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	Conscientious objector - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the United States, the Supreme Court ruled in 1970 that it is not necessary for a conscientious objector to have a religious basis for their beliefs.
		Many conscientious objectors are so for religious reasons — notably, the Quakers are pacifist by doctrine and Jehovah's Witnesses, who, while not strictly speaking pacifists, refuse to participate in the armed services on the grounds that they believe Christians should be neutral in worldly conflicts.
		After the War, conscientious objectors in the Soviet Union or the German Democratic Republic were typically assigned to construction units, in the absence of a fully civilian alternative to military service.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conscientious_objection (1622 words)

	Conscientious objection throughout the world - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Conscientious objection, in Finnish siviilipalvelus (civilian service), was originally acknowledged in Finland in the 1930s.
		The original proponent for conscientious objection was Arndt Pekurinen, a famous pacifist who was later executed for disobeying orders in war.
		Conscientious objection exists since the incorporation of forced military service but was not officially recognized until the twentieth century, when it was gradually recognized as a fundamental human right as a part of the freedom of conscience.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conscientious_objection_throughout_the_world (1107 words)

	Conscientious objection to military service in Israel: an unrecognised human right (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The imprisonment of (male) conscientious objectors is a violation of the human rights to conscientious objection, derived from art 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
		At present the ongoing attempt to force conscientious objectors into betraying or changing their convictions by means of escalating the tactic of repeated imprisonment is of major concern.
		According to IDF officials a conscientious objector is referred to the Conscience Committee if he states to an IDF official that he cannot perform military service on grounds of conscientious objection.
	www.wri-irg.org /co/co-isr-03.htm (4005 words)

	Conscientious Objectors\| A History of National Service in America
		For however defensible it might be on other grounds, conscientious objection frees certain select citizens from the most basic-and dangerous-of civic obligations: the duty to defend one’s country.
		The issue of conscientious objection was squarely faced in the peacetime conscription law of 1940 and reiterated in the draft legislation of World War II.
		At first, most pacifist groups considered the CPS system a great triumph for conscientious objection; it certainly contrasted favorably with the repressive policies of World War I. By the end of the war, however, most religious objectors came to see the CPS experiment as a moral capitulation by the pacifist establishment to the state.
	www.academy.umd.edu /publications/NationalService/conscientious_objectors.htm (1354 words)

	The Registry for Conscientious Objection
		As a concept, conscientious objection was co-opted by the military who gave itself the power to grant or withhold official status as a "C.O." The National Registry reclaims the notion of conscientious objection, and returns it to its original meaning as a way of life (rather than a military or governmental designation).
		Conscientious objection is not the property of generals, to be handed out or withheld according to the judgment of draft boards.
		Objection to violence and courage of conscience are characteristics of a life committed to peace.
	www.peaceabbey.org /confcenter/coregistry.htm (2770 words)

	Fact Sheet: Conscientious Objection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Members of the military who develop a "firm, fixed, and sincere objection to participation in war in any form or the bearing of arms,"1 based on moral, ethical, or religious beliefs, are entitled to discharge from the military or transfer to non-combatant status.
		An applicant for conscientious objector (CO) status must submit a written application and be interviewed by a chaplain, military psychiatrist, and investigating officer.
		You have the "burden of establishing a claim of conscientious objection...through clear and convincing evidence...." Therefore, you must establish that your claim meets the criteria for conscientious objection and that your beliefs are "honest, sincere and deeply held."
	girights.objector.org /gettingout/conscientious-objection.html (1104 words)

	MoveOn.org: MoveOn Bulletin
		Although the term "conscientious objection" can certainly be limited to the legal meaning of refusing to participate in some or all military service because of religious or moral objections to killing others, at heart conscientious objection is simply opposition to war.
		Asking "am I a conscientious objector?" means reviewing the moral, spiritual, political, and personal beliefs that help you determine the code of conduct for your own life and balancing a love of, or devotion to, the principles of your country versus other principles that guide you.
		This excellent page answers important questions about why conscientious objection is important, what it is, what types of conscientious objection are recognized by law, what other types of conscientious objectors there are, and what obligations a person has to fulfill as a conscientious objector.
	www.moveon.org /moveonbulletin/bulletin6.html (2148 words)

	PPU information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Conscientious objection in the military context means refusal to serve, or continue to serve, on the grounds of conscience, in the armed forces.
		In states where conscientious objection is recognised, there is usually a court or tribunal which attempts to test the sincerity of the individual objector, and if the objection is allowed, the objector is required to perform some alternative civilian service - sometimes of longer than military service.
		If the objection is not recognised, and the objector still refuses to submit to the military, he - in virtually all states except Israel conscription applies only to men - may be imprisoned.
	www.ppu.org.uk /special/co_stuff.html (610 words)

