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Topic: Consideration under English law

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	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		It is based on the common law right of a wife to be supported by her husband, but in the United States, the Supreme Court in 1979 removed its limitation to husbands, to account for cases in which the wife is wealthier.
		conflict of laws that part of the law in each state, country, or other jurisdiction that determines whether, in dealing with a particular legal situation, its law or the law of some other jurisdiction will be...
		parole in criminal law, release from prison of a convict before the expiration of his term on condition that his activities be restricted and that he report regularly to an officer.
	www.encyclopedia.com /category/Social_Sciences_and_the_Law/Law/law.html (4387 words)

	CAT Report - Cyprus (1996) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Under Article 35, the legislative, executive and judicial authorities of the Republic shall be bound to secure within the limits of their respective competence the efficient application of the provisions relating to fundamental rights and liberties.
		In the said Law the offence of torture, as defined in article 1 of the Convention, is made a specific offence carrying sentences of varying severity according to the gravity of the offence and the circumstances of its commission.
		Under the same regulations the Prisons' Council was constituted, with power and authority, inter alia to hear and investigate any complaint made by a prisoner, to inspect the condition of the prison building and to inquire into the working conditions of prisoners.
	www.law.wits.ac.za /humanrts/cat/cyprus1996.html (7573 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		Under Article 35, the legislative, executive and judicial authorities of the Republic shall be bound to secure within the limits of their respective competence the efficient application of the provisions relating to fundamental rights and liberties.
		In the said Law the offence of torture, as defined in article 1 of the Convention, is made a specific offence carrying sentences of varying severity according to the gravity of the offence and the circumstances of its commission.
		Under the same regulations the Prisons' Council was constituted, with power and authority, inter alia to hear and investigate any complaint made by a prisoner, to inspect the condition of the prison building and to inquire into the working conditions of prisoners.
	hei.unige.ch /humanrts/cat/cyprus1996.html (7574 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bequest For Masses (Canada)
		In this province the law of England, as in force on 15 October, 1792, introduced "so far as it was not from local circumstances inapplicable", under powers conferred by the statute of 1791, which divided the old Province of Quebec into Lower and Upper Canada, is the basic law.
		The court held that the English law, as far as under it such dispositions may have been invalid, was inapplicable under the circumstances of the province, wherein the Catholic religion was tolerated.
		In British Columbia the civil law of England, as it existed on 19 November, 1858, and in the three other of these provinces, that law as it existed on 15 July, 1870, "so far as not from local circumstances inapplicable", is the basic law.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10030c.htm (532 words)

	Allonge - LoveToKnow 1911
		An indorsement written on the allonge is deemed to be written on the bill itself.
		An allonge is more usually met with in those countries where the Code Napoleon is in force, as the code requires every indorsement to express the consideration.
		Under English law, as the simple signature of the indorser on the bill, without additional words, is sufficient to operate as a negotiation, an allonge is seldom necessary.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Allonge (116 words)

	Representative Phil English (PA03) - English Votes to Pass Pension Security Bill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Under current law, “new shippers” are given the option of posting a bond as collateral, instead of cash, for the amount of duties which they would ultimately owe U.S. Customs.
		Under this type of easement, the property owner grants a portion of, or interest in, the owner’s property rights to a qualified organization whose mission includes historic preservation.
		Under the provision, a charitable deduction is allowed with respect to easements concerning buildings located in a registered historic district.
	www.house.gov /apps/list/press/pa03_english/pension0706.html (1256 words)

	Consideration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Consideration under English law is dealt with separately.
		Consideration is a central concept in the common law of contracts.
		Under classical contract theory, consideration is required for a contract to be enforceable.
	www.kiwipedia.com /consideration.html (135 words)

	Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials
		Governments and law enforcement agencies should develop a range of means as broad as possible and equip law enforcement officials with various types of weapons and ammunition that would allow for a differentiated use of force and firearms.
		Law enforcement officials, in carrying out their duty, shall, as far as possible, apply non-violent means before resorting to the use of force and firearms.
		Law enforcement officials, in their relations with persons in custody or detention, shall not use force, except when strictly necessary for the maintenance of security and order within the institution, or when personal safety is threatened.
	www.ohchr.org /english/law/firearms.htm (1496 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		In the course of the consideration of Norway's first supplementary report, the Chairman of the Committee stated that he was not sure that the measures described in the report (paragraph 19) were in keeping with article 6, paragraph 1, of the Convention (see CAT/C/SR.122, para.
		Under section 172, it is sufficient in order to arrest a person that there are circumstances which strengthen the suspicion to a marked degree.
		The measures mentioned under the competence of the social welfare board may be used in cases concerning sexual exploitation of children, child prostitution and child pornography.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/cat/norway1997.html (6482 words)

	Undergraduate Program - English Department - Tufts University
		English 1, which fulfills the first half of the College Writing Requirement, explores the principles of effective written communication and provides intensive practice in writing various types of expository prose, especially analysis and persuasion.
		English 1 is offered both semesters, with substantially fewer sections in the spring.
		English 2 is offered both semesters, with substantially fewer sections in the fall.
	ase.tufts.edu /english/undergrad/firstyearwriting.html (1760 words)

