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Topic: Connaught Tunnel

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	What is Civil Engineering ?
		The tunnel is fully instrumented to monitor the exact position of a train as well as the ventilation conditions.
		The west end of the tunnel had to be reinforced with steel and concrete because the rock was too soft and brittle.
		The Spiral Tunnels were CP's first attempt to halving the grade by doubling the mileage and they achieved this in 1909 by building the two tunnels and reducing the grade from 4.5% to 2.2%.
	whatiscivilengineering.csce.ca /structural_tunnels.htm (471 words)

	Connaught Tunnel, 1916 - 2001 North America Railway Hall of Fame Inductee
		Prior to construction of the Connaught Tunnel, the Canadian Pacific mainline twisted around the base of the mountains through Rogers Pass.
		Construction of the tunnel eliminated 200 degrees of curves, clipped 4.52 miles off the transcontinental mileage and reduced hazards due to a 30-foot average yearly snowfalls.
		The Connaught Tunnel contributed to development of the railway as a more reliable east to west transportation link which could be used throughout the year.
	www.narhf.org /nar01/NAR01awards_connaught_tunnel.html (172 words)

	Old Time Trains
		Connaught Tunnel, in the Selkirk Mountains on the Canadian Pacific Railway main line between Calgary, Alberta, and Revelstoke, British Columbia, at 5.022 miles (8.082 km) long was the longest railway tunnel in North America.
		A small tunnel was built, from which cross cuts were made to the main tunnel so work could carry on at a number of headings.
		The tunnel was completed before the original deadline, with operation beginning December 16, 1916.
	www.trainweb.org /oldtimetrains/CPR/connaught.htm (352 words)

	CP Abandons Rogers Pass Project
		Successive generations have been able to live without the need for sight and the Connaught Tunnel Sightless Mouse is now a distinct breed that is found nowhere else.
		We call it 'tunnel vision' and it is also found in people who have worked in the Civil Service for any length of time.
		The specifications for the outlet gate mechanisms were subsequently modified to allow sufficient leakage of grain to sustain the Tunnel Mouse population.
	www.railways.incanada.net /Articles/Article1987_3.html (795 words)

	Engineering in New Zealand (Site not responding. Last check: )
		New Zealand is proud to possess the longest railway tunnel in the British Empire, beating the Connaught Tunnel of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in the Rockies, by a little over a quarter of a mile.
		The tunnel, 2,860 yards in length, was the longest in the Dominion until the opening of Otira Tunnel.
		THE LONGEST RAILWAY TUNNEL in the British Empire is the Otira Tunnel in the South Island of New Zealand.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r040.html (2909 words)

	Misc - Subway Links
		After the preliminary tunnel was completed, a 200 mm diameter mini-pile wall would be installed on each side of the tunnel by the use of boring machines.
		Connaught Road Central location of the pedestrian subway as seen in September 1996, when the work was almost at its peak.
		From this preliminary tunnel, row of pipe-piles on each side were driven into the soil below to form the support for the second-stage excavation.
	www.cityu.edu.hk /CIVCAL/book/misc_sl.html (1466 words)

	new tunnel
		This shot was taken during the construction of the east portal of the Connaught Tunnel prior to 1916.
		The year 1916 above the arch in the tunnel is clearly visible, but the lettering across the top that says "Connaught Tunnel" is missing, and only a faint shadow remains on the cement.
		however during the 1950's the tunnel was converted to single track to allow over height box cars and other large rail equipment to pass through the tunnel.
	www.geocities.com /Baja/Desert/2646/tunnels_in_the_rogers_pass_area.html (150 words)

	What is Civil Engineering ? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Connaught Tunnel runs for five miles directly under the summit of Mount Macdonald and was opened in 1916.
		The west end of the tunnel had to be reinforced with steel and concrete because the rock was too soft and brittle.
		The Spiral Tunnels were CP's first attempt to halving the grade by doubling the mileage and they achieved this in 1909 by building the two tunnels and reducing the grade from 4.5% to 2.2%.
	www.schulich.ucalgary.ca /CSCE-Students/structural_tunnels.htm (471 words)

	Field Hill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Difficult grades exist in both directions from Field, east through the famous Spiral Tunnels 137 miles to Calgary, Alberta; and 126 miles (203 km) west to Revelstoke, British Columbia through the famous Rogers Pass and the Connaught Tunnel, and where the modern Mount Macdonald Tunnel was opened in 1989.
		Following completion of the famous Spiral Tunnels which eliminated the Big Hill, Field remained an important place as it was still necessary to add helper (bank) engines to get trains over the steep 2.2% (116 feet to the mile, or 21.96 metres to the kilometre) grade of Field Hill.
		It was not until the late 20th Century when a major new project of twenty miles including the 9.1 mile Mount Macdonald Tunnel reduced the grade to a very manageable average of 0.82%, (maximum 1%) opened in December 1988.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Field_Hill (546 words)

