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Topic: Connexin

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	Connexin definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Connexin: A subunit of connexon, a protein that forms a gap junction, a channel that permits ions and small molecules to move between adjacent cells.
		Connexin mutations are also responsible for several forms of inherited keratoderma -- a skin disorder characterized by thickened (hyperkeratotic) skin on the palms and soles -- as well as peripheral neuropathy and cataract formation.
		The nomenclature of the connexins is somewhat confusing.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16318 (322 words)

	Connexin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Connexins, or gap junction proteins, are a family of structurally-related transmembrane proteins that compose vertebrate gap junctions.
		Connexins are four-pass transmembrane proteins with both C and N cytoplasmic termini, a cytoplasmic loop (CL) and two extra-cellular loops, (EL-1) and (EL-2).
		"Somatic mutations in the connexin 40 gene (GJA5) in atrial fibrillation".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Connexin (1006 words)

	About Us
		Connexin channels are studied at macroscopic and single-channel levels in reconstituted and expression systems.
		Genetically altered connexins are used to define permeation and modulation mechanisms.
		The compounds we have shown to bind to connexin will be lead compounds for development of pharmacological reagents for use in structure-function studies.
	www.umdnj.edu /njmsweb/pharm_faculty/Harris_files/page0001.htm (500 words)

	Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology \| Full text \| Cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation and connexin 43, ...
		The aim of this study was to investigate cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation and expression of connexin 43, cyclooxygenase-2 and FSH receptor transcripts in equine cumuli oophori during in vivo and in vitro maturation in the presence of equine FSH (eFSH) and precursors for hyaluronic acid synthesis.
		We have begun to characterize the connexins that contribute to gap junctions in the equine COC, and we reported the expression of connexins 43 protein in the equine cumulus cells [11].
		On the contrary, in the rat, connexin 43 protein in the preovulatory follicles decreased after the LH surge, and concomitantly the level of connexin 43 mRNA expressed in the granulosa cells dropped [62].
	www.rbej.com /content/2/1/44 (7528 words)

	Chemicon - Product #MAB3068 - Anti-Connexin 43, C-terminus [Cx43]
		Connexins are highly homologous proteins that assemble as hexamers (connexons) to form gap junctions, small channels which allow for the passage of ions and other small molecules up to 1,200 daltons between neighboring cells.
		Connexin 43 is a 382aa protein belonging to the alpha-type (Group II) subfamily of connexin proteins and possessing four transmembrane regions, with cytoplasmic amino and carboxyl terminals.
		Connexin 43 has been detected in a variety of tissues including: atrial and ventricular myocytes, granulose cells, astrocytes, fibroblasts, leptomeningeal cells, brain, lung, smooth muscle, uterine muscle, kidney, lens, epithelium, cornea and testis.
	www.chemicon.com /Product/ProductDataSheet.asp?ProductItem=MAB3068 (1007 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Overexpression of connexin 43 using a retroviral vector improves electrical coupling of ...
		Extracellular field action potential activation rates in the co-cultures of connexin 43 transduced skeletal myoblasts with cardiac myocytes were significantly higher than in the co-cultures of non-transduced skeletal myoblasts with cardiac myocytes and similar to the rates in pure cultures of cardiac myocytes.
		We have chosen a retroviral MLV vector for delivery and overexpression of the connexin 43 transgene into skeletal myoblasts because retroviral vectors are able to integrate stably into the genome of the transduced cells and thus to provide long-term expression of a transgene [26].
		However, with connexin 43 overexpression in the skeletal myoblasts, the FAP activation rate in the co-cultures of skeletal myoblasts and cardiac myocytes was significantly enhanced, and was close to the FAP activation rate in pure cultures of cardiac myocytes.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2261/6/25 (5530 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience, 3, d208-236, February 15, 1998] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Connexins are folded in the plasma membrane in the approximate shape of an "M".
		Connexin 37 and connexin40 are highly expressed in lung endothelial cells (86,87), whereas connexin43 is the predominant connexin expressed by human and murine lung epithelial cells (88).
		Connexin messenger RNA and protein stability also appear to be important in the expression of connexins.
	www.bioscience.org /1998/V3/d/trosko/3.htm (3190 words)

	The Molecular Basis of Selective Permeability of Connexins is Complex and Includes both Size and Charge
		However, the diversity within the connexin family has begged the question of how the connexin composition of these channels can affect the character of the information that is exchanged between cells.
		Connexin composition can bias the selection of permeants based on their charge, but there are also growing indications that different connexins can impose distinct size limits on permeant species.
		While many connexin knock-outs in mice have not had as dramatic a phenotype as one might have guessed, arguing for redundancy in the system (32-34), it is also true that there are cases where one connexin has been ablated, and despite the continued presence of another, defects are still observed.
	www.eng.buffalo.edu /~bjn/perm3.html (5519 words)