	Allonge \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		An allonge is more usually met with in those countries where the Code Napoleon is in force, as the code requires every endorsement to express the consideration.
		Under English law, as the simple signature of the endorser on the bill, without additional words, is sufficient to operate as a negotiation, an allonge is seldom necessary.
		A piece of paper which has been attached to a contract, a check or any promissory note, on which to add signatures because there is not enough room on the main document.
	www.babylon.com /definition/Allonge/English (160 words)

	Contract Law - Consideration
		Consideration is called "executory" where there is an exchange of promises to perform acts in the future, eg a bilateral contract for the supply of goods whereby A promises to deliver goods to B at a future date and B promises to pay on delivery.
		If one party makes a promise in exchange for an act by the other party, when that act is completed, it is executed consideration, eg in a unilateral contract where A offers £50 reward for the return of her lost handbag, if B finds the bag and returns it, B's consideration is executed.
		Under s27(1) it is provided that any antecedent debt or liability is valid consideration for a bill of exchange.
	www.lawteacher.net /Contract/Agreement/ConsiderationLecture.html (970 words)

	Senate supports English as U.S. national language - Americas - International Herald Tribune
		It was not clear, though, whether the designation would be included in any immigration law ultimately enacted, because the Senate also approved a Democratic amendment declaring English the "common and unifying" language of the country.
		Which description is included in the final legislation sent to the president for his consideration would have to be negotiated between the House and the Senate.
		Under the Republican proposal, the federal government is directed to "preserve and enhance the role of English as the national language of the United States of America." It does not go as far as proposals to designate English the country's official language, which would require all government publications and business to be in English.
	www.iht.com /articles/2006/05/19/news/english.php (494 words)

	UOS - COLLEGE OF LAW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This course studies constitutional law, its nature and distinction from other branches of law, the definition of the constitution, the sources of constitutional consequences, kinds of constitutions, their origins and developments, the diminishing relative value of constitutions and the means for protecting them through censorship and its application.
		It also deals with the application of public international law in time of peace: international treaties, emergence of new states, their recognition, their rights and obligations, the theory of international responsibility, the methods for the settlement of disputes and diplomatic and consular relations.
		This course deals with the main crimes that are harmful to public service,such as: the crime of bribery and its definition,punishment according to the federal criminal law,falsification,its definition and penalties,types of falsification and its difficult circumstances,such as the crime of abusing one's position or abusing power,theft and damage to public property.
	www.sharjah.ac.ae /Academic/law/english/courses (1313 words)

	Contract - Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The law of obligations has traditionally been divided into contractual obligations, which are voluntarily undertaken and owed to a specific person or persons, and obligations in tort which are based on the wrongful infliction of harm to certain protected interests, primarily imposed by the law, and typically owed to a wider class of persons.
		A contract which is implied in law is also called a quasi-contract, because it is not in fact a contract; rather, it is a means for the courts to remedy situations in which one party would be unjustly enriched were he or she not required to compensate the other.
		By law, some contracts, including most securities brokerage contracts, must be arbitrated; other contracts are referred by courts as a matter of local law or policy.
	goldbamboo.com /topic-t1210-a1-6Contracts.html (4330 words)

	Consideration under English law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Consideration under English law is a very controversial doctrine comprising a series of sub rules in English law which purport to govern when a promise made by one party may be enforced by the party to whom the promise is made in the jurisdiction of England and Wales.
		Consideration in its traditional form in English law usually is expressed as the requirement that for parties to be able to enforce a promise, they must have given some quid pro quo for it: something must be given or promised in exchange or return for the promise.
		This particular rule of consideration forms the basis of the doctrine of privity of a contract, that is, only a party to a contract is permitted to sue upon that contract's terms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Consideration_under_English_law (2414 words)

	Contract - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations (along with tort, unjust enrichment or restitution).
		Consideration: There must be consideration (see also consideration under English law) given by all the parties, meaning that every party is conferring a benefit on the other party or himself sustaining a recognizable detriment, which is a cost to a party, whatever it may be.
		The law of obligations has traditionally been divided into contractual obligations, which are voluntarily undertaken and owed to a specific person or persons, and obligations in tort which are based on the wrongful infliction of harm to certain protected interests, primarily imposed by the law, and typically owed to a wider class of persons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Contract_law (5886 words)

	Real estate Contract, more information about Contract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the civil law, contracts are considered to be part of the general law of obligations.
		Under the 'meeting of the minds' theory of contract, a party could resist a claim of breach by proving that although it may have appeared objectively that he intended to be bound by the agreement, he had never truly intended to be bound.
		A law setting out such requirements is typically called the Statute of Frauds; the name originates from an English statute that was for 'the prevention of frauds.' The point of the Statute of Frauds is to prevent false allegations of the existence of contracts that were never made, by requiring formal (i.e.
	www.real-estate-usa.biz /Contract.html (2528 words)