	What Do I Believe About War? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Generally, conscientious objection is a sincere conviction, motivated by conscience, that forbids someone from taking part in organized killing.
		CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS: These are persons who, by reason of religious, ethical, or moral belief, are "conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form." These people may be discharged from military service.
		If provision is made in law for conscientious objectors to paying for war (the U.S. Peace Tax Fund bill), they will have to establish that they are conscientious objectors in order to have the military portion of their Federal income tax redirected for peaceful purposes.
	www.centeronconscience.org /What_Do_I.htm (1505 words)

	Report of the Secretary-General on the question of conscientious objection to military service
		Conscientious objection is allowed for those who, because of their religious or moral beliefs, are not prepared to perform military duties in the armed forces (WRI).
		The Supreme Court dismissed as irrelevant the lack of any legal provision expressly stipulating conscientious objection as a ground for exemption, on the basis that individual rights - whose enjoyment and exercise solely require that the authorities refrain from committing certain acts - must necessarily be asserted by the courts in respect of specific cases.
		Netherlands: The number of recognized conscientious objectors was 2,184 in 1987; 2,083 in 1988; 1,987 in 1989; 1,957 in 1990; 1,898 in 1991; 1,598 in 1992; 1,526 in 1993; and 1,376 in 1994.
	hri.ca /fortherecord1997/documentation/commission/e-cn4-1997-99.htm (13634 words)

	Conscientious Objectiors to War: A American Buddhist's Perspective with Resources for Objectors
		In fact, the alternative way, that is, conscientious objection to participating in military training and a war, is a noble and meaningful way to serve your country.
		[Conscientious Objectors] Nothing contained in the title (sections 451 to 471a of this Appendix) shall be construed to require any person to be subjected to combatant training and service in the armed forces of the United States who, by reason of religious training and belief, is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form.
		Christian contributions to the conscientious objection movement and protecting freedom of thought, conscience, and religion are remarkable.
	www.fortunechildbooks.com /objector.htm (2700 words)

	A Short History of Conscientious Objection in Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This legislation limited conscientious objection to a religious basis and made it subject to conditions or regulations set by cabinet.
		Many conscientious objectors argue that paying taxes to support the government’s efforts to train and prepare for war is objectionable.
		This may include seeking out activities that create a culture of peace, such as conflict resolution skills and community resources, exploring what jobs are compatible with CO beliefs, working in paid or voluntary capacities with issues such as sustainable development, care of creation, aboriginal justice and violence against women.
	www.mcc.org /peace/info/CO_history.html (1328 words)

	Information on Conscientious Objection in Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There is thus good reason to believe that the rights of conscientious objectors would be honoured in the event that Canada would decide to participate in a military offensive against terrorism and would invoke conscription to do so.
		The primary purpose of the Conscientious Objectors’ Registry is to strengthen our commitment to be peacemakers in the name of Christ, in time of war and time of peace.
		Two specific resources created around the Conscientious Objectors’ Registry are available to assist individuals in reflecting on their commitments to peacemaking and to write those down.
	www.mcc.org /peace/info/draft_canada.html (502 words)

	Pietisten: Conscientious Objection
		The practice of conscientious objection, the refusal to fight in the military on moral and religious grounds, has existed since the time of the Christ.
		Prior to the twentieth century, conscientious objection was the sole domain of the historic peace churches: the Anabaptists (Mennonites, Amish, and Hutterites), the Brethren, and the Quakers.
		The law provided for those objectors who, “by reason of religious training and belief, [were] conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form.” Under this law, conscientious objection was, for the first time, recognized to be a matter of individual conscience, not group affiliation or creed.
	www.pietisten.org /winter99/co.html (550 words)

	ipedia.com: Conscientious objection in East Germany Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The communist government viewed conscientious objectors as enemies of the state, and all 287 were arrested.
		However, nearly 80% of East Germans were, at least nominally, Protestants, and when the church protested, the government decided to take a different approach to dealing with conscientious objectors.
		By the late 1980s, the vast majority of conscientious objectors were people who wished to emigrate.
	www.ipedia.com /conscientious_objection_in_east_germany.html (718 words)

	Conscientious Objection in Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In general, conscientious objection denotes refusal to participate in war in any form for reasons of religious upbringing or deeply held ethical principals; selective conscientious objection refers to refusal to participate only in those wars which the objector believes to be unjust, or refusal to participate only in certain aspects of a particular war.
		objection not to military service per se but objection to service in the occupied territories or even, occasionally, objection to service at all in what was now seen as an army engaged in an illegal or immoral occupation.
		The three reservists known to be in jail for their selective conscientious objection in September 1987 were there not for their refusal to serve in Lebanon, but rather for their refusal to serve in the West Bank.
	www.beki.org /conscientious.html (3241 words)

