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Topic: Conscription in Australia

	Conscription - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Conscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority, but it is most often used in the specific sense of government policies that require (very often, male only) citizens to serve in their armed forces.
		Conscription is seen also signaling inequality; as men are required to risk their life and limb without any compensation while women aren't, it is a clear signal the society values far more the lives of women than those of men, and men are just expendables.
		Conscription is a component of "total war", and can also be used as an example of established policy to justify a government's demand that other sacrifices be required of civilians.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Conscription (9769 words)

	Conscription in Australia
		Conscription in Australia cannot alter the result of the war.
		Conscription in Australia will make it easy for other races to capture our industries, and the wives and daughters of the absent conscript will be forced to beg bread from an alien race.
		Conscripts were not part of the Australian forces who served in Korea, Malaya and Borneo.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/other/conscription.htm (1701 words)

	Forging The Nation - Conscription
		Australia had introduced a limited form of conscription before the war.
		But it was the proposal to extend conscription to cover combat service overseas that created bitter divisions within the community.
		He then tried to put pressure on his opponents by holding a referendum in which the public was asked whether or not it supported the idea.
	www.awm.gov.au /forging/ww1/conscription.htm (172 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In recent years WRI has established itself as a source of information on conscription for immigration lawyers and advice agencies, receiving a growing number of enquiries from as far away as Australia and Canada.
		But conscription was an issue in the Australian political arena with Prime Minister William (Billy) Hughes sending Australian voters to two bitterly fought referendums.
		It became increasingly clear, that if Australia was to support the USA in its stand against communism in Vietnam in a more than tokenistic manner, then Australia, because of its limited defence force, would need to introduce conscription.
	www.lycoszone.com /info/conscription--south-australia.html (432 words)

	Essay - Australia in the Vietnam War
		Moratoriums were held around Australia in protest against conscription and Australias involvement in the war.
		Conscription did have an effect on the Liberal governments popularity, a few months after a complete troop withdrawal in 1972 from Vietnam, the Whitlam Labour government replaced the McMahon Liberal government.
		Australias involvement in the Vietnam War was pointless, many Australians died fighting a war that had very little to do with them.
	www.onlineessays.com /essays/history/his020.php (650 words)

	Conscription in Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first plebiscite was held on the 28th October 1916 and narrowly rejected conscription with a margin of 49% for and 51% against.
		Conscription was effectively introduced in mid-1942, when all men 18-35, and single men aged 35-45, were required to join the Citizens Military Forces (CMF).
		Conscription ended as one of the first acts of the newly elected Whitlam Labor Government in late December 1972.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conscription_in_Australia (1436 words)

	Radio Australia - News - Cambodian parliament passes conscription law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Under the law, anyone trying to escape military conscription would be jailed for up to one year during peacetime, or up to three years if the country was at war.
		The law also provides that any person who causes disability to themselves or flees to live abroad to evade conscription can be imprisoned for up to two years during peacetime, and five years during war.
		The chairman of the committee on foreign affairs of the Cambodian national assembly, Son Chhay, says conscription is a tactic of intimidation and fear to be used against the large number of young unemployed Cambodians.
	www.radioaustralia.net.au /news/stories/s1773687.htm (363 words)

	Conscription and conscience
		Australia was unusual among English speaking countries in introducing compulsory peace time military service before the First World War influenced by the republican ideal of the citizen soldier.
		Australia was fighting in support of the United States, which was trying to maintain South Vietnam as a non-Communist state, and there was growing opposition within the USA to both the goals of the war and the methods used to fight it.
		Conscription of women was discussed during 1942 and in January 1943 Manpower Regulations enabled the authorities to direct both men and women in Australia to necessary jobs, although the Government maintained this was not strictly conscription of women.
	www4.gu.edu.au /ext/civics/cv02/mod03/cv02m03t01.htm (6667 words)

	Conscription - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Conscription certainly imposes on the freedom of the individual and although some conscripts feel that they benefited from the experience others feel that their time could have been spent more productively pursuing their chosen studies or career paths.
		Conscription inspires commraderie, unifying a people; all able-bodied males have had the same experience and are soldiers, creating unity and team spirit within a nation.
		Conscription is seen also signaling inequality; as men are required to risk their life and limb without any compensation while women aren't, it can be viewed as a signal the society values far more the lives of women than those of men, and men are just expendable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conscription (11397 words)

	Conscription Portal @ Involuntarily.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Conscription Commission was set up to control draft in Azerbaijan, the Cabinet of Ministers told the APA.
		A complex of measures will be taken to ensure that autumn conscription 2006 is public and open for the draft soldiers, their relatives, society and Mass Media.
		Manifesto against Conscription and the Military System - States that conscript armies, with their large corps of professional officers, are a grave menace to peace.
	www.involuntarily.net (1417 words)