	[No title]
		In English's case the offensive weapon was a pistol, and it was proved that he was in a state of intoxication while wearing it about in the city of Jefferson.
		The law under consideration has been attacked upon the ground that it was contrary to public policy, and deprived the people of the necessary means of self-defense; that it was an innovation upon the customs and habits of the people, to which they would not peaceably submit.
		The object and purpose of all law should be the promotion and advancement of the happiness and well being of the people upon whom the law is to operate.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/wbardwel/public/nfalist/english_v_state.txt (1511 words)

	Text of Iraqi Constitution
		Article (5): The law is sovereign, the people are the source of authority and its legitimacy, which they exercise through direct, secret ballot and its constitutional institutions.
		It is under civilian control; it is subjected to the supervision of the executive authority; it operates according to the law and to recognized human rights principles.
		The session shall be held under the chairmanship of the oldest member, to elect the president of the council and his deputies.
	www.voanews.com /english/archive/2005-08/2005-08-24-voa39.cfm?CFID=31186352&CFTOKEN=18576542 (4262 words)

	Contract Law, Part 3: Consideration & Deeds
		Beer doctrine no longer applied in contemporary law and that "a promise to accept a smaller sum in discharge of a larger sum, if acted upon, is binding notwithstanding the absence of consideration." In this case, the evidence suggested that the reduction was only for the duration of low vacancy.
		Under the common law, a creditor who accepts partial payment as settlement for a debt can still go after the debtor for the balance.
		Considering the confused state of common law's contract law component, and the extent of contemporary commercial transactions, the special status of contracts under seal is now so far outdated that it verges on ludicrous.
	www.duhaime.org /contract/ca-con3.aspx (2707 words)

	Oman Guide:Introduction,The Islamic system of law In general, Gulf states operate as largely patriarchal socie. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Under Islamic law, the crimes that carry defined penalties are murder, apostasy (rejection or desertion of Islam), adultery, fornication, homosexuality and theft.
		As an expatriate, you’re subject, of course, to the laws of the country you’re in.
		Ignorance of the law isn’t accepted as anexcuse before the law, so it’s as well to acquaint yourself with the laws of the country that you choose to live in.
	www.justlanded.com /english/oman/tools/just_landed_guide/legal_system/introduction (1045 words)

	German Law Cases
		Such a general rule of public international law was, however, not held to exist, at least not at the present time: the validity of the principle of ne bis in idem has thus far been limited to sentencing by the same state.
		Similarly, there is presently no general rule of public international law opposing the permissibility of extradition when the person sought has already been imprisoned for the same offence in a third state and this time is not accounted for or taken into consideration by the state seeking extradition.
		No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again in criminal proceedings under the jurisdiction of the same state for an offence for which he has already been finally acquitted or convicted in accordance with the law on penal procedure of that State.
	www.utexas.edu /law/academics/centers/transnational/work/german-cases/cases_bverg.shtml?31mar1987 (4878 words)

	Hydrocarbons Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Article 14.- The joint venture agreements for the activities referred to under paragraphs a), b) and c) of Article 9 of this Law shall be subscribed by YPFB on behalf of and in representation of the State.
		The current contractors under operation and association agreements subscribed with YPFB shall continue operating under the terms and conditions of such contracts until the expiration thereof, in which case the taxes established in the respective contracts will be applied.
		The current contractors under operation and association agreements subscribed with YPFB who are in the exploration phase may convert their contracts into joint venture agreements under this Law.
	lapaz.usembassy.gov /english/commercial/hclaw.htm (6665 words)

	International Law
		The law to be applied needs to be known by those who are sworn to assure its application.
		This law should allow governments to be able to count on the support of a modern legislation that is effective, efficient and flexible enough to confront the situations that arise with this type of phenomenon.
		It should also be taken into consideration that the scope of a publication done by using traditions means is limited to the number of copies that can be produced.
	www.oas.org /juridico/english/international_law.htm (11265 words)

	english
		English majors and minors must earn at least a C in all courses required in any of the major/minor programs and must have a 2.000 average in all courses in a program.
		Experiential Studies is coordinated each year by a faculty member and overseen by the English major's adviser with whom the major meets on a regular basis to discuss his or her work and progress.
		Students select experiences under the guidance of an adviser and are encouraged to consider community service projects as well as more traditional internships and field experiences related more closely to the English major.
	www.westminster.edu /Admissions/majors/english.htm (1869 words)

	Greece: Recommendations Regarding the Draft Law for the "Fight against Trafficking of Human Beings and the Provision of ...
		Thus, we recommend that the draft law's language fully conform with the protocol's text with respect to the consent of the trafficking victim.
		While paragraph 2(c) of Article 349 of the draft law creates enhanced penalties for perpetrators of trafficking who are related to the victim, the legislation should also provide explicit penalties for police officers, immigration officers, and other officials engaging in trafficking.
		Greece should also include a provision in part B of the draft law to ensure that monetary awards made to children are actually received by them through the formation of a trust or other legal mechanism.
	hrw.org /backgrounder/eca/greece/greece_law.htm (2972 words)

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