scheduled to remain in Rochester until Tuesday, and will have their final check-ups as outpatients on Monday.
		A farewell reception for the twins and their parents, Amy and Jesse, with their care team and the staff of Mayo Eugenio Litta Children's Hospital will be held Monday, June 5.
		Abbigail and Isabelle Carlsen, conjoined twin daughters of Jesse and Amy Carlsen of Fargo, North Dakota, are scheduled to be separated on Friday, May 12 at Mayo Eugenio Litta Children's Hospital in Rochester, Minn.
	www.mayoclinic.org /carlsen-twins (1207 words)

	ABC News: Conjoined Twins Tug at Heartstrings as They Stretch Limits of Medicine
		The harrowing stories of conjoined twins may garner lots of interest, and certainly trigger lots of hope, but the long-term outlook for most of them is for the most part unpredictable.
		Conjoined twins who survive beyond birth are so rare, and all so medically different, that generalizing or speculating about their prognosis after separation is a gamble, doctors said.
		The most difficult to separate are twins fused at the head, because of the vast blood supply in the brain, according to a fact sheet from the Johns Hopkins Children's Center.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/story?id=2288549&page=1&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 (375 words)

	Cause and Types of Conjoined Twins - Twins
		Conjoined twins are also predominately female and occur more frequently in Asia than in the West.
		Twins share a heart and as a result often don't do well, and can never be separated without at least one of the twins dying.
		The possibility of separating these twins depends on the extent to which their reproductive systems, intestinal systems, nervous systems and spinal columns are connected, as separation may cause paralysis or other complications.Other types of conjoined twins exist, but are quite rare.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art11019.asp (450 words)

	Separation Of Conjoined Twins Underway In California
		Conjoined Twins are Identical Twins, but when the embryo starts to split, on the 13th day after conception, it does not do so completely - parts of the two stay stuck together.
		For every pair of male conjoined twins born, three pairs of female conjoined twins are born.
		40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, 75% are either stillborn or do not survive beyond their first 24 hours of life.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /healthnews.php?newsid=45205 (471 words)

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