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	Connectionism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Connectionism is an approach in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology and philosophy of mind.
		These theorists argued that connectionism, as it was being developed at that time, was in danger of obliterating the progress made in the fields of cognitive science and psychology by the classical approach of computationalism.
		Connectionism and computationalism need not be at odds per se, but the debate as it was phrased in the late 1980s and early 1990s certainly led to opposition between the two approaches.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Connectionism (2040 words)

	SNCC.html
		Connectionism, as a branch of cognitive science, is consequently an exciting new way of studying the mind, and so must surely have consequences for the relationship between the mind and the body.
		Connectionism is developing a scientific picture of mind in which (by and large) the mental entities of manifest image simply do not figure; nor is there anything in connectionist models with which such entities might be even loosely identified.
		Connectionism is potentially significant for the mind-body problem because, as part of Cognitive Science, it is a way of examining the internal causal underpinnings of human behavior, and hence, a source of evidence in choosing between Computational Functionalism and Eliminativism.
	www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au /tgelder/papers/SNCC.html (6617 words)

	Hampson & Morris 1996: Connectionism
		Connectionism is an approach which blends certain aspects of neuropsychology with those of artificial intelligence, and offers a new approach to explaining human cognitive activities.
		Connectionism, although not a new concept, got its strength from several neurologically plausible models of cognition which appeared in psychology and computer science during the 40s and 50s.
		Connectionism, however, remained on the sidelines until the 70s and 80s, when powerful arguments regarding parallel processing in the brain was revived.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /~jimmyd/summaries/hampson1996a.html (877 words)

	Connectionism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Connectionism and the Mind: Parallel Processing Dynamics and Evolution in Networks by William Bechtel, Adele Abrahamsen (Blackwell) provides a clear and balanced introduction to connectionist networks and explores their theoretical and philosophical implications.
		Connectionism and the Mind (2002), like its predecessor, is written primarily for those who are curious but not yet knowledgeable about connectionism.
		This new edition of Connectionism and the Mind retains and updates the first three chapters of the first edition, in which the stage is set and a variety of connectionist architectures and learning procedures are described (including worked‑out examples of basic computations).
	www.wordtrade.com /science/mathematics/connectionism.htm (1174 words)

	Connectionism
		Connectionism is a movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks (also known as ‘neural networks’ or ‘neural nets’).
		Philosophers have become interested in connectionism because it promises to provide an alternative to the classical theory of the mind: the widely held view that the mind is something akin to a digital computer processing a symbolic language.
		Connectionism promises to explain flexibility and insight found in human intelligence using methods that cannot be easily expressed in the form of exception free principles (Horgan and Tienson, 1989, 1990), thus avoiding the brittleness that arises from standard forms of symbolic representation.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/connectionism (6671 words)

	[No title]
		On connectionism as a Kuhnian paradigm shift in cognitive science, with emphasis on the implications of functional compositionality and distributed representations.
		Connectionism implies eliminativism, as connectionist systems do not have functionally discrete contentful states, and folk psychology is committed to functional discreteness of propositional attitudes.
		Challenges connectionism to explain things that the classical approach seems to handle better: the structure, systematicity, causal role, and grain of propositional attitudes, their rational relations, and conceptual stability.
	www.cogsci.indiana.edu /pub/chalmers.bib.4 (6274 words)

	[No title]
		The impetus of this attack is a branch of the field known as connectionism.
		Connectionism, which dates back at least to a classic paper by McCulloch and Pitts, reached an initial peak of interest in the 1950s and 1960s.
		This more radical form of a connectionism is often seen as representing a "paradigm shift" ; and it is this more radical branch of connectionism that most people have in mind when they talk about connectionism.
	www.psych.nyu.edu /gary/TAM/intro_section.html (1476 words)

