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Topic: Consonant mutation

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	Consonant mutation
		Consonant mutation in language refers to the change of one consonant into another under certain conditions.
		The rules for consonant mutation in Russian are very simple, and it is important that you learn them early.
		Consonant mutation in Russian occurs both in conjugation I and conjugation II verbs.
	www.auburn.edu /forlang/russian/tutorials/0004.html (158 words)

	Turkish Language - Consonant Mutation - 1
		A voiced consonant is one where the voice is used to produce the sound and an unvoiced consonant is where the voice is silent and only air is expelled to produce the sound.
		This is simply because it is easier to pronounce and in Turkish the spelling must reflect this change for the rules of phonetics to operate.
		However there are a few words which do end in soft consonants such as - ad, od, sac - simply to make their meaning recognizable from similar word that have a hard consonant at the end.
	www.turkishlanguage.co.uk /conmut01.htm (918 words)

	Lenition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Outside of historical linguistics, the term lenition is widely used to refer to a type of initial consonant mutation which is pervasive in Celtic languages such as Welsh and Irish.
		For example, in Scottish Gaelic the initial consonant of a noun is lenited by the masculine 3rd person possessive eg.
		A consonant mutation in which a sound is changed from one considered 'weak' to one considered 'strong', the opposite of lenition, is called fortition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lenition (809 words)

	Alexandre Kimenyi's Website
		Monosyllabic stems have the final vowel lengthened, bilabials are palatalized, palatal consonants remain unchanged, velar and alveolar consonants are fricativized, nasal suffixes become palatal, whereas liquids of suffixes or regular stems with long vowels are deleted.
		Treating the perfective aspect morpheme as a diccontinuous suffix is motivated by the fact that consonant mutation and vowel coalescence, as many examples from different languages indicate, are far away from the final vowel.
		Verb stems whose last consonant is z and which end with a long vowel in the penultimate position have both the applicative default rule insertion and the non-insertion form.
	www.kimenyi.com /kikongo-perfective.php (4184 words)

	Stop Consonant Encyclopedia Article @ Canst.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
		The closest examples in English are consonant clusters such as the [nd] in candy, but many languages have prenasalized stops that behave as single consonants.
		The normal mechanism is pulmonic egressive, that is, with air flowing outward from the lungs.
	www.canst.net /encyclopedia/Stop_consonant (1218 words)

	I Lam Arth
		Mutations are one of the most prominent features of Sindarin, yet at the same time one that is at times extremely difficult to understand.
		This implies essentially the same for prepositions whose mutation pattern is unknown as for prefixes - the mutation might be determined by the final consonant or, by analoguous mutation, the preposition might cause simply lenition.
		If grammatical mutations are of similar origin, they can be expected to share this property, and these examples are most easily explained by taking the gerunds as infinitives here rather than as nouns and assuming that lenition of objects is carried out for nouns only, hence 'wishes to see' rather than 'wishes the seeing'.
	sindarin.weet.us /mutations.html (9994 words)

	Consonant mutation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Consonant mutation is the phenomenon in which a consonant in a word is changed according to its morphological and/or syntactic environment.
		Initial consonant mutation is found also in Japanese, Indonesian or Malay, in Southern Paiute and in several West African languages such as Fula.
		The active form of a multisyllabic verb with an initial stop consonant or fricative consonant is formed by prefixing the verb stem with meN-, in which N stands for a nasal consonant sharing the place of articulation as the initial consonant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Consonant_mutation (1264 words)

	Lord of the Rings: Elven Kingdom of Rivendell
		Once you understand the concept behind mutations, and how to use the chart, it is mostly a matter of recognizing the times when you need to mutate.
		Mutation only happens to words that begin with a consonant, and it is that initial consonant that is changed.
		The single most useful tool you have at your disposal is the Consonant Mutations Chart, and I strongly recommend that you print it out and keep it handy.
	www.lotrplaza.com /elves/sindarin/sindarin04.asp (1698 words)

	Welsh
		Initial consonant mutation is a phenomenon common to all Celtic languages.
		The examples show usage in the standard language; the soft mutation is slowly supplanting the nasal and aspirate mutations as the mechanism behind the mutations ceases to be understood.
		These days, the aspirate mutation is only really carried out for words beginning with C in colloquial language and in some areas it is totally unknown.
	www.geocities.com /jorgenpfhartogs2/Welsh.html (2354 words)

	Zulu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The presence of a depressor consonant in the word can affect the tonal pattern, causing certain syllables to be pronounced with low tones or forcing a high tone to be pronounced as a falling tone on the following syllable.
		The consonant does not need to be adjacent to the w to undergo the mutation, as shown by the b in ukuthabatha "to take", which becomes tsh in ukuthatshathwa "to be taken".
		It is curious that many of the voiced consonants in these borrowings are depressors (breathy voiced consonants) in Zulu, as in the breathy voiced h (spelled hh) in ihhoko "chicken coop" (from Afrikaans hok) and the breathy n in unesi "nurse" (from English).
	www.fizzylogic.com /users/bulbul/lmp/profiles/Zulu.html (1103 words)