	Orders, Decorations and Medals - Medals by Country - Medals of Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Williams was made a member of the Order of Australia in 1998 for his service to the community as a financial benefactor and supporter of medical research and youth welfare.
		Australia's latest military hero didn't fire a shot during the Iraq war, but his outstanding leadership has won him the nation's second highest honour.Brigadier Maurie McNarn spent months eating, sleeping and breathing the war as the Australian force commander.
		Minister Vale said the presentation of the first medals marked the 50th anniversary of the introduction of universal conscription in Australia and was an important occasion marking the nation's gratitude for the contribution of National Servicemen.
	www.geocities.com /dco700/Australia.htm (9614 words)

	The Industrial Workers of the World and Conscription in Australia - Indonesia / Philippines / Australia History of ...
		The IWW or "wobblies" were militant socialists and Anarchists numbering perhaps 500 in Australia at their peak.
		The first conscription referendum closely followed brutal suppression by British troops of the Easter Rising in Dublin, this influenced some Irish Catholics and the Catholic Archbishop Mannix was a vocal opponent of conscription.
		When all allowance is made for these special cases the IWW has to be recognized as the glue which held the anti-conscription movement together, tirelessly relating the world war to the everyday class struggle at home.
	www.anarkismo.net /newswire.php?story_id=331 (665 words)

	Appendix 11: Universal Service League, Boy Conscription, Shipbuilding, Waterside Workers and Loyalists, Seamens' ...
		The loss of parental control to the military was 'causing the mothers of Australia to stand aghast'.
		Labor Governments under Hughes in the Federal sphere, and Holman in New South Wales, were held in low regard due to their policies on military conscription of any kind, but particularly in the area of forcing the young into militarist conformism, thinking and attitude towards society generally.
		In Australia, while those with an international outlook saw the importance of recognising and commemorating what had occurred in Chicago, the labor movement generally placed its own significance on the day.
	www.takver.com /history/myunion/myunionapp11.htm (3398 words)

	ANZACs - Cannon Fodder for the Kings and Bosses - the State thrives on violence : Melbourne Indymedia
		Many young Australian men had no intention of acting as cannon fodder for a war that they believed was being fought by workers at either end of a bayonet, for the benefit of their masters, not the workers.
		Resistance to the war in Australia was initially spearheaded by the I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World) a militant workplace based organisation that used direct democracy and direct action to improve their wages and conditions in the workplace.
		As the casualty lists mounted, resistance to participation in World War One became so widespread that the Australian government, faced with the prospect of a general strike and widespread disruption if it introduced conscription to bolster the war effort, was forced to call a referendum in December 1916 to introduce conscription in Australia.
	www.melbourne.indymedia.org /news/2006/04/111473.php (999 words)

	Radio Australia - News - Cambodia debates military conscription (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Cambodia's parliament has begun debating a law that would require all Cambodians aged 18 to 30 to serve in the military for 18 months.
		The AFP newsagency says a draft law was originally approved by the cabinet in 2004 and could add as many as 10,000 people to Cambodia's armed forces each year.
		Cambodia's Defence Minister, Tea Banh, says the new military service law is intended to build the country's forces to protect the nation, but opposition MPs say conscription would be a waste of money.
	www.radioaustralia.net.au /news/stories/s1773149.htm (235 words)

	Trial not conscription: Nelson \| The Nation \| The Australian
		DEFENCE Minister Brendan Nelson has reassured families that plans to bolster troop numbers by offering school-leavers a trial in the army is not a move towards conscription.
		Dr Nelson said yesterday that the ADF was failing to meet its recruitment targets, enlisting 7500 people a year instead of 8500.
		But he ruled out reintroducing conscription because of a shortage of training resources and because it would be "extremely divisive in Australia".
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20587623-2702,00.html (307 words)

	Conscription Portal @ Involuntarily.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Polish army will be undergoing fundamental changes, turning fully professional and voluntary within the next few years.
		Overseas Cypriots who repatriate to Cyprus also face conscription, but if they have had a permanent family home abroad for at least 10 years then they are...
		Cambodia's national assembly has voted to introduce conscription so young men aged between 18 and 30 will be liable to serve 18 months in the military.
	www.involuntarily.org (1417 words)

	Vietnam: Australia's Involvement
		Australia's Military Involvement in the Vietnam War Allies in Vietnam Brian Ross Vets with a Mission
		Australia's Military Involvement in the Vietnam War Brian Ross pdf file Vietnam Veteran's Association of Australia
		Australia's Involvement in the Vietnam War - The Political Dimension Brian Ross pdf file Vietnam Veteran's Association of Australia
	www.trinity.wa.edu.au /plduffyrc/subjects/sose/austhist/vietnam.htm (744 words)

	CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION
		Conscription Conflict - the conflict of ideas in the struggle for and against military conscription in Britain between 1901 and 1939.
		Conscription of Conscience - the American state and the Conscientious objector 1940-1947 Mulford Q Sibley and Philip E Jacobs.
		War and Conscience in South Africa: The Churches and Conscientious Objection.
	www.ppu.org.uk /learn/infodocs/cos/cos_selectedreading.html (193 words)

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