	Mutations in the human connexin gene GJB3 cause erythrokeratodermia variabilis - Nature Genetics
		Connexins assemble by hexameric oligomerization to hemichannels (connexons), which dock with identical (homotypic) or compatible (heterotypic) connexons in adjacent cells to form channels with selective properties for size, charge, gating sensitivity or post-translational regulation.
		Residue 86 is serine in Cx26 and threonine in Cx32, whereas cysteine is in this position in connexins, whose expression is largely restricted to the epidermis (Cx30.3, 31, 31.1).
		Connexin 26 mutations in hereditary non-syndromic sensorineural deafness.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v20/n4/full/ng1298_366.html (3131 words)

	InterPro: IPR000500 Connexins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The connexins are a family of integral membrane proteins that oligomerise to form intercellular channels that are clustered at gap junctions.
		The connexin protein family is encoded by at least 13 genes in rodents, with many homologues cloned from other species.
		Further insight into the functional roles of connexins has come from the discovery that a number of human diseases are caused by mutations in connexin genes.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR000500 (3606 words)

	Connexin Make-up of Endothelial Gap Junctions in the Rat Pulmonary Artery as Revealed by Immunoconfocal Microscopy and ...
		of connexins on pulmonary arterial endothelial gap junctions.
		Little TL, Beyer EC, Duling BR (1995) Connexin 43 and connexin 40 gap junctional proteins are present in arteriolar smooth muscle and endothelium in vivo.
		Wolosin JM, Schütte M, Chen SH (1997) Connexin distribution in the rabbit and rat ciliary body—a case for heterotypic epithelial gap junctions.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/47/5/683 (4697 words)

	Hands & Voices :: Testing for Connexin 26
		The counselor stated that both of Kurt's connexin 26 genes are changed, causing a hearing loss.
		She then informed me that it is a recessive gene and they did find that my husband Tom and I both have 1 changed connexin 26 gene and one unchanged connexin 26 gene.
		After Ryan was born, we were discussing connexin 26 with Kurt's ENT, and it made sense to all of us to have Ryan tested to see if he had any changes in his connexin 26 genes rather than testing his hearing every 6 months to see if there was any loss.
	www.handsandvoices.org /articles/fam_perspectives/connexin.html (1107 words)

	Genomics\|HuGENet\|Reviews\|GJB2 and hearing loss\|PubMed ID: 12172392
		The Gap Junction Beta 2 or GJB2 gene (GenBank M86849, OMIM: 121011) resides at the chromosomal location 13q11 and encodes for the protein connexin* 26, a beta class gap junction protein expressed in the cochlea and in the epidermis.
		Connexin 26 hexamers form channels between cells that, when open, allow cell-to-cell diffusion of small molecules.
		Connexin 26 is expressed in the stria vascularis, spiral ligament, spiral limbus, and between the supporting cells in the cochlea,
	www.cdc.gov /genomics/hugenet/reviews/GJB2.htm (6392 words)

	Michael Koval Lab - Connexin/Claudin Assembly
		However, connexin hemichannel assembly appears to be more complex, since a number of intracellular compartments have been implicated in hemichannel assembly, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and trans Golgi network (TGN).
		Defining the intracellular compartments involved in connexin hemichannel assembly is further complicated by the potential for multiple connexin trafficking pathways and the possibility that different connexins, such as Cx32 and Cx43, may have the potential to oligomerize in different compartments.
		Although both claudins and connexins have some similarities in primary and secondary structure, our preliminary work suggests that claudin assembly, trafficking and compatibility are regulated differently than connexins.
	userwww.service.emory.edu /~mhkoval/ca.html (629 words)

	Altered connexin expression and wound healing in the epidermis of connexin-deficient mice -- Kretz et al. 116 (16): ...
		Altered connexin expression and wound healing in the epidermis of connexin-deficient mice -- Kretz et al.
		Nineteen connexin genes in the mouse genome (Willecke
		Immunoblot analyses of connexin protein in uninjured and wounded tail epidermis from wild-type mice with antibodies to Cx26 (A) and Cx30 (B).
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/116/16/3443 (5697 words)

	Connexin 26 DNA Sequencing Test
		Athena Diagnostics, Inc. is pleased to offer the Connexin 26 DNA Sequencing Test, which analyzes the entire coding region of the Connexin 26 gene (GJB2), as well as the exon 1 donor splice junction.
		Splice junction analysis is important for detecting all disease-causing mutations in Connexin 26.
		Hearing impairment should be recognized as early as possible, since it is generally regarded that the most important period for language and speech development is the first three years of life.
	www.athenadiagnostics.com /hearingloss/connexin26.asp (198 words)

	Flourescence Microscopy, LSM, Connexin, GAP Junction, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) / Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		connexin [conexus = conjunction, connection ]: connexin proteins rank among a group of transmembrane proteins, which incorporate into the cell membrane.
		Six connexins are clustered to form a connexon, a structure, with a pore in the center, as one half of the channel.
		The opening of this channel is controlled by the cell, and the channel is permeable for low-molecular substances (ions, small molecules, very, very small proteins).
	www.connexin.info (113 words)