	Alexandre Kimenyi's Website
		The perfective aspect -ye when added to the last consonant of the stem causes what is known as consonant mutation resulting in the majority of cases in palatalized consonants.
		It is also important to note that some consonants have different "mutated" allophones depending on whether the preceding vowel is short or long, or belongs to the stem or is a suffix.
		The consonant mutation due to the perfective aspect and its effect to the applicative morpheme is found in many Bantu languages and has been discussed by other linguists such as Bazin (1982) in what he calls umbrication.
	kimenyi.com /kinyarwanda-applicatives-revisited.php (12689 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home
		As a grammatical device consonant mutations are much less common in the world’s languages than suffixes, and consequently they have the allure of the unusual.
		Consonant mutations strike the English speaker as highly unusual, since there’s nothing like them in English, whereas English has a reasonably good supply of suffixes.
		By comparison with the attention lavished on the consonant mutations of Scottish Gaelic in most grammars, the emphatic suffix, the chief feature to be discussed here, is only briefly mentioned in most treatments of Gaelic dialects.
	www.ogmios.org /121.htm (5855 words)

	Sabhal Mòr Ostaig - Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 2006
		The nasal mutation, known to celticists as eclipsis, affects word initial fortis and lenis stops differently, usually triggering some nasalizing effect on lenis consonants, while voicing the fortis consonants.
		Crucially also, the nasal mutation may create novel segments that are nonetheless contrastive and quasi-phonemic; in Leurbost Gaelic, for example, an aspirated initial consonant, when subject to the nasal mutation, becomes an aspirated nasal (Oftedal).
		Borgstrom 1937, Oftedal 1956, Ternes 1973) have noted significant regional variation in the surface description of nasal mutation; this paper brings previously unpublished data to bear on the full range of variation across the whole of Gaelic speaking Scotland.
	www.smo.uhi.ac.uk /rng2006/gearrchunntas/abosch.php (264 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Kenneth Jackson has postulated that Welsh initial consonant mutation began at the end of the fifth century and was complete by the end of the sixth century.
		If initial consonant mutation is an inherent feature of Indo-European phonetics and semantics, then it would just as well be a very old phhenomenon as well as a new phenomenon.
		Initial consonantal mutation is as natural as initial consonantal stability in tone and non-tonal languages with declension and conjugation.
	hometown.aol.com /IrishWord/protocelt.htm (5037 words)

	IULC Publications - Kibre (1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Kibre examines the phenomenon of initial consonant mutation in Welsh in light of recent advances in several areas of linguistics.
		He argues that mutations should be considered part of the phonological representations of morphemes.
		Several sets of mixed mutation types, which seem to call for context-sensitivity in morphemes' mutation characteristics, are accounted for within the framework of Lexical Phonology, particularly through appeal to the Elsewhere Condition.
	www.indiana.edu /~iulc/abstracts/Kibre97.html (117 words)

	Cascadilla Proceedings Project: Paper 1302 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals
		Blin, a Central Cushitic (or Agaw) language of Eritrea, displays a complex series of consonant mutations between plural and singular forms, with several unusual properties.
		This paper describes several such properties, focusing on consonant mutation (or apophony), especially in relation to reduplication, using Correspondence Theory (McCarthy and Prince 1995) within the overall framework of Optimality Theory, drawing on data based on both published sources (e.g., Lamberti and Tonelli 1997) and the author's fieldwork in Eritrea.
	www.lingref.com /cpp/acal/35/abstract1302.html (220 words)

	How to create a language
		Many people in fact nasalize consonants (and vowels) after a nasal, although they don't notice it: the distinction is usually not phonemic (it can't be used to distinguish a word from another one).
		A consonant is palatalized by raising the middle part of the tongue towards the top of the mouth.
		Consonants which are out of the system (because they use exceptional contrasts, for example) tend to be left out and disappear or are merged with similar consonants.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh/how__all.html (18726 words)

	A Mousetrap Defended:Response to Critics: Behe, Michael
		What's more, the strength of the material out of which the spring is made has to be consonant with the purpose of catching a mouse (for example, if it were made from an old Slinky it likely wouldn't work).
		One has to be sophisticated about what is regarded as a "step." One mutational step in a biological organism might seem to have large effects, such as the famous antennapedia mutation in fruit flies.
		To give a flavor of what that might mean, a mutation might involve bending the spring in the middle, changing the size of the platform, changing the tension on the spring, extending the end of a metal piece, and so on.
	www.arn.org /docs/behe/mb_mousetrapdefended.htm (3552 words)

