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Topic: Consensus model (criminal justice)

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Criminal justice

	CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEGREE - best college degree information
		Criminal justice refers to the system used by government to maintain social control, enforce laws, and administer justice.
		Criminal justice is distinct from the field of criminology, which involves the study of crime as a social phenomena, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime.
		The pursuit of criminal justice is, like all forms of "justice" or "fairness" or "process", essentially the pursuit of an ideal.
	www.hitechcj.com /criminal-justice-degree-online (1190 words)

	Conflict model (criminal justice) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The conflict model (non-System perspective or system conflict theory) of criminal justice argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work competitively to produce justice, as opposed to cooperatively (See: consensus model).
		This school of thought is followed both by groups which argue that the conflict model is the reality of criminal justice, but the consensus model is the ideal; and groups which argue that the conflict model is both the reality and the ideal.
		The model argues that police desire to put criminals into prison whereas prison officials who are concerned about overcrowded facilities may desire to release criminals from prison.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conflict_model_(criminal_justice) (311 words)

	CJCENTRAL: Criminal Justice Brief, 5E: Glossary
		In criminal justice usage, the legal ability of a person to commit a criminal act; the mental and physical ability to act with purpose and to be aware of the certain, probable, or possible results of one's conduct.
		In criminal justice usage the name for the type of executive or legislative action where the severity of punishment of a single person or a group of persons is reduced or the punishment stopped, or a person is exempted from prosecution for certain actions.
		A federal, state, or local criminal or juvenile justice agency, under a single administrative authority of which the principal functions are the intake screening, supervision, custody, confinement, treatment, or presentencing or predisposition investigation of alleged or adjudicated adult offenders, youthful offenders, delinquents, or status offenders.
	www.prenhall.com /cjcentral/cjbrief6e/glossary/c.html (2516 words)

	Mental Health and Criminal Justice
		Criminal justice and mental health professionals and advocates have called for diversion efforts to link offenders with mental illness to community-based services to break their continued cycling through the criminal justice, mental health, and substance abuse treatment systems and to reduce the number of people with mental illness in jails.
		The mental health and criminal justice systems have a big, common problem: persons with mental illness are increasingly involved in the criminal justice system, resulting in greater burden on criminal justice and less effective treatment for persons with mental illness.
		In order to minimize involvement of persons with mental illness in the criminal justice system while protecting the public, the degree of criminal justice involvement should be directly proportional to the extent to which an individual poses a danger to society.
	www.os.dhhs.gov /asl/testify/t000921a.html (4858 words)

	Criminalcourt.eu
		Restorative justice assumes that the victim or their heirs or neighbors can be in some way restored to a condition "just as good as" before the criminal incident.
		Retributive justice or the "eye for an eye" approach assumes that the victim or their heirs or neighbors have the right to do to the offender what was done to the victim.
		Criminal justice emerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established a criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916.
	www.criminalcourt.eu (2575 words)

	The Minnesota Restorative Justice Initiative
		The purpose of the DOC Restorative Justice Initiative is to promote and support the use of practices, policies, and programs chat focus on repairing the harm of crime and strengthening communities in all jurisdictions around the state.
		Several of the models arising from the exploration of more restorative responses to crime involve community members in the process of supporting victims and deciding the terms of accountability for those who have violated the community norms.
		In the case of criminal events the powerless might be either the offender or the victim, or both.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /nij/publications/rest-just/ch1/mnrjmodel.htm (2170 words)

	Dr. Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Glossary
		Consensus model an analytical perspective on social organization which holds that most members of society agree as to what is right and what is wrong, and that the various elements of society work together in unison toward a common and shared vision of the greater good.
		Criminal homicide (UCR) the name of the UCR category which includes and is limited to all offenses of causing the death of another person without justification or excuse.
		Criminal justice system the various agencies of "justice," especially police, courts, and corrections, whose goal it is to apprehend, convict, punish, and rehabilitate law violators.
	talkjustice.com /files/glossary.htm (7109 words)

