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Topic: Consonant clusters

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	"Phonesthemes in Swedish" by Åsa Abelin
		The 37 clusters are: bj-, bl-, br-, dr-, dv-, fj-, fl-, fn-, fr-, gl-, gn-, gr-, kl-, kn-, kr-, kv-, mj-, nj-, pj-, pl-, pr-, sk-, skr-, skv-, sl-, sm-, sn-, sp-, spj-, spl-, spr-, st-, str-, sv-, tr-, tv-, vr-.
		The clusters with the highest percentages of sound symbolic root morphemes are: fn- (100%), kn- (81%), gn- (77%), spr- (74%), pj- (71%) and spj- (67%).
		Sl-, kl-, and sp- are lexically frequent clusters, fl- and kn- are intermediate.
	www.ling.gu.se /~abelin/phonest.html (1058 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.930: Waals: Dutch Syllables
		For the clusters, so-called "compression rates" were computed, which are nothing else but the duration of a segment in an onset cluster relative to its duration as a singleton onset (expressed as a proportion).
		Furthermore, the relative duration of the second consonant depended on the sonority of the preceding consonant, e.g., the duration of a second consonant in a coda cluster was relatively longer after a liquid than after a nasal.
		Consonants in triconsonantal clusters were not realized any shorter than in biconsonantal clusters, i.e., the locality effect observed in the onset clusters also applied to codas.
	linguistlist.org /issues/10/10-930.html (2582 words)

	Burundi encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Burundi politics and officials, Burundian History. Travel to Burundi
		Clusters are noted in Georgian of four, five or six terms are not unusual - for instance, brt\'q\'eli (flat), mc\'vrtneli (trainer) and prčkvna (peeling) - and if grammatical affixes are used, it allows an eight-term cluster: gvbrdγvnis (he\'s plucking us).
		Consonant clusters occurring in loanwords do not necessarily follow the cluster limits set by the borrowing language\'s phonotactics.
		In English, the longest possible initial cluster is three terms, as in split; the longest possible final cluster is four terms, as in twelfths and texts (and infarcts for some rhotic accents).
	www.burundiiworld.com /wiki-Consonant_cluster (569 words)

	Consonant clusters
		Labio-dental consonants / f / and / v / are made with the upper teeth and the lower lip.
		Alveolar consonants / n /, / t /, / s /, / z / and / l / are made with the tip of the tongue against or near to the ridge behind the upper teeth.
		Nasal consonants / m /, / n / and / ŋ / are made with the velum lowered, allowing air to escape through the nose.
	www.btinternet.com /~ted.power/clustersindex.html (889 words)

	Bangladesh encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Bangladesh politics and officials, Bangladesh History. Travel to ...
		The rap-wrap merger is a reduction that causes the historical initial cluster /wr/ to be reduced to /r/.
		The not-knot merger is a reduction that causes the historical initial cluster /kn/ to be reduced to /n/.
		Final consonant cluster reduction is the nonstandard reduction of final consonant clusters in English occurring in African American Vernacular English and Caribbean English.
	www.bangladeshiworld.com /wiki-Phonological_history_of_English_consonants (2522 words)

	BBC - Words and Pictures - Wordblender home
		consonants and consonant clusters at the start and end of words
		The player's name may be entered and will appear on the printed sheet at the end of the game.
		Selecting more clusters will produce greater variation over a series of games, although Wordblender does know enough words to offer some variety of play while focussing on a single cluster.
	www.bbc.co.uk /schools/wordsandpictures/clusters/blender/index.shtml (456 words)

	Tamilweb: Words and their Pronunciation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There are a large number of words in Tamil that make minimal pairs due to length of vowels and consonant clusters (i.e., differ only in having a short/long vowel or a single or doubled consonant).
		The nasal consonants that occur at the end of words are usually nasalized by the preceding vowels.
		Consonants can occur either as a 'pure' consonant with a dot on it or as part of a syllable represented by a secondary symbol.
	lrrc3.sas.upenn.edu /tamilonline/tamilwords.asp (746 words)