	Initial mutations in Indo-European languages: an article by Cyril Babaev
		And the third mutation that was also irregular in the language: d - t - š which we will analyze in Hittite, Luwian and Palaic with only one example.
		We don't know for sure if this initial consonant really sounded as English [sh], that is why the hypothesis exists that that was a sibilant close to palatal [d], seen in Ancient Umbrian and Modern Czech r'.
		Anyway, we can consider proven the fact that this feature of initial consonant mutations is a phenomenon that took place only on the Isles, but not among Gauls, Belges, Celtiberians and Lepontic Celts who lived in continental Europe.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article6.html (2036 words)

	LINGUIST List 3.352: Eclipsis in Irish
		Sean Day writes concerning eclipsis in Irish, the initial consonant mutation process whereby voiced stops become nasals, voiceless stops and /f/ become voiced, and vowels are preceded by /n/.
		Like other Celtic consonant mutations it is a result of what was presumably originally a phonetic juncture phenomenon that became phonologized.
		This is pretty certain because, in addition to the fact that some of the instances of Irish eclipsis still involve nasalization (i.e., those involving initial /b, d, g, V/), several of the conditioning environments for eclipsis correspond to conditioning environments for the nasal mutation in Welsh.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/3/3-352.html (447 words)

	Summary of the Sindarin Grammar by Ryszard Derdzinski
		Sindarin is a language with complicated rules of the consonant mutations; it shares this feature with Celtic languages like Welsh.
		Detailed description of this mutations can be found in Helge K. Fauskanger's essay, here I only want to present a table of the consonant mutations with a short commentary.
		The following consonant mutations are hypotheses of David Salo and they occur in many descriptions of the Sindarin phonological system.
	www.elvish.org /gwaith/sindarin_phonetics.htm (677 words)

	Glot International, Conferences
		The set of lax consonants which resist tensing cannot be expected to change under the influence of a nasal vowel because they already have the harmonic property (in GP terms, an L element).
		He claimed that the difference in behaviour between place/laryngeal and manner features is due to the fact that while the former clearly belong to melody, as usually analysed in current phonological theory with reference to melodic primes, manner distinctions in consonants are the function of relations (such as government and licensing) on the skeletal/syllabic level.
		This unified account of both properties of the initial site in Greek is based on the theoretical status of the beginning of the word: the empty CV unit is not a universal and, as proposed by Scheer (2000), not present in the lexicon and its appearance parametrically varies from language to language.
	www.linguistlistplus.com /glot/conferences.asp (14388 words)

	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel
		Consonant alternation is commonly known as consonant mutation.
		Celtic languages are well-known for their initial consonant mutations.
		A-mutation and U-mutation are processes analogous to umlaut but involving the influence of an a (or other non-high vowel) or u respectively instead of an i.
	www.dadraandnagarhaveliin.com /wiki-Apophony (2063 words)

	Turkish Language - About Turkish
		Turkish is characterized by vowel harmony, consonant mutation and agglutination.
		A Voiced Consonant is one where the voice box is used to produce the sound - d, b - are in this category - and an Unvoiced Consonant is where the voice is silent and only air is expelled to produce the sound such as t, p.
		We do have a little consonant mutation in English, the terminal -y of lady changes to an -ie- in the plural - ladies, and the terminal -f of knife changes to a -v- in the plural - knives.
	www.turkishlanguage.co.uk /about.htm (2227 words)

	Turkish Language - Consonant Mutation - 2
		We saw in the Introduction to Consonant Change that words ending in a hard voiced consonant change it to the soft equivalent when a vowel is added.
		Note: There are a few words that historically end in a voiced consonant, for these words that end in a voiced consonant - then the suffix retains its voiced form.
		Note that the suffix reverts to its soft form when added to words ending in a soft consonant (this includes the plural -ler/-lar which ends in an voiced letter -r), or ending in a vowel - this also includes extended (already suffixed) words and plurals.
	www.turkishlanguage.co.uk /conmut02.htm (606 words)

	VIEW ROA 689
		Irish is characterized by a process of lenition, by which(among other changes) the coronals t, d, s become h, (gamma),h under certain morphosyntactically determined circumstances.
		In this paper, it will be shown that the domain of CF and s-fortition is the (recursive) prosodic word, as these two processes are found in right-headed as well as left-headed compounds, but not in other (noncompound) left-headed complex NPs.
		An optimality-theoretic analysis reveals that CF and s-fortition are motivated by the same constraint ranking: the phonological requirement that coronal consonants be followed by other coronal consonants is more important than the selection of the morphologically correct mutation grade of a word.
	roa.rutgers.edu /view.php3?roa=689 (144 words)

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