	Criminal Justice Assessment Commission (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Once Alaska was selected to participate in the Criminal Justice System Project, a diverse group of criminal justice policy makers representing all three branches of government, together with other community members, began meeting in July of 1997.
		One of the primary purposes of the Criminal Justice Assessment Commission was to provide a collaborative forum within which members could work to resolve immediate problems, cooperate in long-term planning, and work together on projects that would benefit the interests of all of the agencies and constituents involved.
		Criminalization refers here to placing mentally disabled offenders who have committed minor crimes, such as trespass and disorderly conduct, into the criminal justice system instead of the mental health system.
	www.ajc.state.ak.us /Reports/cjachistory.htm (2734 words)

	Buffalo Criminal Law Review
		Criminal law is of paramount importance to today's society and the states continue to have legislative interest in reform.
		Disparity in sentencing is a source of great unfairness, and that unfairness brings the criminal justice system into disrepute, for such disparity means that the sentence that an offender receives depends upon the judge to which the offender is assigned rather than the offense the offender committed.
		If incapacitation of the dangerous were the sole determinant for the distribution of criminal sanctions, prison terms would be set according to those factors that best predicted future crime: The higher the likelihood of a serious crime in the future, the stronger the case for imprisonment and, often, the longer the sentence.
	www.law.upenn.edu /fac/phr/toptenlist.html (9295 words)

	U.S. Catholic Bishops - Social Development & World Peace (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In developing these reflections, we have consulted with Catholics who are involved in every aspect of the criminal justice system: prison chaplains, police officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, probation and parole officers, wardens, correctional officers, crime victims, offenders, families of both victims and offenders, and treatment personnel.
		Too often, the criminal justice system neglects the hurt and needs of victims or seeks to exploit their anger and pain to support punitive policies.
		Criminal activity is largely a local issue and, to the extent possible, should have local solutions.
	www.usccb.org /sdwp/criminal.htm (13917 words)

	NCADI: Substance Abuse Treatment and Domestic Violence
		Consensus Panel members have observed that the violent behavior of a batterer client can interfere with his treatment for substance abuse, and conversely, his substance abuse can interfere with interventions aimed at changing his violent behavior (Bennett, 1995).
		Consensus Panelists and field reviewers concur that although anger is a common emotional theme among violent batterers, a batterer's violence is not "caused" by anger.
		The Consensus Panel did not discuss the specific psychopharmacological effects of cocaine, amphetamine/methamphetamine, or phencyclidine or other hallucinogens on violence, because there is no evidence to suggest that these drugs have any effect on domestic violence (although a few studies suggest that chronic use may influence aggressive behavior in general [Brody, 1990]).
	ncadi.samhsa.gov /govpubs/BKD239/25f.aspx (4506 words)

	Restorative Justice in New Zealand - Donald Schmid \| Ian Axford Fellowship reports
		I also made presentations on restorative and criminal justice policy at the National Library, Victoria University, and the Royal New Zealand Police College and served on a special Ministerial Task Force on Youth Crime that was chaired by the Chief District Judge of New Zealand.
		Criminal justice processes that are restorative share a number of characteristics that explain why they are effective in - among other things - reducing reoffending, increasing satisfaction rates, and preventing crime in the first place.
		The hallmark of restorative justice is collaboration among those parties with an interest in the criminal offense, including victims, offenders, families of victims and offenders, community groups, and the police.
	www.fulbright.org.nz /voices/axford/schmidd.html (1190 words)

	"On The Theory of Punishment.".
		To punish the criminal, in order to satisfy the urges of the victim for revenge and retribution is an expression of a very old law, which still finds expression in our existing law, lex talionis10.
		The agencies for reclaiming and employing juvenile criminals; the separate treatment of intoxication [and drug addiction]; the broad distinction drawn between a first offender and an habitual criminal; the prison regulations that check the contagion of vice, have all had a good effect in reducing the amount of crime.
		To obtain a consensus in respect to constructive laws is extremely difficult in a democracy, indeed, next to impossible.
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Essays/BluePete/PunishmentTheory.htm (3402 words)