	Consonant Clusters (Blends)
		A consonant cluster (sometimes known as a consonant blend) is a group of consonants that appear together in a word without any vowels between them.
		When reading clusters, each letter within the cluster is pronounced individually.
		Initial Consonant Cluster Picture Cards - A set of 26 cards illustrating words which contain initial consonant clusters.
	www.firstschoolyears.com /literacy/word/phonics/clusters/clusters.htm (266 words)

	Lojban Reference Grammar: Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A consonant sound is a relatively brief speech-sound that precedes or follows a vowel sound in a syllable; its presence either preceding or following does not add to the count of syllables, nor is a consonant required in either position for any syllable.
		Consonant sounds occur in languages as single consonants, or as doubled, or as clustered combinations.
		Consonant clusters consist of two or more single or doubled consonant sounds in a group, each of which is different from its immediate neighbor.
	xahlee.org /lojban/hrefgram2/c3-s06.html (494 words)

	Quenya Spelling \| David Salo
		The number of possible final consonants is even more limited: only t, r, s, l, and n occur finally and then they always follow a vowel, alone, never being double or part of a cluster.
		The importance of consonant clusters and final consonants is this: the usual structure of a Quenya word is a series of open syllables: C[onsonant]V[owel]CVCVCV....
		Quenya spelling also significantly reduces the number of consonant sequences that raise the question "Is there a vowel between these two consonants or not?" The most obvious way in which it does this is by writing the consonant sequence with a single tengwa.
	www.elvish.org /elm/spelling.html (2028 words)

	[No title]
		Consonant Cluster in Japanese It is often said that Japanese does not have consonant clusters and that is the very reason why the Japanese cannot make consonant clusters.
		There are two kinds of consonant cluster that Japanese can pronounce almost correctly --- /n/ + other consonant such as “hand,” “tense,” “wrench,” and the combination of /m/ + /p/ in “bump” or /m/ + /b/ in “combine” (this combination is not on Avery & Ehrlich).
		As seen in the consonant cluster beginning with /t/, these examples are not the only ways that teachers should do to have student pronounce consonant clusters successfully in the English courses, but it is useful as basic skills for English teachers.
	www.tufs.ac.jp /st/personal/03/conanweb/closedsyllables.doc (1846 words)

	Ling 60 \| Syllabification
		In particular, a consonant between two vowels is universally syllabified as an onset to the second syllable ([a.tu]), not a coda to the first syllable ([at.u]).
		Note that this rule does not specify whether the consonant is joining a syllable that currently lacks an onset consonant, or one that already starts with a consonant (thereby forming a cluster).
		The two leftover consonants cannot be syllabified at this point: onset and coda clusters are not allowed, so there is no place to put these consonants.
	www.unc.edu /~jlsmith/strc-jpn/60syllable.html (1894 words)

	Consonant Clusters
		If there's a consonant starting the syllable after the cluster, well, there's a whole bunch of rules that tell you what to do.
		The usual result is that only one of the two consonants is pronounced; the other one vanishes.
		My advice for now: recognize that consonant clusters exist, and consult a good book or a good teacher if you need to know the pronunication rules.
	www.langintro.com /kintro/cluster.htm (132 words)

	Language Miniatures 9: Consonant clusters (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Every language has its own conventions about what combinations of consonants are permitted to occur before that vowel (and of course after it too).
		A syllable may begin with one consonant or anywhere up to a cluster of six of them.
		All these clusters heard in languages like Russian or Georgian - no matter how much they seem to us to defy the human tongue - are every bit as easy and natural to Russians or Georgians as our familiar ones are to us.
	home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/clusters.htm (820 words)

