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Topic: Conjugate vaccine

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	Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccines for Prev of Haemophilus influenzae
		The conjugate vaccines differ by protein carrier, polysaccharide size, and method of chemical conjugation, including use of a spacer (a linking moiety) between the PRP and protein carrier (4) (Table 1).
		Ideally, the same conjugate vaccine should be used throughout the entire vaccination series (according to the schedule outlined in Table 4).
		Conjugate vaccines that contain either diphtheria toxoid or protein should not be considered as an immunizing agent against diphtheria; no changes in the schedule for administering DTP are recommended.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/m0041736/m0041736.asp (3236 words)

	Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV7 (e.g., Prevnar) is composed of the seven common pneumococcal serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F).
		The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for the FDA approved indication of prevention against invasive pneumococcal disease in children 23 months and younger is considered medically necessary.
		The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for the off-label indication of prevention against invasive pneumococcal disease in children who are at risk for pneumococcal disease is considered medically necessary if the medical appropriateness criteria are met.
	www.bcbst.com /MPManual/Heptavalent_Pneumococcal_Conjugate_Vaccine_PCV7.htm (808 words)

	ACIP: Use of Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccines
		Conjugation of the PRP polysaccharide with protein carriers confers T-cell- dependent characteristics to the vaccine and substantially enhances the immunologic response to the PRP antigen.
		Specific characteristics of the four conjugate vaccines available for infants and children vary (e.g., the type of protein carrier, the size of the polysaccharide, and the chemical linkage between the polysaccharide and carrier) (Table 1).
		Vaccination with a specific Hib conjugate vaccine is contraindicated in persons known to have experienced anaphylaxis following a prior dose of that vaccine.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/p0000326/p0000326.asp (5274 words)

	WHO \| Vaccinating african children against pneumococcal disease saves lives
		The Gambia vaccine trial has now clearly demonstrated that a significant proportion of illness, disability and death in African children can be averted through vaccination against this disease, a leading killer, especially of young children in developing countries.
		In sum, in this rural African setting, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was shown in this trial to be highly effective against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease and it can substantially reduce admissions and improve child survival.
		The authors of the paper conclude that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines should be made available as soon as possible to African infants.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/news/statements/2005/s03/en (728 words)

	Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) Shortage - Revised Recommendations
		In addition, the vaccine could be considered for all children 24-59 months of age, with priority given to those 24-35 months of age, children of Alaska Native, American Indian, or African-American descent, and children who attend group day care centers.
		Highest priority should be given to vaccination of all infants less than 12 months of age and children 1-5 years of age at increased risk due to a medical condition.
		Although prelicensure trials have shown efficacy of a partial vaccination series, the duration of protection and whether protection occurs for all serotypes included in the vaccine is not clear.
	www.epi.hss.state.ak.us /bulletins/docs/b2001_13.htm (629 words)

	Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care - Public Information - Publications - Immunization - Pneumococcal ...
		The conjugate pneumococcal vaccine protects children against invasive pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia, bacteraemia (infection of the blood) and meningitis (infection of the brain).
		This vaccine is also available for high-risk children under the age of 5 years (as these children are at an increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease).
		The recommended conjugate vaccine series usually begins at the age of 2 months, but can be given as early as 6 weeks of age.
	www.health.gov.on.ca /english/public/pub/immun/pnem_conjugate.html (727 words)

	Acthib Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients - Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine - RxList Monographs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The vaccine consists of the Haemophilus b capsular polysaccharide (polyribosyl- ribitol- phosphate, PRP), a high molecular weight polymer prepared from the Haemophilus influenzae type b strain 1482 grown in a semi-synthetic medium, covalently bound to tetanus toxoid.
		The tetanus toxoid is prepared by extraction, ammonium sulfate purification, and formalin inactivation of the toxin from cultures of Clostridium tetani (Harvard strain) grown in a modified Mueller and Miller medium.
		is combined with AvP DTP vaccine by reconstitution, each single dose (0.5 mL) is formulated to contain 10 µg of purified capsular polysaccharide conjugated to 24 µg of inactivated tetanus toxoid 8.5% of sucrose 6.7 Lf of diphtheria toxoid, 5 Lf of tetanus toxoid, and an estimate of 4 protective units of pertussis vaccine.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic/acthib.htm (459 words)

	STATEMENT ON RECOMMENDED USE OF PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE - CCDR Vol.28 ACS-2
		The efficacy of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines in high-risk populations remains to be determined.
		Conjugate vaccines may induce improvement of antibody levels and immunologic memory, as well as reduce carriage of vaccine serotypes; whereas, PPV23 is immunogenic and moderately efficacious in persons > 2 years of age and offers better serotype coverage.
		Moderate to severe illness, with or without fever, is a reason to defer routine immunization with most vaccines; this is to avoid superimposing adverse effects from the vaccine on the underlying illness, or mistakenly identifying a manifestation of the underlying illness as a complication of vaccine use.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /publicat/ccdr-rmtc/02vol28/28sup/acs2.html (9365 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Haemophilus b conjugate (hem-OFF-fil-us BEE KON-ja-gat) vaccine is an active immunizing agent used to prevent infection by Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) bacteria.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of this vaccine in the elderly with use in other age groups, this vaccine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than it does in younger adults.
		Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine is an haemophilus b vaccine that has been prepared by adding a diphtheria-, meningococcal-, or tetanus-related substance to it.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202276.html (1272 words)

