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Topic: Consonantal root

Related Topics

stop consonant

central consonant

oral consonant

nasal consonant

fricative consonant

velar consonant

alveolar consonant

palatal consonant

bilabial consonant

dental consonant

uvular consonants

click consonants

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	Shirk (polytheism) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word shirk is derived from the Arabic root ShRK (ش ر ك).
		This consonantal root has the general meaning of to share (Nadwi - Vocabulary of the Holy Qur'an).
		In the context of the Qur'an, the particular sense of "sharing as an equal partner" is usually understood, so that polytheism is "attributing a partner to God".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shirk (498 words)

	IULA (UPF) - Third Mediterranean Meeting on Morphology
		If the root consonants of Arabic comprise a morpheme from which other words are based then this poses a challenge for the stem-based/word-based views of morphology where word-formation processes should not be based on entities that are smaller than a stem.
		In this paper I reconcile the conflicting views regarding the status of Arabic root consonants by arguing that the consonantal root is a property of the output, not of the underlying input.
		This supports the contention that the Arabic consonantal root is an output property and not part of the underlying input, and it reconciles the conflicting evidence regarding the status of the Arabic consonantal root.
	www.iula.upf.es /agenda/atvhist/mmm3/mmm3ab06.htm (799 words)

	Proto-Semitic Language and Culture. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Appendix of Semitic Roots (Appendix II) that follows this essay is designed to allow the reader to trace English words derived from Semitic languages back to their fundamental components in Proto-Semitic, the parent language of all ancient and modern Semitic languages.
		A distinctive characteristic of the Semitic languages is the formation of words by the combination of a “root” of consonants in a fixed order, usually three, and a “pattern” of vowels and, sometimes, affixes before and after the root.
		This Appendix of Semitic Roots, while by no means the first comparative Semitic glossary, is the first such work to attempt systematically to give reconstructed forms and meanings for such a wide variety of roots and words.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/61/10.html (3655 words)

	Introduction to Hebrew Verbs
		Verbs (as well as nouns) are derived from “roots.” Roots are (usually) tri-consonantal groups that comprise the “essence” of the word’s meaning.
		Each of the three letters of any verb root is sometimes assigned one of the three letters, (Pey, Ayin, or Lamed) depending on whether it is the first of the letters (the Pey of the root), the second (the Ayin of the root), or the third (the Lamed of the root).
		A verb stem is an offshoot of the root that is used to indicate the properties of voice and aspect.
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Grammar/Unit_Nine/Introduction/introduction.html (1098 words)

	Fifth CONLANG Translation Relay 2001 - Megdevi (morphology and background)
		Megdevi, like Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, et al, is a tri-consonantal root language, so that each word is made up of the tri-consonantal root which provides the semantic category and the vowel pattern in and around it that provides grammatical role.
		Also, if the root is naturally a verb root, this pattern is used for the performer of an action.
		This is for roots whose primary expression is adjectival.
	www.xs4all.nl /~bsarempt/irina/relay5/megdevi2.html (1051 words)

	SWAP Abstract: Boudelaa / Marslen-Wilson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Each of these comprises three interwoven morphemes: a consonantal root morpheme that carries semantic information, a vocalic morpheme conveying syntactic information and a skeletal morpheme providing a canonical shape associated with a particular meaning or grammatical function.
		Thus, the word [katam] ("conceal") is composed of the root morpheme {ktm} with the semantic load "concealment", the vocalic morpheme {a-a} with the syntactic information "active" and the skeletal morpheme {CVCVC} with the information "past tense".
		The morphological priming effects observed both with opaque root morphemes and with word patterns are hard to account for as simply an interaction between form and meaning.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/swap/swap_023.html (477 words)

	Palamedes
		Most likely it is matter of the root of the verb palaku, “to cut, to divide, to measure” ; from this root there is formed pulukku, “mound of a mount-ain, pelku or perku, “ boundary, district, “, palgu, “canal”, pelakku, “whorl that gives weight to a spindle “.
		The tri-consonantal root is reflected in the forms palaga and palux of the Western Mediterranean and in some of the Ugro-Fennic derivatives.
		The root seems to be connected with a term of the international trade of metal meaning “ax” : Akkadian pilaqqu, Sanscrit parasu, Greek pelekys.
	www.metrum.org /measures/palamedes.htm (7092 words)

