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Topic: Conodonts

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Graptolite

	OnCampus: Tiny vertabrate teeth help prof
		The teeth of the conodont, which appeared in earth’s warm oceans 500 million years ago, are the focus of research by Dr. Charles Henderson, a University of Calgary micropale-ontologist.
		Conodonts are useful to the construction of this geologic clock because they provide a means of comparing rocks from different locations across the globe.
		In the parlance of paleontology, conodonts are excellent “index fossils” in the sense that the record of their physical evolution provides a reliable reference framework against which the surrounding rock can be compared and dated.
	www.ucalgary.ca /oncampus/weekly/oct29-04/conodont.html (494 words)

	Conodonts (Conodonta: extinct), Kentucky Geological Survey (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conodonts were tiny fish-like animals that were very abundant in the shallow seas of the Paleozoic Era.
		Conodont teeth are very common fossils in the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian rocks in Kentucky.
		Conodont teeth fossils are microscopic and are studied by micropaleontologists, who use them to establish relative ages of the rocks in which they were found.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/fossils/conodonts.htm (120 words)

	Conodont
		Conodonts are extinct worm-like forms with distinctive multi-bladed teeth made of apatite (calcium phosphate).
		Conodonts and their presumed relatives are known from the Precambrian to the Late Triassic.
		Donoghue-Philip-C-J; Purnell-Mark-A; Aldridge-Richard-J (1998), Conodont anatomy, chordate phylogeny and vertebrate classification, in Lethaia.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Conodont.html (183 words)

	Lingua Terrae Books Conodonts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Balinski, A. Brachiopods and conodonts from the Frasnian of the Debnik anticline, southern Poland.
		Conodont stratigraphy and paleontology of the Namurian of Belgium.
		Stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of the Sexton Creek Limestone and the Salmonie Dolomite (Silurian) i northwestern Indiana.
	home.planet.nl /~m.rappol/conodont.htm (2191 words)

	Conodonts
		Conodont elements are phosphatic tooth-like structures whose affinity and function is now believed to be part of the feeding apparatus of an extinct early vertebrate.
		Conodont diversity and abundance declined in the Silurian.
		Since conodonts are resistant to mechanical and chemical attack preparation techniques can utilise acids such as acetic, formic, or monochloric to release the elements from their host rocks, which are commonly carbonates.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /GeolSci/micropal/conodont.html (0 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 30.000 Conodonta: Overview
		Conodont elements, the disarticulated bony remains of the complex conodont oral apparatus, are found as microfossils by the tens of thousands in virtually every Paleozoic marine sediment, everywhere in the world.
		Although the reconstruction of the apparatus has been a central theme of conodont research in recent years, we will defer any serious discussion of the apparatus until we are positioned to look at the specifics of the Ozarkodinida and the work of Purnell and Donoghue (1997) on this, probably the best-known group of conodonts.
		Conodonts are elongate worm-like organisms that flourished from the Middle Cambrian through the end-Permian event.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/030Conodonta/030.000.html (0 words)

	What Are Conodonts?
		Conodonts may have been minnow-sized, with two large eyes, with chevron-shaped markings along the body suggesting muscle blocks found only in chordates.
		Although some researchers think conodonts may have been related to the hagfish or "slime eel," these creatures were quite different from anything alive today, and conodonts are still a major mystery to paleontologists.
		The wide variety in conodont teeth suggest that even at this early stage in the evolution of life, they were part of a complex ecosystem of predator and prey, although most of the creatures that made up their diet probably had soft bodies that left no fossils.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Hall/1383/2WhatAre.htm (0 words)

	Hidden World of the Conodonta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conodont elements grew through the external addition of layers of apatite around the basal cavity, which suggests that the elements grew within an epithelial pocket in the conodont.
		For example, early Silurian offshore conodont faunas are dominated by coniform elements, whereas coeval onshore conodont faunas are dominated by ramiform and pectiniform elements.
		Preparing rock residues for conodont studies is typically a three-step process: 1) disaggregating or decomposing the entombing rock; 2) sieving the wet residue: 3) concentrating the conodont elements from the dried residue.
	geology.csusb.edu /cdont_art.htm (1871 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conodonts are the millimeter-sized phosphatic tooth-like remains of an extinct eel-like organism currently aligned with the chordates and possibly the oldest vertebrate.
		While conodonts were originally described in the 1850’s, a whole organism was not discovered and described until 1983, which lead to interesting speculation as to their function and host animal.
		Conodonts can be recovered from most of the marine strata in western New York, including the famous North Evans “conodont bed” Limestone exposed along Eighteenmile Creek and in several other sites in Erie County.
	www.bapg.org /Speakers/OverAbstract.html (422 words)

	Stardust \| JPL \| NASA
		Conodonts are the microscopic teeth of primitive, boneless, eel-like animals.
		The largest known conodont teeth, found near the town of Alamo in southern Nevada, measure nearly a half-inch in length, but most are not much larger than the head of a pin.
		Since the middle of the 20th Century, conodonts have become the most useful microfossil for dating marine rocks, mainly because of their widespread distribution, fast rate of evolution, and rapid recoveries from near-extinctions.
	stardust.jpl.nasa.gov /news/news13.html (913 words)