	Intelecto - Classicism versus Connectionism - Isabel Góis
		That is, proponents of connectionism argue that the whole system can be interpreted as representing some state of affairs without it having to be supposed that this has to be achieved by the manipulation of token symbols or representations.
		The accusation that connectionism routinely meets is that its view of cognition fails to capture the essential properties of (human) information processing, and therefore cannot serve has an appropriate account of intelligent behaviour.
		While friends of connectionism come with many different flags (some being more extremist about the implications of connectionism (Churchland 1988), some more cautious (Clark, 1989)), they all share the idea that representation of information in a system is the emergence of stable patterns of activation in a network of simple components.
	www.geocities.com /revistaintelecto/iacc.html (2686 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - history of connectionism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This version of connectionism was meant to circumvent Lashley's problematic lesion results by supposing that the brain contains numerous redundant neural pathways spatially distributed over relatively broad regions of the brain.
		Where previous strains of connectionism were more or less explicitly linked with associationism or logical inference, the new connectionism in PDP guise has been more cognitively eclectic, suggesting that cognitive processes might be constraint satisfaction processes, energy minimization processes, or pattern recognition processes.
		In this regard, contemporary advocates of connectionism often endorse a "subsymbolic paradigm" in contrast to the "symbolic paradigm" of the computational theory of cognition.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/connectionismhistory.html (1067 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - connectionism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		connectionism - A computational approach to modeling the brain which relies on the interconnection of many simple units to produce complex behavior.
		Connectionism has a number of important considerations for the philosophy of mind.
		Critiques of connectionism have been forwarded by dynamic systems theorists, symbolicists, and neuroscientists.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/connectionism.html (461 words)

	HAYEK AND CONNECTIONISM
		Connectionism is in the eyes of some a radical position precisely because it is held to embody a view according to which intelligent, cognitive processes are themselves non-intelligible, i.e.
		From the point of view of philosophers in the first group (according to the Dreyfus account), human reasoning is a linear, propositional matter; it is constrained by context-free rules and built up out of sensory and conceptual 'elements' which are in the business of mirroring or picturing corresponding (pre-determined) elements of external reality.
		The sub-symbolic programs of connectionism can, as is often pointed out, be translated in such a way that they can be implemented also on classical (von Neumann) machines; but the translated programs are then not the kind of 'symbolic' program that the Helmholtz hypothesis requires.
	ontology.buffalo.edu /smith/articles/HAYEK.HTM (6319 words)

	Connectionism, Confusion, and Cognitive Science
		We propose that the current confusion surrounding connectionism's role in cognitive science could be greatly alleviated by adopting a research programme in which connectionists paid much more attention to validating the PDP architecture.
		Thus, if connectionism is to make good its promise to provide a more biologically feasible architecture than is found in classical systems, it would appear that the generic architecture must be elaborated extensively.
		For instance, the implicit assumption underlying much of connectionism is that processing units are analogous to neurons, and connection are analogous to synapses.
	www.bcp.psych.ualberta.ca /~mike/Pearl_Street/Papers/Confuse/confuse.html (11751 words)

	Some Myths of Connectionism
		Regrettably the discussions of connectionism found in the philosophical literature suffer from a number of deficiencies.
		Connectionism does not have the corner on the market, when it comes to building parallel processing models.
		As is the case with the graceful degradation claim, a commonly implied conclusion from the generalization claim is that connectionist systems are to be preferred to competing systems as models of cognitive function.
	www.ucs.louisiana.edu /~isb9112/dept/phil341/myths/myths.html (6773 words)

	Connectionism
		Connectionism is a movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks (also known as `neural networks' or `neural nets').
		Since connectionism does not guarantee systematicity, it does not explain why systematicity is found so pervasively in human cognition.
		Eliminativists are interested in connectionism because it promises to provide a conceptual foundation that would replace folk psychology.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/fall1999/entries/connectionism (5694 words)