	BC Highways - Highway 1 East
		The tunnel is the longest in North America, total length is 14.7 km.
		The tunnel is accompanied by the 1.9 km Shaughnessy Tunnel located on the east side of the pass.
		The Connaught Tunnel was built to replace the original surface line over Rogers Pass which was dangerous to train crews.
	modena.intergate.ca /personal/pl8s/TCH/TCH_E/Hwy_1E_3_GP.htm (532 words)

	Railway Wonders of the World (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the Otira Tunnel, five and a quarter miles in length, New Zealand is proud to possess the longest railway tunnel in the British Empire, beating the Connaught Tunnel of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in the Rockies, by a little over a quarter of a mile.
		The tunnel, 2,860 yards in length, was the longest in the Dominion until the opening of Otira Tunnel.
		The tunnel is dead straight, and it is possible from one end to see the pin-point of light which marks the other end.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~procter/RWOTWNZ.HTM (2990 words)

	Connaught Motor Company
		Synonymous with Grand Prix and road car production throughout the 1950's, Connaught produced a series of successful, innovative cars that were used on both the open road and racetrack.
		Connaught was the first British car and British driver combination to win a post war Grand Prix.
		The first to build their own aerodynamic wind tunnel, Connaught has left a legacy of affection and a clear recognition of the marque.
	www.connaughtmotorco.com /history.html (69 words)

	Parsons Brinckerhoff (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The new diesel rail tunnel - the longest in the Western Hemisphere -- is on a flatter grade and is now used by westbound (upgrade) traffic, while eastbound traffic continues to use the Connaught Tunnel.
		In addition to hard rock tunneling, the project included 700 feet (213 meters) of soft-ground and mixed-face tunneling and 880 (268 meters) feet of cut-and-cover construction at the west portal.
		The major components of the ventilation system include tunnel gates at the east portal and at mid-tunnel; an 1,150-foot (350-meter)-deep vent shaft, which is partitioned and connects to the tunnel on opposite sides of the mid-tunnel gate; and a system of five fans, each with a 2,250-horsepower motor.
	www.pbworld.com /projects/project_detail.asp?pid=94 (232 words)

	History
		The tunneling of the Hoosac mountain range in the northwestern corner of Massachusetts during the 19th century was a monumental project that established a railroad connection between Boston and New York State.
		When the tunnel bore was complete, the bore from the east met the bore from the west within 9/16 in of the planned alignment.
		Rail traffic in the Hoosac Tunnel had become so heavy by 1913 that the three machines at Deerfield No. 5 were actually used as 60/25-Hz frequency changers until the necessary water handling facilities were completed to allow for the operation of the turbines themselves.
	www.ieee.org /organizations/pes/public/2006/jul/peshistory.html (2597 words)

	List of tunnels - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The list of tunnels includes any road tunnel, railway tunnel or waterway tunnel anywhere in the world.
		Westgate Tunnel (Melbourne, a proposed tunnel to reduce congestion on the Westgate Bridge)
		Ahmed Hamdy Tunnel, under the Suez Canal north of Ismailia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/List_of_tunnels (370 words)

	Tunnels in the USA and Canada (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The tunnel is at an altitude of 11,112 feet and was the world's highest road tunnel at the time of its construction.
		This tunnel, built in 1821 near Auburn, Pennsylvania, at 450 feet long was the first tunnel of any significance constructed in the USA.
		This structure includes a tunnel through Yerba Buena Island which is the largest bore tunnel in the world with a width of 76 feet, a height of 56 feet (or 58 feet, sources vary) and a length of 1700 feet (or 500 feet - sources vary).
	freespace.virgin.net /john.cletheroe/usa_can/tunnels/index.htm (500 words)

	Now, Thats Canadian!
		One of the problem areas was the tough climb along the Beaver River Valley to Connaught Tunnel.
		One of these, The Mount Macdonald Tunnel, is the longest in the Western Hemisphere and features a unique ventilation system that required construction of a 350 metre vertical ventilation shaft to the surface.
		Its construction featured the first time in North America that the technique of "tunnel lining" had been used, the first time in North America that a concrete roadbed had been used and the first time in the world that satellites were used for surveying.
	www.new-sng.com /achiev4.cfm (385 words)

	Connaught Mews - Directions
		Connaught Mews is very well served by both road and local transport.
		Connaught Mews is situated adjacent to the London South Circular with relatively easy access to both the A2/M2 and A20/M20 roads.
		City Airport is very close, easily reached by a short cab journey, or by car via the ferry or Blackwall tunnel.
	www.connaughtmews.co.uk /directions.shtml (360 words)

	Travel To Delhi, Delhi Tourism, Travel In Delhi, Delhi Sightseeing Tours, Delhi Tours, Visit Delhi, Heritage Tours Of ...
		Children will have a time of their life over here, while the enjoying the various rides.
		Appu Ghar has the usual fare of exciting games like Roller Coaster, the Big Splash, Dodgem Cars, the Eerie Tunnel, Giant Wheel, Columbus Jhoola - a ship high up in the sky, the Speeding Cup, a Cable Car, a Saucer that works on centrifugal force and lots more.
		Appu Ghar has now introduced Ice Games at OYSTERS, where four acres of the Water Park have been blanketed with ice for winter sports.
	www.edelhihotels.net /sightseeing-5.html (1058 words)

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