	Toothy tales of earth’s history - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Toothy carnivores called conodonts are used as indicators of the degree of maturation of hydrocarbons in the sedimentary basins.
		The conodonts have the distinction of being the index fossils.
		The presence of distinct species and their relative abundance help the conodont specialists to establish the approximate water depth or distance from the shore in which the host sediments were deposited.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/dec062004/snt8.asp (584 words)

	[No title]
		Conodonts were widely distributed over several continents during the Ordovician period due to climate changes that occurred over time.
		In addition to conodonts, brachiopods are also foundpreserved in the limestone and shale of the Emanuel formation.
		Of special interest are the abundance of the aforementioned conodonts, brachiopods, gastropods, and trilobites which indicate the favorable marine conditions of the period.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /ordovician/canning.txt (1255 words)

	Canning Basin, Western Australia
		Conodonts are part of larger animals, and are composed of calcium phosphate and other organics.
		The tooth-like shape of conodonts (which means "suggested teeth") probably means their role was one as food gathering devices.
		Conodonts were widely distributed over several continents during the Ordovician period; unfortunately, connections between conodonts found in the Emanuel formation and many others found in Europe and North America have yet to be determined.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /ordovician/canning.html (1056 words)

	ZapMeta Web Site Results for: "conodonts" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conodonts, the tiny, phosphatic, toothlike remains of an extinct group of early...
		Conodonts are microfossils that lived during the Paleozoic Era.
		In the case of conodonts, there are many that are distributed throughout all of...
	www.zapmeta.com /search/meta/zapfor.pl?search=web&query=conodonts&page=2&en=yx.&match=all&within=syzDayYHM2obs&S1=&txt= (199 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since conodonts were never found associated with any other obvious remains of the animals that bore them, speculation abounded as to what sort of animal they might have come from.
		They show some typical vertebrate characters (conodonts are quite similar in microstructure to vertebrate odontodes, and the animals probably had cartilage capsules around their cephalic sense organs).
		In general, conodonts that are bilaterally symmetrical were located on the animal's midline; those that are asymmetrical existed in mirror-image forms which were arranged on opposite sides of the animal's mouth.
	faculty.uca.edu /~benw/biol4402/lab3/lab3.htm (811 words)

	USGS Release: Comet that triggered mass extinction was much larger than originally thought... Tiny Teeth Shed Light ...
		Conodonts are the microscopic teeth of primitive, boneless, eel-like animals.
		Conodont animals lived in many of the world’s oceans from the Cambrian through Triassic Periods of geologic time (550 to 210 million years ago).
		The largest known conodont teeth, found near the town of Alamo in southern Nevada, measure nearly a half-inch in length, but most are not much larger than the head of a pin.
	www.usgs.gov /newsroom/article.asp?ID=1154 (878 words)

	Ashouri (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conodonts role on biostratigraphy, an example from Devon, south of England.
		Conodonts of Famennian to Tournaisian age in Ozbak-Kuh Mountains from the Shishtu Formation type section.
		Icriodus and Polygnathus conodont fauna; Late Devonian from east and Middle-Late Devonian from north Iran.
	sds.uta.edu /sds18/Ashouri.htm (637 words)

	Conodonts: Past, present, future Journal of Paleontology - Find Articles
		Although long enigmatic, conodonts are now regarded as vertebrates and their closely controlled fossil record is not only the most extensive of all vertebrates, but it also makes conodonts the fossils of choice in upper Cambrian through Triassic biostratigraphy.
		Conodonts were soft-bodied except for a variety of phosphatic elements that formed a distinctive feeding apparatus.
		In 1930, conodonts were paleontologic curiosities, thought probably to be the teeth, jaws, or dermal scales of an extinct group of Paleozoic fishes and of interest to only a few students anywhere in the world.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200111/ai_n8971563 (730 words)

	Nearctica - Paleontology - Other Invertebrate Groups
		Almost the entire fossil record of the conodonts consists of small, microscopic "tooth- and jaw-like" structures, termed "elements", located in the head region of the animal.
		Conodont elements occur in a wide variety of shapes and are commonly found as discrete microscopic grains.
		Conodonts, as well as being an enigma, are nature's version of a jig-saw puzzle.
	www.nearctica.com /paleo/inverts/miscinvs.htm (867 words)

	ZapMeta Web Site Results for: "conodonts" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ozarkodinid conodonts were one of the most successful groups of agnathan vertebrates.
		The conodonts are well preserved and the material from the GSSP candidate section and...
		Conodonts are today generally thought to be chordates/vertebrates but...
	www.zapmeta.com /search/meta/zapfor.pl?query=conodonts&search=web&match=all&D1=title&C1=&txt= (249 words)