	Arabic Language Studies, NELC, IU, اللغة العربية
		The Semitic languages eventually took root and flourished in the Mediterranean Basin area, especially in the Tigris-Euphrates river basin and in the coastal areas of the Levant, but where the home area of "proto-Semitic" was located is still the object of dispute among scholars.
		The most important thing to know about the Arabic language is that, like other Semitic languages, it is based on what is usually called a " consonantal root system," which means that almost every word in the language is ultimately derived from one or another "root," usually a verb.
		By making changes to the root letters - adding a letter to the beginning of the root, changing vowels between the consonants, or inserting extra consonants - new words with new meanings are produced.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic (543 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hebrew Language and Literature
		It is generally claimed that a knowledge of 500 roots is a sufficient equipment for the reading of most of the Old Testament texts, and the total number of words in the language as preserved in the Bible is estimated at about 5000.
		There is an abundance of Hebrew terms to express the things that belong to everyday life-domestic animals and utensils, phenomena and actions that are of common occurrence, ordinary social relations, etc., and in particular to express the acts and objects pertaining to religious life and worship.
		But the fixation of the consonantal text which was perfected during the Talmudic period extending from the second to the fourth century A.D., was not the only end to be attained.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07176a.htm (5314 words)

	Marcos Business Services - Arabic
		These root sounds join with various vowel patterns to form simple nouns and verbs to which affixes can be attached for more complicated derivations.
		For example, the borrowed term “bank” is considered to have the consonantal root b-n-k; “film” is formed from f-l-m (See also SEMITIC LANGUAGES).
		From the root k-s-r, the form I verb is kasar, meaning "he broke"; form II is kassar, meaning "he smashed to bits"; and form VII is inkasar, meaning "it was broken up." Nouns and adjectives are less regular in formation and have many different plural patterns.
	www.marcosbusiness.com /arabic.html (1122 words)

	WEAK VERBS - Online Information article about WEAK VERBS
		ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf.
		Haue; the root is seen in " hew," to cut, cleave; the word must be distinguished from " hoe," promontory, tongue of land, seen in place names, e.g.
		Thus the root or syllable Izn is regularly written 1 vt to avoid confusion with the determinative.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /WAT_WIL/WEAK_VERBS.html (7205 words)

	Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The morphology and syntax of written Arabic is essentially the same in all Arabic countries.
		Unlike many other Arabic-English dictionaries, it arranges each Arabic word according to its consonantal root.
		Arabicized loanwords, if they can clearly fit under some root, are entered both ways, often with the root entry giving reference to the alphabetical listing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dictionary_of_Modern_Written_Arabic (408 words)

	Glot International, Journal Section
		In chapter 2 (The phoneme system of Arabic) first the consonantal system of Classical Arabic is described, then the dialectal reflexes of each class of consonants in spoken dialects (not just SA and CA) are reviewed in some detail.
		The rich consonantal inventory of Arabic (28 segments) contrasts with a sparsely populated vocalic space.
		Root, stricture and laryngeal nodes are analysed standardly, but for place (articulator) features Watson takes Selkirk's (1993) `[labial]-only theory' in which all labiality is a reflex of the feature [labial] and expands the notion to `articulator-only'.
	www.linguistlistplus.com /glot/html/GI7903/GI7903_BRW3.htm (3074 words)

	An Etymology of the Word 'to fear' in Indic, Baltic and Slavic
		The purpose of this paper is to suggest a historical connection between the Indo-European root for 'being' (bhū-) and the widely represented Baltic, Slavic and Indic root* for fear *(bhoy-).
		In Old Indic the root is attested in various forms as far back as the Vedic hymns, e.g., (Book 1,154, 2) where Vishnu is compared with a 'dread beast' mrgó ná bhīmáh (Macdonell, 1917, 32).
		These doublets became phonemic and it is common for the prevocalic zero-grade of a root to be represented in the daughter languages by the vocalic plus the consonantal reflex of the resonant, thus, e.g., Lith.
	www.lituanus.org /1983_3/83_3_06.htm (984 words)