	Reference Terms
		Here are the seven consonant networks, with their primordial concepts and (where applicable) variant initials.
		In the latter case, the function is to spotlight the semantic signification of the initial, as opposed to nuancing that signification as the other six finals do.
		A small number of initials demonstrate clustering involving the consonant L. These are KL (as in KLAM and KLAP), HL (as in HLAG), GL (as in GLOK), and ML (as in MLAK or MLAG).
	www.kanjinetworks.com /reference.html (4003 words)

	LITERACY BOX 2 : Product Details
		Explain to the pupils that you are going to be revising work on spelling words using their knowledge of consonant clusters and vowel sounds.
		Present the children with three cubes, one with an initial consonant cluster on each side, one with a vowel sound on each side, and one with a final consonant cluster on each side.
		Draw three lines on the board, and ask the children to guess what the initial letter or consonant cluster is. Next, explain that the middle sound is a vowel sound and again take guesses.
	www2.sherston.com /ipw/lesson.aspx?prodid=99 (920 words)

	Sound and Sense
		Intrusion teaches us that consonant clusters are often difficult to say (such that we have a tendency to put extra sounds, especially vowel sounds, into the midst of consonant clusters to make them easier to say).
		The stops can be harsher than other consonants (since you have to stop the flow of air completely to say them), even though they often seem to make consonant clusters easier to say.
		Generally, the weaker a consonant, the easier it is to say (so that nasals, liquids, and semivowels are generally very quick and easy to articulate), but voiceless sounds are usually perceived as easier to say and softer than voiced sounds (which are actually weaker than their voiceless counterparts).
	gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu /tcnj/hotel/Julia.htm (1137 words)

	Consonant Clusters \| CogNeuro Lab \| Cognitive Science Department (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On the representation of consonant clusters: A neuropsychological and ultrasound investigation
		An individual with a spoken production deficit makes errors in producing word-initial consonant clusters, in which a vowel is inserted between the two consonants (e.g., bleed --> buh-leed).
		Several investigations are converging on the result that the error arises at a pre-articulatory cognitive level.
	www.cog.jhu.edu /cogneuro/projects/clusters.htm (85 words)

	Consonant Cluster Reduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		That is, certain members of the cluster, such as stops, are dropped.
		If the cluster reduction would eliminate a grammatical marker, then it is less common.
		Consonant cluster reduction can also be found in varieties of American Indian English, as well.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /~lsp/Features/ClusterReduction.html (215 words)

	Consonant Clusters
		When two or more consonants are put together, either before or after the vowel, in a syllable, we call them a consonant cluster.
		Final consonant clusters are not as difficult to pronounce as initial consonant clusters.
		It may be very difficult for learners to achieve a native-like pronunciation (or intonation!); yet, students who wish to wipe away as much Cantonese accent as possible need more practice in this area, as the above mispronounced sounds are said to be typical of "Cantonese English".
	www.yuetwah.edu.mo /phonetics/clusters.htm (208 words)

	Åsa Abelin's Dissertation Abstract
		The Swedish lexicon has been analyzed with emphasis on the sound symbolic properties of initial and final consonant clusters, and to a certain extent of vowels.
		Lexically infrequent clusters are utilized to a larger extent than lexically frequent clusters.
		Final consonant clusters seem to be of less importance than the initial clusters in new sound symbolic words in Swedish.For the contrastive studies, the general results are that there are both similarities and differences between the expressions in the different languages.
	www.conknet.com /~mmagnus/SSArticles/abel1.htm (873 words)