	[No title]
		Macerodus dianae Zone conodonts appear approximately one-third to halfway through the Roubidoux and the biozone is represented through most or all of the remainder of the formation.
		Our work on conodonts (Figure2) and trilobites in the Ibexian of the Ozarks is only in its early stages, but we are able to make some refinements in the age control in some of the stratigraphic marker horizons.
		Conodonts show that the Stonehenge-Rockdale Run and Stonehenge-Nittany contacts in Maryland and central Pennsylvania, respectively, occur within the Rossodus manitouensis Zone, and thus are demonstrably older than either the base of the Roubidoux, base of the Fillmore, or base of the Cool Creek.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /GEOLOGY/paleontology/pub/grd3_3/ozar1.htm (3651 words)

	Spectral reflectance of conodonts; a step toward quantitative color alteration and thermal maturity indexes -- Deaton ...
		Color is a subjective measure, and color changes in conodonts are related to a subjective scale, the conodont alteration index or CAI.
		The diffuse reflectance of about 30 large conodont fragments arranged on a barium-sulfate slide was determined with a total reflectance spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 300-850 nm.
		By examining conodonts that ranged from a CAI of 1 to a CAI of 6 we found that the average slope of the reflectance curve from 550 to 800 nm is a good proxy for CAI.
	aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org /cgi/content/abstract/80/7/999 (280 words)

	Geological Dating using the Evolution of Conodonts as an Example (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Conodonts can be found in sedimentary rock of the Cambium through to the Triassic.
		Conodonts can be dissolved out, using acetic acid, from limestone of the Devonian, which was deposited approximately 360 million years ago.
		Evaluations of the conodonts which have been dissolved out are made and, on this basis, dating is determined.
	www.xlab-goettingen.de /staticsite/drucken.php?menuid=520 (241 words)

	Palaeontology - Research - corals and conodonts
		Working on the Ordovician conodonts from South China in cooperation with the research project lead by Professor Jiayu Rong from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
		2001: Distribution and biogeographical implications of the conodont genus Taoqupognathus in the Upper Ordovician (Eastonian) of eastern Australia and China.
		and Webby, B.D., 2003: Early Ordovician conodont distribution from Craton to basin and island terranes in east Gondwana.
	www.amonline.net.au /palaeontology/research/conodonts.htm (0 words)

	Our Hoosier State beneath us: Paleontology: Conodonts: Micro fossils of distinction
		Conodonts, microfossils in sedimentary rocks in ancient sea bottoms, are common in Indiana.
		Fossil impressions of strange animals found recently in Montana contained groups of conodonts.
		Five or six kinds of conodonts were present in one individual.
	www.indiana.edu /~librcsd/etext/hoosier/PA-06.html (116 words)

	ISGS Conondonts
		Conodonts are generally less than one-inch-long, soft-bodied, worm-like animals.
		Conodonts are very useful because they help geologists determine the age of the rocks in which they are found.
		Conodonts have been found in rocks ranging from the middle of the Cambrian (about 510 million years ago) to the late Triassic (about 210 million years ago).
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /fossils/conodonts.htm (167 words)

	Euconodonta
		These denticles, which are made of calcium phosphate, like the vertebrate bones and teeth, have been variously referred to annelids, arthropods, molluscs, chaetognaths, and even plants, although it has been sometimes suggested that they were fish teeth.
		The clue came in 1983 when the first articulated "conodont animal" was discovered in the Carboniferous of Scotland.
		Admittedly, the tissue structure of the "conodonts" (i.e; the denticles situated in their mouth; left) is at odds with conventional vertebrate hard tissues.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Euconodonta&contgroup=Vertebrata (0 words)

	Orientation in Anatomical Notation in Conodonts
		But the current schemes of anatomical notation and terms for orientation were formulated at a time when little was known of conodont anatomy or skeletal architecture, resulting in some confusion and difficulties in their application.
		The principal axes of the conodont body are identified as rostro-caudal, dorso-ventral, and medio-lateral, with opposite lateral sides designated dextral and sinistral.
		Biological orientation in conodonts; the new terminology as applied to the head and apparatus of an ozarkodinid conodont.
	www.le.ac.uk /gl/map2/abstractsetc/orient/orientweb.html (0 words)

	Cryptozoology.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, I think conodonts are jawless although their platform elements may have been used for crushing like how we use our molars.
		Wear features have been identified on conodont platform elements that may have been caused by occlusion with other platforms (basically the platform elements were grinding against each other).
		The closest relatives to conodonts are hagfish and lampries, but I think conodonts were much, much cuter than either hagfish or lampries, IMHO.
	www.cryptozoology.com /forum/topic_view_thread.php?tid=6&pid=298170 (137 words)

	Trip 3: Plate 1
		Conodonts from the Deer Valley Member of the Mauch Chunk Formation, Keystone quarry, Pa. This collection (93RS–79c) is from the lower 10 cm of the Deer Valley Member.
		Conodonts from the uppermost Loyalhanna Limestone Member of the Mauch Chunk Formation, Keystone quarry, Pa. This collection (93RS–79b) is from the upper 10 cm of the Loyalhanna Member.
		Conodonts from the basal 20 cm of the Loyalhanna Limestone Member of the Mauch Chunk Formation, Keystone quarry, Pa. (93RS–79a), and Westernport, Md. (93RS–67).
	pubs.usgs.gov /circ/2004/1264/html/trip3/pl1.html (218 words)

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