	Background, Gambia Pneumococcal Vaccine Trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The results of the pneumococcal vaccine trial are expected to be equally or more influential for the decision of whether to use pneumococcal vaccine in the future.
		To make the vaccine protective in young infants, the polysaccharide (ie, sugar) capsules from each of the serotypes included in the vaccine is linked to a protein carrier.
		The efficacy of a similar pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was established in trials conducted in the United States and in Finland.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /dmid/gambia/background.htm (1513 words)

	Hib Vaccine Questions and Answers
		An improved vaccine, the Hib conjugate vaccine, was licensed in December 1987.
		The Hib conjugate vaccine is made by chemically bonding a polysaccharide (sugar) to a protein.
		Hib vaccine should never be given to a child younger than six weeks of age, as this might reduce his/her response to subsequent doses.
	www.vaccineinformation.org /hib/qandavax.asp (566 words)

	Pneumococcal Vaccine Questions and Answers
		The PPV vaccine is licensed for use in adults and persons with certain risk factors who are over two years of age.
		The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was licensed in early 2000.
		The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) includes purified capsular polysaccharide of seven types of the bacteria "conjugated" (or joined) to a harmless variety of diphtheria toxin.
	www.vaccineinformation.org /pneumchild/qandavax.asp (1261 words)

	Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Haemophilus b conjugate (hem-OFF-fil-us BEE KON-ja-gat) vaccine is an active immunizing agent used to prevent infection byHaemophilus influenzatype b (Hib) bacteria.
		This vaccine is to be administered only by or under the supervision of your doctor or other authorized health care professional.
		If the vaccine was prepared using a tetanus-related substance, it is called PRP-T. All of these subtypes of haemophilus b conjugate vaccine work the same way, but may be given at different ages or times.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/h/haemophilusbconjugatevaccine-systemic.shtml (1175 words)

	Dr. Koop - Hib - vaccine
		Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine; Vaccine - Hib; Haemophilus influenzae B conjugate vaccine
		The Hib vaccine is highly effective for the prevention of diseases caused by Hib, which are serious, potentially fatal diseases of childhood.
		Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine is one of the recommended childhood immunizations.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/002023.html (360 words)

	Meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine
		Conjugating the meningococcal group C oligosaccharide to diphtheria protein increases the immune response.
		A study of the first nine months of experience with the vaccine estimated the short-term efficacy of a single dose to be 92% for toddlers and 97% for adolescents.
		While the conjugate vaccine appears to be safe and effective in the short term, it will not protect people against other causes of meningitis, for example Neisseria meningitidis group B which is more common in
	www.vaccinationnews.com /dailynews/March2002/Mening&OtherNewDrugs.htm (2212 words)

	Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Systemic) Drug Information Medicine Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pneumococcal (NEU-mo-KOK-al) conjugate vaccine is an active immunizing agent used to prevent infection by pneumococcal bacteria.
		Immunization requires 1 to 4 doses of the vaccine, depending on the age at the first dose.
		This vaccine is to be administered only by or under the supervision of your doctor or other health care professional.
	www.medicineonline.com /druginfo/info2/Pneumococcal_Conjugate_Vaccine_Systemic (566 words)

	FRAMINGHAM PEDIATRICS:Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was approved by the FDA in February 2000, and was made available free of charge to children in Massachusetts by the Department of Public Health June 26, 2000.
		The primary vaccine series is 3 doses given at 2, 4, and 6 months, with a minimum of 6 weeks between doses.
		In children with frequent ear infections, the vaccine has had a higher success rate, up to a reduction of 22% in children who had 5 ear infections in six months or 6 ear infections in a year.
	www.framinghampediatrics.com /prevnar.html (458 words)

	Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Vaccination is the best way to protect against pneumococcal disease.
		Since Streptococcus Pneumoniae is carried mainly by children, the vaccine will reduce transmission of this bacteria to the elderly, in whom it could be deadly.
		The reactions noted with this vaccine are similar to those seen with other childhood vaccines.
	www.drjen4kids.com /immunize/pneumo.htm (320 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Meningococcal Vaccine, Diphtheria Conjugate (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Children—Studies on this vaccine have been done only in patients older than 11 years of age, and there is no specific information comparing use of meningococcal diphtheria conjugate vaccine in children with use in other age groups.
		This vaccine has been tested in children 11 and 12 years of age and teenagers and, in effective doses, has not been shown to cause different side effects or problems than it does in adults.
		Older adults—Studies on this vaccine have been done only in patients younger than 55 years of age, and there is no specific information comparing use of meningococcal diphtheria conjugate vaccine in the elderly with use in other age groups.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500595.html (1228 words)

	Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care - Public Information - Publications - Immunization - Meningococcal ...
		The meningococcal C-conjugate vaccine protects children against illness due to IMD serogroup C (IMD-C) and its complications.
		In the United Kingdom the effectiveness of the meningococcal C-conjugate vaccine in children aged 1 to 17 years ranged from 87 to 100 per cent.
		Persons should not receive the vaccine if they have allergies to the vaccine or any component to the vaccine, or if they had an anaphylactic reaction to a prior dose of the vaccine.
	www.health.gov.on.ca /english/public/pub/immun/meningococcal.html (684 words)

	Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: What a Parent Needs to Know -- familydoctor.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a "shot" for infants and toddlers.
		Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may be given at the same time as other childhood vaccines.
		Children should not get pneumococcal conjugate vaccine if they had a severe (life-threatening) allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine.
	familydoctor.org /691.xml (891 words)

	Clinical Study: 06-CH-0070, Salmonella Typhi Vi O-Acetyl Pectin-rEPA Conjugate Vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Clinical trials have shown that chemically binding the Vi to a protein to form a "conjugate vaccine" has improved and extended its efficacy to children (conjugate vaccines to other bacteria, notably meningitis causing bacteria have been used extensively and successfully).
		If the O-acetyl pectin conjugate proves successful, it will be evaluated in children ages 5 to 14 years old and in infants, toward using it with routine vaccines for infants.
		Side effects from the vaccine, other than potentially slight pain, redness, and swelling, or a mild fever for 1 to 2 days, are not expected.
	clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov /cgi/detail.cgi?A_06-CH-0070.html (956 words)

	New Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine - Boulder County
		This new vaccine is expected to give longer lasting protection and be better than the original one at preventing the disease from spreading from person to person.
		About half the people receiving either vaccine can have mild side effects – such as redness or pain where the shot was given – that can last one to two days.
		As is the case with all vaccines, the risk of a serious side effect from the vaccine is much, much lower than the risk of a serious side effect from the disease itself.
	www.co.boulder.co.us /health/hpe/iz/meningococcal.htm (577 words)

	Family Works!: Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
		Vaccine considerations: This killed, thimerosal-free vaccine is chemically bound to a tiny amount of diphtheria protein to make it more effective than its predecessor, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
		Because it is 90% effective in preventing disease caused by pneumococcus, it has been termed in the media as the “pneumonia vaccine” and the “ear infection vaccine”.
		We are strongly in favor of administering this vaccine to all children through age 5 and high risk children through 9 years.
	www.princetonol.com /family/columns/pedgroup24.html (708 words)

	Drug Shortage Bulletin: Pneumococcal 7-Valent Conjugate Vaccine
		The vaccine is not intended to treat an active infection.
		The vaccination schedule for infants consists of a series of 3 doses of 0.5 mL each at approximately 2-month intervals, followed by a fourth dose of 0.5 mL at 12–15 months of age.
		The customary age for the first dose is 2 months, but the vaccine may be given to infants as young as 6 weeks.
	www.ashp.org /shortage/prevnar.cfm?CFID=6288831&CFTOKEN=90320252 (578 words)

	Clinical Trial: Salmonella Typhi Vi O-Acetyl Pectin-rEPA Conjugate Vaccine
		The whole cell parenteral and the oral attenuated vaccines confer only incomplete immunity of limited duration and cannot be incorporated into the routine vaccination of infants.
		The immunogenicity of Vi is improved by covalently binding it to a protein to form a conjugate.
		Vi conjugates were safe and more immunogenic than Vi in adults, in 5-14 year-olds and in children 2-4 year-olds, and showed 90% efficacy in the 2-5 year olds for 47 months.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00277147 (1292 words)

	Clinical Trial: Effect of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Meningococcal Carriage
		The purpose of this study is to determine whether the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) can reduce asymptomatic carriage of meningococcal bacteria, and thus decrease the transmission of these bacteria in the population.
		This vaccine is recommended by ACIP for routine vaccination of young adolescents at the pre-adolescent visit (11-12 years old), adolescents at high school entry (15 years old), and college freshmen living in dormitories.
		Meningococcal conjugate vaccines may become available in the near future to other age groups, including infants and children.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00119080 (614 words)

	Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Systemic) - MayoClinic.com
		Pneumococcal((NEU-mo-KOK-al))conjugate vaccine is an active immunizing agent used to prevent infection by pneumococcal bacteria.
		This vaccine is generally well tolerated and effective in infants.
		This vaccine is not recommended for use in adult populations.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR500121 (750 words)

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