	Teacher Discussion Forums :: View topic - consonant clusters
		Consonants: sounds that have a moving articulation (plosives, fricatives) or static (obstructed continuants).
		That simplified definition put forth, I don't see how "y" could be part of a consonant cluster since before a consonant it would perform as a vowel and thus would not be part of that cluster.
		In any case, I hadn't thought of those examples probably because I don't see "y" as a consonant and thus couldn't be part of a consonant cluster.
	forums.eslcafe.com /teacher/viewtopic.php?t=1659 (1847 words)

	www.phdcomics.com :: View topic - Linguists unite and geek out!
		I wrote one of my qualifying papers on coda clusters in Nuu-chah-nulth (onset clusters, strangely enough, are impossible, while in some dialects clusters of up to 7 consonants are permitted in coda position).
		They prefer to just lazily glide from one consonant to the next, allowing transitions that verge dangerously close to vowelhood.
		Seriously, though, I do want to work on consonant clusters for a postdoc and I'm in desperate need of catching up on the current issues in that area.
	www.phdcomics.com /proceedings/viewtopic.php?t=766&spam=1&p=19604 (979 words)

	consonant clusters - response to S. Levy
		You know it is a content word (brivla) by it having at least one consonant cluster and penultimate stress.
		When syllables are consonant final, you will find that a large portion of them end in nasals and liquids.
		The letter 'n' is by far the most frequent consonant in Lojban words but yet is found rarely in word initial - whereas it is 25% of 3rd position consonant (and the other nasals/liquids cover another 25%).
	wiw.org /~jkominek/lojban/9201/msg00005.html (525 words)

	SparkleBox \| Literacy \| Alphabet and phonics \| Consonant clusters
		A set of crab images (PNG format) with each of the final consonant clusters to be taught in Key Stage One.
		A set of crab images (PNG format) with each of the initial consonant clusters to be taught in Key Stage One.
		A set of 29 balloon images (PNG transparent format) showing the initial consonant cluster sounds to be taught in Key Stage One.
	www.sparklebox.co.uk /cll/alphabet/clusters.html (167 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Lepcha
		Consonant clusters can occur in the beginning of Lepcha syllables, and there are multiple ways of writing them.
		Consonant clusters of the type /Cl/ (where C is any consonant) are represented by their own letters.
		Clusters of the type /Cy/ and /Cly/ are written with a "v"-like attachment following the letter.
	www.ancientscripts.com /lepcha.html (277 words)

	LabPhon 8 - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		VCV linguopalatal contact patterns for the same consonants were used for evaluation of blending and assimilation.
		Blending is obtained in clusters made out of two unconstrained consonants; it involves the summation of their alveolo-prepalatal closure or constriction contact areas (and may show some additional contact as well) rather than the formation of a single intermediate articulatory configuration, and may start at different times during the first half of C1.
		Clusters with a highly constrained C1 and an unconstrained C2 generally exhibit C1-to-C2 frontward movement; moreover, while C1 does not change as a function of C2, there may be strong carryover retraction effects at the C2 place of articulation approaching progressive assimilation.
	sapir.ling.yale.edu:16080 /labphon8/Poster_Abstracts/Recasens.html (435 words)

	PG2:EFJ: INITIAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		PRACTICE FOR FINAL CONSONANTS IN Single consonants which follow a vowel or diphthong in a syllable are cued at the side -- unless the syllable immediately following begins with a vowel (or diphthong) sound.
		Consonant clusters a the end of a syllable are also cued at the side, although the final consonant in a cluster may be cued with the next syllable.
		Cueing a single final consonant in a syllable is probably not your concern: you had plenty of practice with the "Beginning Lessons in Cued Speech" tapes.
	www.uri.edu /comm_service/cued_speech/pg2efj.html (453 words)

	Sound and Sense
		Insertion/Intrusion teaches us that consonant clusters are often difficult to say (such that we have a tendency to put extra sounds, especially vowel sounds or stops, into the midst of consonant clusters to make them easier to say).
		Deletion/Ellipsis also teaches us that consonant clusters are often difficult to say (such that we sometimes simply ignore part of the cluster for ease of articulation).
		Generally, the weaker a consonant, the easier it is to say (so that nasals, liquids, and semivowels/glides are generally very quick and easy to articulate).
	gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu /tcnj/hotel/soundnsense.htm (963 words)

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