	Khuzdul Wordlist
		KBL, tri-consonantal root seen in kibil `silver' in Kibil-nâla, and possibly related to Q. telpe- (TI:174).
		NRG `fl' tri-consonantal root seen in Narag-zâram and Nargûn (RS:466).
		These two meanings may not be in conflict, since a pool of water in an underground cavern has a remarkable property of reflection and so might come to be a routine metaphor used to mean `glass'.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/9902/khuzdul.html (1426 words)

	Mand.&Paster. Rischin f. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Many linguistic roots are crammed into a single line, as if the respiratory "vowelled" component of the verse were being forced out by the semantic, "consonantal" component.
		The word is squeezed into its root, and the root is then squeezed into the dry consonantal sounds that comprise it.
		The multiplier of the root is the consonant, the indicator of its vitality...
	www.emory.edu /INTELNET/fi_hasid.html (9548 words)

	Help file for Arabic word form generator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This application generates individual verb forms for Arabic verbs with tri-consonantal roots, when given the root consonants, the stem (I - X, except IX), the characteristic vowels of the perfect and imperfect (for stem I), the tense/mood, and the person, gender and number.
		Furthermore, conjugation tables can be produced for any combination of root consonants and stem (plus characteristic vowels), as well as tables of nominal forms in all stems for any combination of root consonants.
		Arabic verb forms are highly regular, but various transformations apply when the second and third root consonant are identical, and/or when at least one of the root consonants is not “healthy”, i.e.
	home.tiscali.be /rwmeijer/arabic/genhelpe.htm (1862 words)

	Sembase
		Note too that doubling the second radical, which is universal in Semitic and common in Egyptian, is part and parcel with the use of triliteral roots (i.e., it is the second of three that is doubled).
		This semantic accretion and the phenomenon of accidental convergence of roots often make it unclear what one might consider to be the base meaning of a root.
		On the other hand, the root consonants are so obvious in Semitic that dictionaries traditionally list words under their roots.
	www.sembase.org (1891 words)

	Hebrew_Lesson_Four (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In this unit you will learn some basic notions about nouns in relation to their derivation from a tri-consonantal root, and their inflection in gender and number.
		The majority of the Hebrew stock of nouns consists of nouns derived from a verbal root.
		The verbal root is modified by vowel changes or addition of preformatives or aformatives to form the nouns.
	www.andrews.edu /SEM/semtech/HebrewTutorial/lesson_04.htm (790 words)

	Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The approach is well illustrated in the case of the second and fourth words of the prayer, (d')bwashmaya and shmakh, usually translated as 'heaven' and 'name'.
		By looking at the various derivatives of the root, he maps out its pool of meaning as to do with sound, vibration, utterance, voiced breath - an expression of the fluid and interpenetrating aspects of the cosmos.
		This means that the central word in the teaching of Isho'a, bwashmaya, is not a place (as would be suggested by the translation 'heaven') but is the state of realization of the vibratory essence of the cosmos.
	www.datadiwan.de /SciMedNet/library/reviews/9709132154.htm (1113 words)

	[No title]
		The main concept in the algorithm is to locate the position of the three letters of a possible triliteral root in the pattern and check to see whether the candidate trigram appears in a list of known roots.
		Quadriliteral roots are usually formed as extensions of triliteral roots by reduplicating the final consonant.
		The algorithm for quadriliteral roots shown in Figure 1 is an extension of the triliteral algorithm of Al-Fedaghi and Al-Anzi (1989).
	www.cs.um.edu.mt /~mros/casl/proc/alshalabi.doc (2836 words)