	Conscientious Objection
		http://www.nisbco.org/What_Do_I.htm CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION AND THE DRAFT -------------------------------------- This is a chronology of conscription in the United States.
		http://www.scn.org/ip/sdmcc/co.htm People who are drafted for military service and successfully apply to become conscientious objectors will probably be reassigned to alternative service for the same amount of time as they would have served in the military.
		Israel does not recognize conscientious objection and many of the men must serve time in prison for their refusal.
	homeschool.resource.ods.org /20021017.HTM (418 words)

	Selective Service System: Fast Facts
		A conscientious objector is one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and/or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles.
		A registrant making a claim for Conscientious Objection is required to appear before his local board to explain his beliefs.
		Two types of service are available to conscientious objectors, and the type assigned is determined by the individual's specific beliefs.
	www.sss.gov /FSconsobj.htm (415 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Conscientious objectors are those who, for political and religious reasons, oppose war.
		During the Vietnam War, Selective Service denied exemption to conscientious objectors whose views were "essentially political, sociological, or philosophical." But that war, unlike World War II, was widely viewed as unjust, and the number of political objectors far outnumbered those who held deep religious convictions.
		By the end of the war, 50,000 conscientious objectors had fled the country or assumed false identities in the United States.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_019400_conscientiou.htm (1331 words)

	Facts on Military Service and Conscientious Objection -- Responding to the Tragedy \| Issues -- UUAWO
		Applicants for both 1-O and 1-A-O exemptions must show that their objection to participation in war is based on sincerely held religious, moral, ethical, or a combination of religious and moral beliefs.
		Your objection can be based entirely on moral or ethical convictions that hold a meaningful place in your life.
		In order to establish a history of conscientious objection, you should begin to prepare a file for yourself well in advance of your claim.
	www.uua.org /uuawo/issues/respond/military.html (2028 words)

	Advice to Conscientious Objectors Facing Draft Registration
		Classifications such as hardship and conscientious objection are not assigned until after the registrant receives an induction notice.
		When a conscientious objector registers, he (male only, so far) should note somewhere on the registration form that by reason of his training and belief, he is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form, and he should make a photocopy of the card before surrendering it to the postal worker.
		Selective Service destroys the original registration cards after they are microfilmed, and conscientious objectors who have placed any such notice on the registration card will still have to request the CO classification if they receive induction notices.
	peace.mennolink.org /articles/co_advice.html (710 words)

	Conscientious Objection - An Important Decision
		Please state whether, in your opinion, objection to enlistment as such is a legitimate and accepted expression of a pacifist's conscientious stand.
		The institution ostensibly facilitating exemptions for Conscientious Objectors is the military "Conscience Committee." In fact, this committee staffed exclusively by military officers, grants almost no exemptions and seems to function as a cover-up against charges of discrimination.
		Faced with no legal option for conscientious objection, a discharge on grounds of unfitness or poor health is virtually their only way out.
	www.jewishpeacefellowship.org /Objection.htm (7619 words)

	AFSC Youth Program - Conscientious Objection
		A conscientious objector (CO) is someone who has sincere, deeply-held beliefs that make him or her object to fighting in war.
		By the US military's definition, COs are servicemembers or draftees who have come to believe because of religious or moral reasons that they cannot participate in any war.
		They believe that conscientious objection can be motivated by other factors, such as politics, and that people can be "selective COs," meaning that they object only to certain types of war, such as offensive wars or nuclear wars.
	www.afsc.org /newengland/nh/finalafscyouth/conscientiousobjection.html (341 words)

	For Mother Earth: Conscientious Objection
		Santa and his helpers were preparing presents for the imprisoned Finnish conscientious objectors, while activists of For Mother Earth handed in a petition letter to a representative of the Embassy.
		At the moment 25 conscientious objectors (COs) are serving their sentences in Finnish prisons, and it is expected that by the end of this year over 70 COs will have been sentenced to jail in 2004 alone.
		The right to conscientious objection is recognised by the United Nations and the European Union, as well as in different human rights declarations.
	www.motherearth.org /hermaja/en/news12.php (795 words)

	Home
		“The right of service members to challenge denial of conscientious objection claims on the basis that the denial lacks a basis in fact is well established.
		The basis of the federal court petition is that, while Paredes’ application showed that he met the criteria to be discharged as a conscientious objector, the Navy denied his request without giving any reason as is required by regulations.
		Because the Navy erred in denying Paredes conscientious objector status, the Court can order that the misconduct discharge be vacated and that he be discharged honorably as a conscientious objector to war.
	www.swiftsmartveterans.com (1018 words)

	Friends United Meeting: About FUM - A Guide for Friends on Conscientious Objection to War
		It is necessary to be able to show that you sincerely hold beliefs that are like a religion to you, and that -- as a result of your beliefs -- you would refuse to participate in any war in which you would reasonably be expected to fight.
		Describe your beliefs which are the reasons for your claiming conscientious objection to combatant military training and service or to all military training and service.
		If it were enacted, conscientious objectors could pay their taxes in full and the military portion would be designated for peaceful purposes.
	www.fum.org /about/resources/coguide.html (5509 words)

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