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Topic: Consonance and dissonance

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	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Consonance and dissonance
		Both consonance and dissonance are words applied to harmony, chords, and intervals and by extension to melody, tonality, and even rhythm and metre (music).
		In the common practice period all dissonances were required to be prepared and then resolved, occurring on weak beats and quickly giving way or returning to a consonance.
		Despite the fact that this idea of the historical progression towards the acceptance of ever greater levels of dissonance is somewhat oversimplified and glosses over a great number important developments in the history of western music, the general idea was attractive to many 20th-century modernist composers and is considered a formative meta-narrative of musical modernism.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Consonance_and_dissonance (1920 words)

	SchenkerGUIDE: Consonance and dissonance
		The idea of consonance and dissonance in western music goes back to at least the 5th century BCE and is now commonly understood to stem from a combination of factors both acoustic and cultural.
		Consonant intervals have simpler ratios (the octave has the simplest of all - 2:1) and the more complex the ratio the more it is heard as a dissonance (the minor second has a ratio of 16:15).
		Whatever the basis for the concept of consonant and dissonant intervals, a gradually changing consensus developed over the centuries that while some successions of intervals were pleasing to the ear, some were not.
	www.schenkerguide.com /consonanceanddissonance.html (763 words)

	Learn more about Dissonance in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Both are words applied to harmony, chordss, and intervalss: sounds which are dissonant seem unstable, and have an aural need to resolve to a stable consonance.
		Consonance between two notes can be defined as greater coincidence of their harmonics or partials, which collectively are overtones.
		In poetry, dissonance is the deliberate avoidance of patterns of repeated vowel sounds (see assonance).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /d/di/dissonance.html (320 words)

	The Keyboard Tuning of Domenico Scarlatti
		The presumption of all consonance methods is that Scarlatti would avoid passages using intervals that were markedly out-of-tune or dissonant in his tuning (such as wolf fifths) except in passing, and would tend on average to emphasize those intervals and keys which were relatively pure.
		We conclude that the total dissonance of a large volume of music is a useful tool for studies of keyboard instrument tuning in a historical musical context, although it is insufficient by itself.
		Experiments support the hypothesis that consonance is related to beats of adjacent partials of complex tones, and that the transition from consonance to dissonance is related to a frequency-dependent critical bandwidth of the ear.
	www.sankey.ws /consonance.html (1562 words)

	Sample Chapter -- Cognitive Dissonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The magnitude of dissonance between one cognitive element and the remainder of the person's cognitions depends on the number and importance of cognitions that are consonant and dissonant with the one in question.
		Self-perception theory (Bem, 1967, 1972) argued that dissonance effects were not the result of motivation to reduce the psychological discomfort produced by cognitive dissonance but were due to a nonmotivational process whereby persons merely inferred their attitudes from their behavior and the circumstances under which the behavior occurred.
		Dissonance theorists currently agree that genuine cognitive changes occur in dissonance studies, for example, studies of the induced-compliance paradigm, the free-choice paradigm, and the effort-justification paradigm.
	www.apa.org /books/4318830s.html (5504 words)

	An Atlas of Consonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Consonance is often now defined as the result of the synchronization of the partials of two or more different musical tones.
		This creative use of dissonance as well as consonance seems to give music a strong sense of power and movement, and this is one case where it is useful to free melodic movement from the strict scale generated by a drone, or allow modulation of the tonal center.
		Dissonance is often thought of as the absence of consonance, and in a general way, this is true enough, but there is more to the structure of dissonance which may be of value to a composer.
	www.sohl.com /mt/maptone.html (3579 words)

	Music of Non-Western Peoples: Glossary of Musical Terms
		Consonance and dissonance are relative acoustic states that exist along a continuum in which dissonance increases as frequency ratios become smaller.
		Dissonance is, relatively speaking, the absence of consonance.
		Psychology: consonance and dissonance are subjective terms describing pleasing (consonant) or displeasing (dissonant) sounds.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~music4/terms.html (1144 words)

	Consonance and Dissonance
		The major 3rd and 6th, for examples, were dissonant and initially were not used in early polyphony, which moved in parallel octaves, 4ths, and 5ths.
		Recent studies suggest that even in much of the “dissonant” music of the twentieth century a new logic replaces the old; i.e., there are still consonances and dissonances, but they have been redefined and used in new ways.
		Consonance is metaphorically resolute, static, and restful, whereas dissonance is dynamic, moving, and energetic.
	solomonsmusic.net /consonance.htm (1180 words)