	Root VS radical
		By contrast -er is unable to stand as a word and it is called a 'bound morphem', therefore a'root' is a basic morphem which is able to stand as a word.
		Once you talk about etymology(étymologie en fraçais), it is a totally different domain which is about the origins(not the roots) of the words,and their historical developments.
		In that jargon, the applied word is 'etymon', neither 'root' nor 'radical' or any other word, so 'root' is the word applied in 'morphology' (and this is where grammar stops) and 'etymon' the one applied in etymology.
	www.englishforums.com /English/RootVsRadical/qdcp/Post.htm#79524 (839 words)

	programme
		For example, the third person singular of the root /xar/ `to gnaw' is [xravs], from underlying /xar-av-s/ (with deletion of the root vowel).
		The infinitival form, however, is [xvra], from underlying /xar-av-a/ (with deletion of both the root vowel and the vowel in the thematic suffix), where the thematic suffix consonant [v] ends up in between the two root consonants.
		There are a few striking conditions on this kind of metathesis: the root has to end in a sonorant (so that metathesis does not occur with a root like /xed/ `to see') and the root should not start with a labial (so that metathesis does not occur with a root like /ber/ `to blow up').
	www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de /sfb282/C10/programme.htm (1329 words)

	PROTO-LANGUAGE MOMENTARY / DURATIVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Since IE roots are primarily biliteral, this results in the patterns:
		If we assume that the underlying biliteral root is *Saba, and further assume that a final suffix drew the stress-accent one place to the right, we reconstruct an earlier "Saba, durative, and Sa"ba, momentary, a perfect match with our proposed Proto-Language pattern.
		This would seem to substantiate the analysis by Ehret of triliteral roots being composed of biliteral roots plus suffixes rather than the opposing view of triliterals derived from prefixes plus biliteral roots.
	www.mega.nu /protolanguage/ProtoLanguage-MomentaryDurative.htm (1551 words)

	[No title]
		% % 7) A hierarchy of consonantal alternations.
		This provides the % different grades of consonant which may occur in different % base/stem types as defined by the hierarchy of bases.
		In the hierarchy of consonantal alternations % the combination \^ is used for the class of labials to indicate % the concatenation of the soft labial plus a soft l when the labial % is the jotated grade.
	www.ccl.kuleuven.ac.be /LKR/dtr/rusverbs.dtr (594 words)

	Semitic languages
		In addition to a common source for their most ancient vocabulary, as well as other syntactic similarities, what binds the branches of the Afro-asiatic family together is their consonantal root system.
		In any one word, these consonants are called the "root," and the root relates to the general concept behind the meaning of the word.
		Usually, the root is unalterable, although it can be inflected by the use of infixes (elements which are inserted within the root) and by prefixes and suffixes, all of which denote grammatical changes and which form new words with related meanings.
	www.sron.nl /~jheise/akkadian/semitic.html (431 words)

	A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT VIEW OF sDm.f (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		momentary by lack of principal accent on the root..." (Lehmann 1974: 186).
		As a consequence, an IE root like der-, "run", has this form (which results from "dV-r(V), and is durative) but also occurs as dra:-, which is momentary, and is the result of dV-"rV.
		Egyptian did have ways of indicating proper perfectives and imperfectives but this was not done through stress-accentual modifications of the plain root.
	www.mega.nu:8080 /protolanguage/essay-sDm.f.htm (1427 words)

	[No title]
		In the triconsonantal root in (36c) there is no way to parse the feature since there is no post-vocalic sonorant, nor is there space for a full glottal stop without epenthesizing a vowel, so the feature is not expressed.
		It was shown that the traditional roles associated with the root nodeÑimmobility and autarchyÑdo not correlate with the presence or absence of a root node underlyingly, and a grammar based on a hierarchy of violable constraints was developed to account for the independent manifestations of these two functions.
		Since the root node itself would not be parsed this would entail a representation where the palatalizing feature remained parsed by the unparsed root node and doubly linked to an adjacent palatalizable segment.
	roa.rutgers.edu /files/137-0996/roa-137-zoll-2.doc (9336 words)

	[No title]
		The primes in 1a surface without their final root consonant, as glottal stops cannot appear in coda positions; however, the final consonant does surface when it is in the onset position.
		Those in 1b have been rendered opaque by historical changes and the final root consonant never surfaces.
		This suggests that younger speakers are treating transparent alternating roots either as bi-consonantal root forms or as stored items.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/lingu/events/lism02/Sumner.doc (743 words)

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