	Inhibition of Endothelial Wound Repair by Dominant Negative Connexin Inhibitors -- Kwak et al. 12 (4): 831 -- Molecular ...
		Gabriels, J.E., and Paul, D.L. Characterization of connexin expression in rat aortic endothelial cells during in vitro wounding.
		Connexin 43 and connexin 40 gap junctional proteins are present in arteriolar smooth muscle and endothelium in vivo.
		Sullivan, R., and Lo, C.W. Expression of a connexin 43/b-galactosidase fusion protein inhibits gap junctional communication in NIH3T3 cells.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/4/831 (7414 words)

	...::: The Connexin-deafness homepage :::...
		Antoniadi et al 2000 Mutation analysis of the GJB2 (connexin 26) gene by DGGE in Greek patients with sensorineural deafness.
		Lerer et al 2000 Contribution of connexin 26 mutations to nonsyndromic deafness in ashkenazi patients and the variable phenotypic effect of the mutation 167delT.
		Lopez-Bigas et al 2001 Connexin 31 (GJB3) is expressed in the peripheral and auditory nerves and causes neuropathy and hearing impairment.
	davinci.crg.es /deafness/index.php?seccion=reference (2422 words)

	Multiple Connexin Expression in Regenerating Arterial Endothelial Gap Junctions -- Yeh et al. 20 (7): 1753 -- ...
		Colocalization of the 2 connexins predominates in the uninjured artery (A).
		Gap junction localization and connexin expression in cytochemically identified endothelial cells from arterial tissue.
		Connexin make-up of endothelial gap junctions in the rat pulmonary artery as revealed by immunoconfocal microscopy and triple-label immunogold electron microscopy.
	atvb.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/7/1753 (4977 words)

	...::: The Connexin-deafness homepage :::...
		Connexins are transmembrane proteins that form channels allowing rapid transport of ions or small molecules between cells.
		There are two types of connexins, alpha and beta, named GJA or GJB followed by a number.
		Other connexin genes are also involved in deafness.
	davinci.crg.es /deafness (371 words)

	Disruption of Gja8 ({alpha}8 connexin) in mice leads to microphthalmia associated with retardation of lens growth and ...
		Disruption of Gja8 ({alpha}8 connexin) in mice leads to microphthalmia associated with retardation of lens growth and lens fiber maturation -- Rong et al.
		8 connexins are at the posttranslational level in vivo.
		Decreased intercellular dye-transfer and downregulation of non-ablated connexins in aortic endothelium deficient in connexin37 or connexin40
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/1/167 (4724 words)

	{alpha}1 Connexin 43 Gap Junctions Are Decreased in Human Adrenocortical Tumors -- Murray et al. 85 (2): 890 -- Journal ...
		Connexin 43 Gap Junctions Are Decreased in Human Adrenocortical Tumors
		connexin 43 gap junctions was observed with preimmune incubated
		Connexin 43 gap junction plaques are indicated by arrows.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/85/2/890 (3835 words)

	Lens Gap Junctional Coupling Is Modulated by Connexin Identity and the Locus of Gene Expression -- Martinez-Wittinghan ...
		connexin proteins are as old as the animal.
		the gene locus of expression of this connexin.
		Selective interactions among the multiple connexin proteins expressed in the vertebrate lens: the second extracellular domain is a determinant of compatibility between connexins.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/45/10/3629 (5130 words)

	Gap Junction Localization and Connexin Expression in Cytochemically Identified Endothelial Cells of Arterial Tissue -- ...
		The connexin labeling is shown as red label and the endothelial marker green.
		In the endothelium, both sizes of gold marker are found specifically at the gap junction (gj), demonstrating that a population of rat aortic endothelial gap junctions contain both connexin types, as suggested from the confocal image in Figure 10.
		Little TL, Beyer EC, Duling BR (1995a) Connexin 43 and connexin 40 gap junctional proteins are present in arteriolar smooth muscle and endothelium in vivo.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/45/4/539 (6382 words)

	Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Connexin Gene, Cx-60, in Porcine Ovarian Follicles -- Itahana et al. 139 (1): ...
		A new member of the connexin family was isolated from the porcine ovary.
		occasionally, multiple connexins are expressed in a single cell (4).
		Differential expression of connexin genes in rat ovarian follicles.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/139/1/320 (5462 words)

	Connexin Diversity: Discriminating the Message -- Delmar 91 (2): 85 -- Circulation Research
		Connexins are the protein subunits that form gap junctions.
		Connexin is not the only family of channel proteins that is
		Gu H, Ek-Vitorin JF, Taffet SM, Delmar M. Coexpression of connexins 40 and 43 enhances the pH sensitivity of gap junctions: a model for synergistic interactions among connexins.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/2/85 (1367 words)

	Nafenopin Causes Protein Kinase C-Mediated Serine Phosphorylation and Loss of Function of Connexin 32 Protein in Rat ...
		Connexin 32 and 26 protein expression, as assessed by immunoblotting,
		P., and Bennett, M. Phosphorylation of connexin 32, a hepatocyte gap-junction protein, by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C and Ca /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
		Yamasaki, H., and Naus, C. Role of connexin genes in growth control.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/56/1/86 (5977 words)

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