	Connectionism & the Study of Change / Bates & Elman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But the current ``boom'' in parallel distributed processing or ``connectionism'' was inspired in large measure by the discovery of a learning rule that worked for multi-layered systems (Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams, 1986; Le Cun, 1985).
		``Connectionism is anti-nativist, and efforts are underway to reinstate a tabula rasa approach to mind and development'' (e.g., Kirsh, 1992).
		Pinker, S., and Prince, A. On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition.
	www.ecs.soton.ac.uk /~harnad/Papers/Py104/bates_elman.html (8237 words)

	Blackwell Publishing Book
		Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis: Jerry A. Foder and Zenon W. Pylyshyn.
		Connectionism, Constituency and the Language of Thought: Paul Smolensky.
		Connectionism, Eliminativism and the Future of Folk Psychology: William Ramsey, Stephen Stich and Joseph Garon.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /contents.asp?ref=0631197451 (140 words)

	TIP: Theories
		The hallmark of connectionism (like all behavioral theory) was that learning could be adequately explained without refering to any unobservable internal states.
		A corollary of the law of effect was that responses that reduce the likelihood of achieving a rewarding state (i.e., punishments, failures) will decrease in strength.
		Connectionism was meant to be a general theory of learning for animals and humans.
	tip.psychology.org /thorn.html (427 words)

	Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis - Fodor (ResearchIndex)
		68 On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distri..
		13 BoltzCONS: Reconciling connectionism with the recursive natu..
		6 Connectionism: Is it a paradigm shift for psychology (context) - Schneider - 1987
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /fodor88connectionism.html (925 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Connectionism and the Mind: Introduction to Parallel Processing in Networks: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		"Connectionism and the Mind" provides an introduction to this newly emerging approach to understanding the mind, and includes exposition of several of the actual simulations that connectionists have developed.
		Finally, "Connectionism and the Mind" examines the relation of connectionist models to philosophical accounts of propositional attitudes, and to a variety of other inquiries in cognitive psychology, linguistics, developmental psychology, artificial intelligence and neuroscience.
		William Bechtel is a philosopher of science whose research has focused on the foundations of cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience, theory development and the role of instrumentation in the life sciences, and the relations between scientific disciplines.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0631165770 (574 words)

	AI Horizon: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
		Connectionism seems a step closer to the human mind, since it uses networks of nodes that seem like the human brain's network of neurons.
		Connectionism is many times inaccurate and slow, and currently connectionism has failed to reach higher level AI, such as language and some advanced logic, which humans seem to pick up easily in little time.
		Connectionism, however, is quite successful at modeling lower level thinking like motor skills, face-recognition, and some vision.
	www.aihorizon.com /essays/generalai/intro.htm (476 words)

	Connectionism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Connectionism and the Fate of Folk Psychology: A Reply to Ramsey, Stich and Garon
		Forster, Malcolm R. and Eric Saidel (1994): “Connectionism and the Fate of Folk Psychology: A Reply to Ramsey, Stich, and Garon” in Philosophical Psychology 7: 437 - 452.
		In conclusion, we suggest that folk psychology and connectionism are best understood as complementary theories.
	philosophy.wisc.edu /forster/papers/Connectionism.HTM (202 words)

	Connectionism definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Connectionism: A theory of information processing within cognitive science (the study of the mind).
		Connectionism is based upon the known neurophysiology of the brain.
		The basic tenets of connectionism are that signals are processed by elementary units, processing units are connected in parallel to other processing units, and connections between processing units are weighted.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9256 (278 words)

	Amazon.com: Connectionism and the Mind: Parallel Processing, Dynamics, and Evolution in Networks: Books: William ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The second edition of Connectionism and the Mind: Parallel Processing, Dynamics, and Evolution in Networks has been rewritten and restructured to accommodate the profound changes wrought during the '90s burst of research in the field.
		Connectionism and the Mind is essentially a progress report on a very young discipline; its readers will see the future a little more clearly.
		Connectionism and the Mind provides a clear and balanced introduction to connectionist networks and explores their theoretical and philosophical implications.As in the first edition, the first few chapters focus on network architecture and offer an accessible treatment of the equations that govern learning and the propagation of activation, including a glossary for reference.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0631207139?v=glance (1313 words)

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