	Chapter 01- What is Criminal Justice (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Criminal Justice includes criminal laws, procedures, and activities having to do with enforcement of the law.
		Criminal justice is intertwined with social justice, because our criminal laws, etc. have everything to do with our basic ideas about right and wrong.
		Justice is the principle of fairness or moral equity.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /cja110/class/chapter01.htm (510 words)

	mass media effects: glossary
		In order to strengthen the consensus the media periodically whip up moral panics against those deviants ('folk devils') who are deemed to lie outside the central cultural system, e.g.
		Many critics of the media would argue that the apparent consensus as regards those norms is in part manufactured by the media by the process of labelling certain groups' or individuals' behaviour as deviant and then duly reacting to it with moral outrage on behalf of 'ordinary, decent people'.
		According to this view the Criminal Justice Act 1994, with its legislation specifically targetting travellers and raves, is the response to the moral panic in the media.
	www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk /MUHome/cshtml/media/efterms.html (6468 words)

	Lawyers by state - State-Lawyers.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The study of criminal justice traditionally revolves around three main components of the criminal justice system: police, courts, corrections.
		One question which is presented by the idea of creating justice involves the rights of victims and the rights of accused criminals, and how these individual rights are related to one another and to social control.
		There are several basic theories regarding criminal justice and its relation to individual rights and social control.
	www.find-attorneys.com /criminal_justice.htm (652 words)

	California's Criminal Justice System: A Primer
		The fastest-growing segment of the state’s criminal justice system is state corrections, with these costs growing at an average annual rate of about 10 percent during the past ten years.
		Because the vast majority of criminal activity is handled by state and local authorities, we focus in this report on the role of the state and local governments in California’s criminal justice system.
		In addition, juveniles tried in adult criminal court for particularly serious or violent crimes are placed in a DJJ facility until their 18th birthday, at which time they are transferred to state prison for the remainder of their sentence.
	www.lao.ca.gov /2007/cj_primer/cj_primer_013107.aspx (8037 words)

	Criminal Justice
		We may find, for instance, that when we consider the tough circumstances of some criminals, we are moved to sympathy, a sympathy that might offset to some extent the desire to impose suffering on the offender.
		To seek the suffering of the offender is just one of many possible responses to crime and injury done to us, and although criminal justice has traditionally taken the imposition of retributive punishment as its primary, often sole objective, this need not remain the case.
		In our system of criminal justice, we don’t want to model and therefore implicitly endorse as means of behavior control the very conditions we know produce and reinforce manipulative egotism and pathological brutality.
	www.naturalism.org /criminal.htm (9853 words)

	Restorative Justice Online — Modelling
		Informally, however, Japanese justice officials (police, prosecutors, defence attorneys and judges) encourage actions that affirm restorative values, giving the victim and the offender the opportunity, in a real sense, to determine whether the case goes to a formal process, or alternatively, an informal process.
		Within this model, the victim and the offender would still primarily determine the course of the case, whether it goes to formal or informal processes (subject to an overriding public safety concern).
		The alternative is "democratic" restorative justice, which is located in the community as much as possible, not in the justice system.
	www.restorativejustice.org /intro/tutorial/systemic/modeling (1441 words)

	Circle Peacemaking
		Circle sentencing is a form of restorative justice, one of a number that have emerged over the past decade in response to demands for community and victim involvement in the justice process.
		A Justice Center research team working in Kake on legal ethnographic research funded by the National Science Foundation was able to observe the community’s adoption of the circle sentence process over a period of eighteen months.
		There was very little formal justice discussion; rather, the focus of those present was helping troubled individuals and families better respond to alcohol and drug problems and the legal problems that ensue from substance abuse.
	justice.uaa.alaska.edu /forum/17/4winter2001/a_circle.html (2345 words)