	The Perception of Musical
		Musical consonance has its roots in perceptual consonance, of course, but is dependent on the rules of music theory, which, to a certain extent, can operate independently from perception.
		The consonance of a musical interval, defined as the sum of two complex tones with a certain ratio in fundamental frequency, is highly dependent on the simplicity of the frequency ratio.
		The way in which consonance and dissonance are used in music theory and composition varies considerably from one historical period to another.
	www.zainea.com /raschperception.htm (6337 words)

	Consonance and dissonance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is as would be taught in a beginning music theory class, but intervals such as the thirds and sixths were once considered forbidden dissonances.
		Despite the fact that words like "unpleasant" and "grating" are often used to explain the sound of dissonance, in fact all music with a harmonic or tonal basis — even music which is perceived as generally harmonious — incorporates some degree of dissonance.
		In early Renaissance music intervals such as the perfect fourth were considered strong dissonances that must be immediately resolved.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance (2089 words)

	Consonance and Dissonance
		Hence, to identify what is consonant or dissonant will involve looking at differences in the frequencies of the two sounds.
		In reality, to determine the degree of consonance or dissonance of two sounds played together is not as simple as determining if their frequencies fall within the same critical band.
		To establish the degree of consonance or dissonance for a chord, or a pair of musical notes played together, we have to examine the entire harmonic series for each note, and look at frequency differences to see if they fall within the same critical band.
	hep.physics.indiana.edu /~rickv/consonance_and_dissonance.html (1309 words)

	sonance - the relative consonance/dissonance of a musical interval
		Sonance is directly proportional to both of these values; thus, dissonance increases (and consonance simultaneously decreases) as both the prime-factors and the values of the exponents of those factors become larger.
		Consonance is a continuous, dissonance an intermittent sensation of tone.
		We have found that from the most perfect consonance to the most decided dissonance there is a continuous series of degrees, of combinations of sound, which continually increase in roughness, so that there cannot be any sharp line drawn between consonance and dissonance, and the distinction would therefore seem to be merely arbitrary.
	tonalsoft.com /enc/s/sonance.aspx (657 words)

	Dissonance Music
		A dissonance is any combination of musical TONES not in a state of repose (consonance) that produces the feeling that movement or resolution toward the consonant state is required.
		Aurally, the distinction between consonance and dissonance is subjective, a difference between agreeable and disagreeable sounds.
		The earliest categorization of consonance and dissonance was made by the Greek philosopher and mathematician PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS.
	www.indiamusicinfo.com /new/music/dissonance.html (133 words)

	Consonance and Dissonance - The Main Theories
		Irvine (1946) proposed that consonance and dissonance are related to the length of the periodicity of a cycle.
		The component of dissonance that arises when pure tones are separated by roughly 40% of a critical band.
		The component of dissonance that arises when a two pitches form an interval that is categorically ambiguous for a listener.
	www.music-cog.ohio-state.edu /Music829B/main.theories.html (699 words)

	Annotation for Krebs, Harald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Consonance: The pulses in two metrical levels are well aligned, because every pulse in the "higher" level is also a pulse in the "lower" level.
		Type A dissonance: The pulses in two metrical levels are not aligned because the duration of the pulses in one level is not an integral multiple or division of the duration of the pulses in the other level.
		Type B dissonance: The pulses in two metrical levels are not aligned because, while the durations of the pulses in two levels are identical, the pulses in one level are displaced by some constant interval from those in the other level.
	www.music.indiana.edu /som/courses/rhythm/annotations/krebs87.html (273 words)

	Keith Prater Music Theory - Course 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Consonance, we learned, is the relative pleasantness of a sound.
		Dissonance is the relative unpleasantness of a sound.
		It is important to keep consonance and dissonance in mind when play and writing music.
	www25.brinkster.com /musicschool/course3/lesson2.html (156 words)

	Consonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		According to his theory, two tones become consonant when their frequency difference reaches the critical bandwidth, whereas the least consonance is observed at one-quarter of the critical bandwidth.
		The consonance and dissonance scales are arbitrary (from Plomp and Levelt, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.
		Illustration of the way in which consonance of an interval with a lower complex tone of 250 Hz and a variable higher one depends on the frequency of this tone.
	www.sfu.ca /sonic-studio/handbook/Consonance.html (268 words)

	Consonance and dissonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Our perception of consonance and dissonance in musical tones would seem to be quite complex to understand, however it turns out to be closely related to the frequency difference between the two tones, and related to two other important ideas we have encountered that also involved frequency differences: critical bands and beats.
		As the two frequencies differ by an increasing amount, they begin to sound more consonant and by the time they are in different critical bands they will be consonant.
		We can also produce dissonance by playing a complex sound (a 440 Hz square wave) and a second sound that is within a fraction of the critical bandwidth (about 200 Hz) of 1320 Hz (the third harmonic of 440 Hz).
	carini.physics.indiana.edu /P105S98/Consonance-and-dissonance.html (867 words)

	Consonance and Dissonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These experiments revealed that the most dissonant interval is the one for which the two pure tone frequencies are separated by 25% of the critical band.
		This interval is certainly less consonant in terms of the Plomp criterion than that in example 2, and may even be considered a dissonant interval.
		It is according to the Plomp criterion a dissonance.
	www.ndr.hu /sound/consonance/con2.html (380 words)

	APStracts 8:0348J, 2001. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Consonance and dissonance of musical chords: neural correlates in auditory cortex of monkeys and humans.
		Helmholtz's psychoacoustic theory of consonance and dissonance attributes the perception of dissonance to the sensation of "beats" and "roughness" caused by interactions in the auditory periphery between adjacent partials of complex tones comprising a musical chord.
		Conversely, consonance is characterized by the relative absence of beats and roughness.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2001/jn/November/348j.html (434 words)

	Table of Contents TTSS
		There is also a dichotomy between attitude and practice, between the way theorists talk about consonance and dissonance and the ways that performers and composers use consonances and dissonances in musical situations.
		Sensory dissonance is a function of the interval and the spectrum of a sound.
		Dissonance scores can also be applied in situations where no musical score exists, and two examples are given: a xenharmonic piece by Carlos, and a Balinese gamelan performance.
	eceserv0.ece.wisc.edu /~sethares/contents.html (1750 words)

	cd.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Consonant sounds have been defined as agreeing, pleasant, satisfying, and restful, and have been explained by simple ratios and the harmonic series.
		Dissonant sounds, on the other hand, have been seen as harsh, inharmonious, unresolved, and unpleasant, but are often believed to be the most interesting and beautiful sounds in music.
		These pieces were not meant to decide what is consonant and dissonant by todayís standards.
	plaza.ufl.edu /tnelly/cd.html (212 words)

	Consonance and Dissonance of Musical Chords: Neural Correlates in Auditory Cortex of Monkeys and Humans -- Fishman et ...
		Dissonant intervals (e.g., minor and major 2nd) evoke oscillatory phase-locked responses, manifested as peaks in amplitude spectra.
		Dissonant intervals evoke oscillatory phase-locked responses manifested as peaks in amplitude spectra.
		in A1 correlates with the perceived dissonance of the intervals.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/86/6/2761 (9092 words)

	Harmonious Music Feature
		Sethares bases these improvements on the idea that the tonal quality of a sound influences listeners' perceptions of the consonance (or smoothness) and dissonance (or roughness) of notes of any two pitches (referred to as musical intervals).
		He has developed technical definitions of "consonance" and "dissonance" that lets him sculpt sounds and intervals that precisely control the amount of consonance and dissonance in musical passages.
		It is the interrelationships of the partials of the notes that determines consonance or dissonance of an interval, Sethares says.
	www.engr.wisc.edu /alumni/perspective/23.3/music.html (840 words)

	Solutions to problems on Consonance and Dissonance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When the frequency differences are greater than ~10 Hz (meaning they are not fused) and less than the bandwidth of a critical band, then that pair of pure tones contributes to the dissonance of the chord.
		is the most consonant chord (the fundamental is the most dominant pure tone in most complex sounds).
		The winner for the most dissonant chord is not so clear.
	hep.physics.indiana.edu /~rickv/sol_combination.html (184 words)

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