	About Youth Justice in New Zealand - Youth Court
		Both family group conferences and restorative justice give a say, regarding how the offence should be resolved, to those most affected by it - that is, victims, offenders and their 'communities of care' - and both give primacy to their interests.
		It was this model that was seen as a prototype of a new method for resolving disputes within families in a way that was culturally appropriate for Maori as well as a model of an empowering process for all New Zealand families.
		Thus, in contrast with most systems of juvenile justice, it is intended in the New Zealand system that responsibility be given to families, whanau, hapu, iwi and family groups to respond to their child's offending.
	www.justice.govt.nz /youth/aboutyj.html (2358 words)

	Council of State Governments - Eastern Regional Conference - Criminal Justice
		The Council of State Governments Justice Center (www.justicecenter.csg.org) is hiring a project director to help staff the Reentry Policy Council Project, an initiative begun in 2001 to increase the likelihood that people’s transition from prison or jail to the community is safe and successful.
		In general, the Justice Center works closely with legislative leaders, judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, victim advocates, and others to develop consensus on various, often highly politicized, criminal justice issues and to translate this consensus into comprehensive reports, policy briefs, state and federal legislation, model policies, and innovative programs.
		Justice Center projects are designed to develop consensus among stakeholders with varying perspectives who are brought together to solve difficult community problems—legislative leaders, other policymakers, judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, police, corrections officials, victim advocates, and many others.
	www.csgeast.org /content.asp?pageID=8 (1854 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, there was strong consensus on part of the attendees that indigent defense has not received its "fair share" of funding when compared to other components of the justice system, such as law enforcement, prosecution, and corrections systems.
		The juvenile justice system was viewed by the group as moving in two seemingly different directions--the emphasis on prevention and early intervention with young children, and the increased efforts to try juvenile offenders as adults and incarcerate them for long prison terms.
		OJP and its component agencies' investment of funds in the integration of criminal justice information systems were urged to ensure defense and prosecution components are included, as appropriate, in systems design, funding, and implementation.
	www.criminaljustice.org /indigent/ind00009.htm (1717 words)

	Division of Criminal Justice Home
		to provide for the general supervision of criminal justice by the Attorney General as chief law enforcement officer of the State, in order to secure the benefits of a uniform and efficient enforcement of the criminal law and the administration of criminal justice throughout the State.
		A Juvenile Justice Police Training Working Group shall be established which shall consist of representatives from the Division of Criminal Justice, Division of State Police, County Prosecutors Association, Association of Chiefs of Police, county and local police academies, state and county juvenile officers associations and from the academic and juvenile justice fields, as appropriate.
		The Division of Criminal Justice, in conjunction with the County Prosecutors Association, shall provide for the in- service training of assistant prosecutors and county prosecutor investigative personnel assigned to handle juvenile cases.
	www.state.nj.us /lps/dcj/agguide/juvenile.htm (1694 words)

	Hill Connections: Contemplation -Social Justice Issues (Restorative Justice)
		Briefing Sheets prepared by the Sentencing Project highlight the need to move from a criminal justice system focused on retributive justice to a system with a firm foundation of restorative justice.
		Restorative justice is a response to crime that focuses on restoring the losses suffered by victims, holding offenders accountable for the harm they have caused, and building peace within communities.
		In short, restorative justice is a process through which remorseful offenders accept responsibility for their misconduct to those injured and to the community that, in response, allows the reintegration of the offender into the community.
	www.hillconnections.org /ja/restorative3dc.htm (1916 words)

	The Archbishop of Canterbury - Criminal justice - the social purpose of sentencing
		There is in fact a consensus not only in those concerned with criminology and the practice of the law but also across the political parties that our present system needs review and yet that review seems extraordinarily slow in coming.
		We have the aforesaid consensus across the parties, within the academic side of criminology, and among practitioners within the penal system -- and we have, very strongly flagged, a number of concerns from government about restorative justice and non-custodial options.
		And part of the emerging agreement around penal policy and sentencing has to do with the recognition that punishment does not have to do simply with retribution, that punitive practice alone will not address motivation, and that the failure to address motivation is a failure to address the problem of re-offending.
	www.archbishopofcanterbury.org /1116 (2103 words)

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